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The investigations in this dissertation have been 'conducted to investigate the formulation and analysis of a paediatric amoxycillin suppository. The oral administration of antibiotics to young children can at times be roblematic. Compliance is sometimes poor because of a sore throat, nausea, vomiting, a high fever or a dislike for the taste or smell of the medicine:- In-such cases the rectal administration of an antibiotic could provide an alternative route of administration that avoids some of the problems that affect oral administration. Difficulties associated with rectal administration are bioavailability, local irritation, acceptability to patients and rejection of the dosage form. Few data, however, are available on the usefulness in children of suppositories in general, and antibiotic suppositories in particular. The areas of investigation have included the formulation of an amoxycillin suppository in various fatty bases, the quantitation of amoxycillin in both aqueous solution and human serum, assessment of stability of amoxycillin in stored aqueous and biological samples, in vitro drug release testing of suppositories, and bioavailability and pharmacokinetics following administration to human subjects of capsule, suppository, oral suspension and rectal suspension dosage forms. Suppositories containing 250 mg amoxycillin were prepared in theobroma oil and in the semisynthetic bases Witepso[ W35, Suppocire A32, Novata BD and Novata 299. The in vitro release characteristics of amoxycillin from these lipophilic suppository formulations were investigated using the USP rotating basket method. The dissolution of a drug from a solid dosage unit is an important parameter affecting drug bioavialability. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used as the main analytical technique. An original HPLC method for analysis of amoxycillin in aqueous solution, using ultraviolet detection at 230 nm was develcfped. The validated method was a~plied to the determination of the stability of aqueous amoxycillin solutions, and was utilized to determine the amount of drug released during dissolution testing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a technique commonly used in preformulation studies. Dissolution testing was used in conjunction with DSC to select a suppository base suitable for formulation with amoxycillin trihydrate. An HPLC method for analysis of amoxycillin in human serum using UV detection at 230 nm is presented. The method involves a solid phase extraction procedure followed by chromatography on a reversed phase column. The limit of sensitivity of 0.3 ILg/mL in serum is sufficiently sensitive to monitor serum concentrations of amoxycillin in humans after the administration of a single 250 mg oral dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from data obtained following the administration of a capsule and oral suspension. These parameters were consistent with previously published results. Following administration of a lipophilic suppository and a rectal suspension, to human volunteers, it was concluded that amoxycillin trihydrate is not readily absorbed from the rectum. Further investigations into the modification of the suppository dosage form with absorption enhancers to improve rectal absorption of amoxycillin, as well as elucidation of the mechanism of absorption of the drug, could assist in improving this formulation so that it is suitable for paediatric use.

