Emerging solar energy technology, including photovoltaics, solar fuels generation and solar thermal systems, is considered as one of the most potential renewable energy resources because of the tremendous and free radiant energy supply by our sun. Unlike burning of fossil fuels, carbon dioxide emission-free energy conversion process is definitely another key feature and attracting scientists to explore these research areas. Besides, this implies a giant business market to compete with traditional fossil fuel companies. Nevertheless, it is too early to realize commercial application since the technologies are in the early development stage and there is still much room to explore and improve. Simply speaking, energy conversion efficiency, robustness, environmental impacts and cost are the major factors the community should deeply concentrate on at this moment. This provides many research opportunities on the creation of novel molecular functional materials and investigates the relationship between the molecular design and functional properties, and they obviously take up significant roles in the technology evolution. The basic concepts and conspectuses regarding organic photovoltaics and light-driven hydrogen generation are collected in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, a series of new thiophene-based small molecules is presented and the discussion is focused on its application in the bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. Importantly, the structure-property relationship is elucidated by varying the terminal electron withdrawing group and elongating the central electron donating unit. The highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 2.6% is attained by the device with compound M3 as the active material with traditional device configuration (without any annealing process and additives addition) under AM 1.5G irradiation. In Chapter 3, a series of DπA organic dyes is introduced and the discussion concentrates on its application in the dye-sensitized solar cells. Briefly, a case study on alkyl chain effects is investigated while a new starburst triarylamine donor and uncommon selenophene-containing π-linker are studied separately. The highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 6.7% is achieved by D11 under AM 1.5G irradiation with a high open-circuit voltage of 0.825 V. In Chapter 4, three new platinum(II) diimine complexes are synthesized and they are utilized as photosensitizers with platinized titanium dioxide as catalyst site in the context of light-driven hydrogen generation. Comparison between platinum(II) diimine dithiolate complex and platinum(II) diimine bis(acetylide) complex is accomplished, and the importance of photosensitization using an organic chromophore with a desirable energy transfer consideration is accounted. Finally, Chapter 5 puts forward the concluding remarks and possible future works while Chapter 6 includes all the experimental details of the studied compounds presented in Chapter 24.

Orientadores: Francisco das Chagas Marques, Ana Flávia Nogueira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T08:45:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coutinho_NataliadeFaria_M.pdf: 12394800 bytes, checksum: 1d28bb92259a5c9eb6848a0fe678b6b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A demanda mundial de energia elétrica tem crescido muito nas últimas décadas, o que tem levado a uma busca mais expressiva por fontes de energia renováveis e sustentáveis. Deste modo, as células solares, que através do efeito fotovoltaico convertem a energia proveniente do sol em energia elétrica, tem ganhado atenção. Dentre os vários tipos de células solares, se encontram as células solares sensibilizadas por corante, DSSC, que têm ganhado interesse de estudiosos da área por apresentarem uma possibilidade de geração de energia elétrica a baixo custo. Para que essas células ganhem competitividade no mercado, é necessário que suas eficiências aumentem, e é nesse ramo de pesquisa que o presente trabalho se coloca. Este trabalho foi baseado no estudo e otimização da eficiência de células solares sensibilizadas por corante, onde verificamos a influência de vários fatores na eficiência das células. Dentre eles, se encontram o processo de manufatura das células, o pós-tratamento de TiCl4 sobre o filme nanoestruturado de TiO2, a composição da pasta de TiO2 e do eletrólito líquido, o método de deposição da Pt no contra-eletrodo, e a utilização de uma camada espalhadora de luz com nanopartículas de TiO2 da ordem de 200nm. Além disso, um estudo a respeito do efeito de uma blocking layer de TiO2 entre o FTO e o filme nanoestruturado de TiO2, depositada pela técnica conhecida como atomic layer deposition, ALD, também foi realizado, o que levou a um aumento na eficiência das células. Através desses estudos, conseguimos aumentar a eficiência das células em até 90% se comparado às primeiras células que produzimos (de 3,9% a 7,4%), atingindo valores de tensão de circuito aberto Voc, densidade de corrente de curto-circuito Jsc, fator de preenchimento FF e eficiência ? de até 0,71V, 14,38mA/cm2, 0,67 e 7,4%, respectivamente. Deste modo, uma melhora significativa na performance das células foi observada, chegando a resultados comparáveis aos obtidos por diversos grupos de pesquisa em todo o mundo / Abstract: World demand for electricity has grown in the last decades, which has led to a more expressive search for renewable and sustainable energy sources. Consequently, solar cells have been getting attention because of their capacity to convert energy from the sun into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Among the various types of solar cells, there are the dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSC, which have gained interest of the solar cell community for having a possibility of power generation at low cost. In order to these cells get market competitiveness, it is necessary to increase their efficiency, and this is the research field that the present work is placed into. This thesis was based on the study and optimization of dye-sensitized solar cells efficiency, where we could see the influence of various factors in cells efficiency. Among these, there are the cells manufacturing process, the post-treatment on nanostructured TiO2 films using a TiCl4 solution, the composition of the TiO2 paste and the liquid electrolyte, the method of Pt deposition at the counter electrode, and the use of a reflecting layer with 200nm TiO2 nanoparticles. In addition, a study of the effect of a TiO2 blocking layer between the FTO and the nanostructured TiO2 film deposited by the technique known as atomic layer deposition, ALD, was also performed, which led to an increase in cells efficiency. Through these studies, we could increase cells efficiency by up to 90% compared to the first cells we produced (from 3,9% to 7,4%), reaching values of open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF and efficiency _ of up to 0,71V, 14,38mA/cm2, 0,67 and 7,4%. Thus, a significant improvement in cells performance was observed, reaching results comparable to that obtained by many research groups around the world / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física