Thesis (MAppSc in Pharmacy)--University of South Australia, 1996

Orientador: José Ricardo de Arruda Miranda / Banca: Luciana Aparecida Corá / Banca: Ricardo Brandit de Oliveira / Banca: Cristina Helena dos Reis Serra / Banca: José Ricardo Corrêa Saglietti / Resumo: A avaliação dos parâmetros motores do trato gastrintestinal é condição necessária para caracterizar o comportamento de formas farmacêuticas sólidas administradas pela via oral. A função motora gastrintestinal pode ser alterada em detrimento de doenças, interações com medicamentos ou intervenções cirúrgicas. Essas alterações, por sua vez, podem influenciar diversos processos farmacêuticos e, consequentemente, a biodisponibilidade dos fármacos. Comprimidos são as formas farmacêuticas mais utilizadas na terapia. Para garantir a eficácia e segurança dessas preparações, são necessários testes in vitro que simulam o trato gastrintestinal. Entretanto, não é possível estimar com precisão a influencia dos parâmetros gastrintestinais na liberação do fármaco. Por essa razão, os ensaios in vivo realizados por técnicas não invasivas e inócuas ao indivíduo são necessários, pois permitem monitorar simultaneamente os parâmetros motores e suas interrelações com os processos de liberação e biodisponibilidade dos fármacos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi empregar a técnica de Biosusceptometria AC associada à farmacocinética para avaliar a influência da motilidade gastrintestinal, bem como das alterações induzidas nessa função pela administração prévia de um procinético (Domperidona) e um antimuscarínico (Butilbrometo de Escopolamina). Além disso, foram avaliadas as influências desses parâmetros no processo de liberação e biodisponibilidade de um fármaco modelo (Diclofenaco Sódico) adicionado a comprimidos revestidos / Abstract: The evaluation of gastrointestinal motor parameters is necessary towards characterize the behavior of solid dosage forms orally administered. The gastrointestinal motor function may be altered by diseases, drugs or surgery. These alterations may influence a number of pharmaceutical processes and consequently the bioavailability of drugs. Tablets are the dosage forms most commonly used in therapy. To ensure the efficacy and safety of these formulations, in vitro tests in simulated gastrointestinal conditions are needed. However, such conditions as well as the influence of gastrointestinal parameters on drug release cannot be fully predicted. For these reasons, in vivo studies are realized by noninvasive and harmless techniques, since they allows monitoring gastrointestinal motor parameters and the relationships with drug delivery and bioavailability. The aim of this work was to employ the AC Biosusceptometry to evaluate the influence of gastrointestinal motility as well as the induced changes on this function by previous administration of a prokinetic drug (domperidone) and an antimuscarinic agent (scopolamine butilbromide). In addition, it have been evaluated how these alterations influenced the drug release and bioavailability of a model drug (sodium diclofenac) added to coated tablets / Doutor

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andreis_u_dr_botib.pdf: 1982280 bytes, checksum: 3d2499c3ae7d16a4f3593d5077238d10 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A avaliação dos parâmetros motores do trato gastrintestinal é condição necessária para caracterizar o comportamento de formas farmacêuticas sólidas administradas pela via oral. A função motora gastrintestinal pode ser alterada em detrimento de doenças, interações com medicamentos ou intervenções cirúrgicas. Essas alterações, por sua vez, podem influenciar diversos processos farmacêuticos e, consequentemente, a biodisponibilidade dos fármacos. Comprimidos são as formas farmacêuticas mais utilizadas na terapia. Para garantir a eficácia e segurança dessas preparações, são necessários testes in vitro que simulam o trato gastrintestinal. Entretanto, não é possível estimar com precisão a influencia dos parâmetros gastrintestinais na liberação do fármaco. Por essa razão, os ensaios in vivo realizados por técnicas não invasivas e inócuas ao indivíduo são necessários, pois permitem monitorar simultaneamente os parâmetros motores e suas interrelações com os processos de liberação e biodisponibilidade dos fármacos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi empregar a técnica de Biosusceptometria AC associada à farmacocinética para avaliar a influência da motilidade gastrintestinal, bem como das alterações induzidas nessa função pela administração prévia de um procinético (Domperidona) e um antimuscarínico (Butilbrometo de Escopolamina). Além disso, foram avaliadas as influências desses parâmetros no processo de liberação e biodisponibilidade de um fármaco modelo (Diclofenaco Sódico) adicionado a comprimidos revestidos / The evaluation of gastrointestinal motor parameters is necessary towards characterize the behavior of solid dosage forms orally administered. The gastrointestinal motor function may be altered by diseases, drugs or surgery. These alterations may influence a number of pharmaceutical processes and consequently the bioavailability of drugs. Tablets are the dosage forms most commonly used in therapy. To ensure the efficacy and safety of these formulations, in vitro tests in simulated gastrointestinal conditions are needed. However, such conditions as well as the influence of gastrointestinal parameters on drug release cannot be fully predicted. For these reasons, in vivo studies are realized by noninvasive and harmless techniques, since they allows monitoring gastrointestinal motor parameters and the relationships with drug delivery and bioavailability. The aim of this work was to employ the AC Biosusceptometry to evaluate the influence of gastrointestinal motility as well as the induced changes on this function by previous administration of a prokinetic drug (domperidone) and an antimuscarinic agent (scopolamine butilbromide). In addition, it have been evaluated how these alterations influenced the drug release and bioavailability of a model drug (sodium diclofenac) added to coated tablets