Organic dyes are examined in photoelectrochemical systems wherein they engage in thermal (rather than photoexcited) electron donation into metal oxide semiconductors. These studies are intended to elucidate fundamental parameters of electron transfer in photoelectrochemical cells. Development of novel methods for the structure/property tuning of electroactive dyes and the preparation of nanostructured semiconductors have also been discovered in the course of the presented work. Acceptor sensitized polymer oxide solar cell devices were assembled and the impact of the acceptor dyes were studied. The optoelectronic tuning of boron-chelated azadipyrromethene dyes has been explored by the substitution of carbon substituents in place of fluoride atoms at boron. Stability of singlet exited state and level of reduction potential of these series of aza-BODIPY coumpounds were studied in order to employ them as electron-accepting sensitizers in solid state dye sensitized solar cells.

Metal and semiconducting nanocrystals have received a great deal of attention from fundamental scientists and application-oriented researchers due to their physical and chemical properties, which differ from those of bulk materials. Nanocrystals are essential building blocks in the development of nanostructured devices for energy conversion. Colloidal metals and metal chalcogenides have been developed for use as nanocrystal inks to produce efficient solar cells with lower costs. All high-performing photovoltaic nanocrystals contain toxic elements, such as Pb, or scarce elements, such as In; thus, the production of solution-processable nanocrystals from earth-abundant materials using environmentally benign synthesis and processing methods has become a major challenge for the inorganic semiconductor-based solar field. This dissertation, divided into two parts, addresses several aspects of these emerging challenges. The first portion of the thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of nanocrystals of antimony sulfide, which is composed of non-scarce and non-toxic elements, and examines their performance in photovoltaic devices. The effect of various synthetic parameters on the final morphology is explored. The structural, optical and morphological properties of the nanocrystals were investigated, and Sb2S3 nanocrystal-based solid-state semiconductor-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using different deposition processes. We achieved promising power conversion efficiencies of 1.48%. The second part of the thesis demonstrates a novel method for the in situ synthesis and patterning of nanocrystals via reactive inkjet printing. The use of low-cost manufacturing approaches for the synthesis of nanocrystals is critical for many applications, including photonics and electronics. In this work, a simple, low-cost method for the synthesis of nanocrystals with minimum size variation and waste using reactive inkjet printing is introduced. As a proof of concept, the method was used for the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles as a model system. Relatively monodisperse gold nanoparticles were produced. The size and shape of gold nanoparticles can be controlled by the gold precursor and surfactant concentration in the ‘ink.’ This approach can be extended to the synthesis of other nanocrystals and is thus a truly impactful process for the low-cost synthesis of materials and devices incorporating nanocrystals.

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics / Currently the dye sensitized solar cells have attracted more attention due to their low cost, transparency and flexibility. These types of solar cells use the dye molecule adsorbed on TiO2 semiconductor in Nano architecture with the role of absorbing photons, in recent research attempts are being made to shifts the absorption spectral of TiO2 to visible and near infrared–region of solar spectrum to achieve maximum photo absorption which yields to an increase in the efficiency of the dye sensitized solar cells. In the current study, density functional theory (DFT) was used to model two croconate dyes (CR1 and CR2), one with an electron donating methyl group (CR1) and the other with an electron –withdrawing caboxyl group (CR2). The geometric, electronic and optical properties of these dyes were compared. The adsorption behaviour of the two dyes on (010 and 100) anatase TiO2 surfaces were investigated in this study by employing first principle calculation based on DFT using a plane-wave pseudo potential method. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was used in the scheme of Perdew-Burke Ernzerhof to describe the exchange -correlation function as implemented in the CASTEP package in Material Studio of BIOVIA. The adsorption results shows a spontaneous electron injection followed by efficient regeneration of the oxidized dye molecules by the electrolyte and strong binding ability of CR2 to the TiO2 surface, but also shows a comparable binding strength of CR1. The results of this study will help in the design of high efficient dye for DSSCs. / NRF

Solar cells have extrinsic losses from a variety of sources which can be minimized by optimization of the design and fabrication processes. Reflection from the front surface is one such loss mechanism and has been managed in the past with the usage of planar antireflection coatings. While effective, these coatings are each limited to a single wavelength of light and do not account for varying incident angles of the incoming light source. Three-dimensional nanostructures have shown the ability to inhibit reflection for differing wavelengths and angles of incidence. Nanocones were modeled and show a broadband, multi-angled reflectance decrease due to an effective grading of the index. Finite element models were created to simulate incident light on a zinc oxide nanocone textured silicon substrate. Zinc oxide is advantageous for its ease of production, benign nature, and refractive index matching to the air source region and silicon substrate. Reflectance plots were computed as functions of incident angle and wavelength of light and compared with planar and quintic refractive index profile models. The quintic profile model exhibits nearly optimum reflection minimization and is thus used as a benchmark. Physical quantities, including height, width, density, and orientation were varied in order to minimize the reflectance. A quasi-random nanocone unit cell was modeled to better mimic laboratory results. The model was comprised of 10 nanocones with differing structure and simulated a larger substrate by usage of periodic boundary conditions. The simulated reflectance shows approximately a 50 percent decrease when compared with a planar model. When a seed layer is added, simulating a layer of non-textured zinc oxide, on which the nanocones are grown, the reflectance shows a fourfold decrease when compared with planar models. At angles of incidence higher than 75 degrees, the nanocone model outperformed the quintic model.

No description available.

Renewable energy is considered to be one of the most promising alternatives for the growing energy demand in response to depletion of fossil fuels and undesired global warming issue. With such perspective, Solar Cells and Fuel Cells are most viable, environmentally sound, and sustainable energy sources for power generation. Solar and Fuel cells have created great interests in modern applications including distributed energy generation to provide clean energy. The purpose of this thesis was to perform a detailed analysis and modeling of Solar and Fuel cells using Cadence SPICE, and to investigate dynamic interactions between the modules and power conversion circuits. Equivalent electronic static and dynamic models for Solar and Fuel Cells, their electrical characteristics, and typical power loss mechanisms associated with them are demonstrated with simulation results. Power conversion circuits for integration with the dynamic models of these renewable low voltage sources are specifically chosen to boost and regulate the input low dc voltage from the modules. The scope of this work was to analyze and model solar and fuel cells to study their terminal characteristics, power loss mechanisms, modules and their dynamics when interfaced with power converters, which would lead to better understanding of these renewable sources in power applications.

No description available.

The solar cells used today have a performance rate of about 30% in theory, but most solar cells on the market only utilize about 20% of the energy provided by sunrays. A prominent reason that the performance rate is far from 100% is the large variety of energies and corresponding wavelengths in white light. Tandem solar cells utilize two different solar cells, where the light not absorbed by the top cell travels through the top cell and onto the bottom cell. This can lead to an efficiency upward of 40%.    The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate how to use the machine Bentham PVE300 optimally for measurements of transmittance, reflectance and EQE (external quantum efficiency) with the aim to calculate the IQE (Internal quantum efficiency).   To optimize the efficiency of the tandem cells, the reflectance, transmittance and EQE needed to be measured. To do this Bentham PVE300 was used. The properties of Bentham PVE300 were explored beforehand to get a better understanding of the equipment. By reading the instrument manual and simultaneously working on the instrument, methods for the measurement of EQE, reflectance and transmittance were compiled into a manual.   The results of measurements performed by Bentham PVE300 were compared to results from other equipment to determine if the measurements were viable. Agilent Cary 7000 was used to validate the measurements of reflectance and transmittance. Bentham PVE300 was ultimately determined to be reliable and in most cases more reliable than the currently used instruments.