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cora_la_dr_botib.pdf: 5114466 bytes, checksum: ae97ba77c87f4a9ec255be22db0f2b7f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A administração oral de drogas é uma prática comum na terapia e as formas farmacêuticas sólidas são amplamente utilizadas. A variação no perfil de absorção ao longo do trato gastrintestinal (TGI) humano e a possibilidade de liberar drogas em diferentes regiões são os maiores desafios para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Desse modo, avaliar formas farmacêuticas sólidas in vivo fornece um entendimento mais profundo quando um efeito sistêmico ou local é desejado. Geralmente, estes estudos são realizados por meio da cintilografia e técnicas biomagnéticas. A Biosusceptometria de Corrente Alternada (BAC) é uma técnica que merece destaque por suas características, acurácia dos resultados obtidos e versatilidade. A BAC propiciou imagens do processo de desintegração de comprimidos tanto in vitro quanto no estômago humano, introduzindo outra perspectiva na análise desse processo. Os resultados também foram correlacionados com sucesso com aqueles obtidos por metodologias específicas, garantindo uma análise mais acurada dos parâmetros físicos envolvidos com a desintegração de comprimidos. A utilização da BAC permitiu avaliar a motilidade gastrintestinal e o processo de desintegração de cápsulas de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC) revestidas no cólon humano. Além disso, também foi possível investigar a influência do estado prandial no esvaziamento gástrico e no trânsito gastrintestinal de um sistema multiparticulado magnético. Todos esses trabalhos fortaleceram a BAC como um método alternativo na pesquisa farmacêutica demonstrando seu potencial para avaliar diferentes processos, apesar das suas limitações. Sintetizando, a BAC é uma ferramenta valiosa, com a vantagem de ser livre de radiação e inócua aos voluntários, e vasta aplicabilidade na pesquisa farmacêutica, farmacológica e fisiológica. / Oral administration is widely accepted route for drug delivery and solid dosage forms are commonly administered. The variation of absorption profiles along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the ability to target drugs by adequate dosage forms to distinct sites is the challenge in the pharmaceutical development of solid dosage forms. An understanding of the factors involved in drug absorption and how the gastrointestinal variables can interfere with this process is important to develop more reliable drug delivery systems. The performance of pharmaceutical dosage forms must be fully investigated in vivo to provide more reliable information when a local or systemic effect is desirable. Generally, in vivo investigation on the behavior of dosage forms has been made by using gamma‐scintigraphy and biomagnetic techniques. AC Biosusceptometry (ACB) deserves consideration due to its features, accuracy and versatility. By using ACB technique, it was possible to monitor the disintegration process through acquisition of magnetic images in vitro and in human stomach. The results also were successfully correlated with those obtained with standard methods which provided a more reliable analysis on the physical parameters involved in the disintegration process of tablets. ACB allowed evaluating the gastrointestinal motility and the disintegration of hydroxipropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) coated capsules in human colon. Moreover, it was possible to investigate the gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit of a magnetic multiparticulate system under influence of prandial state. All these studies have contributed to establish the ACB as an alternative method for pharmaceutical research and, despite some limitations, it was feasible to evaluate different pharmaceutical processes. In summary, ACB is a radiation free and non‐invasive technique with wide applicability in pharmaceutical, physiological and pharmacological researches.

Orientador: José Ricardo de Arruda Miranda / Banca: Luciana Aparecida Corá / Banca: Éder Rezende Moraes / Resumo: A administração oral de fármacos é uma prática comum na terapia e as formas farmacêuticas sólidas são amplamente utilizadas. O conhecimento sobre o trânsito de cápsulas e comprimidos no trato gastrointestinal é incompleto. Desse modo, avaliar o trânsito esofágico de farmacêuticas sólidas fornece um entendimento mais profundo sobre os mecanismos que desencadeiam a esofagite induzida por fármacos. Geralmente, os estudos de trânsito esofágico são realizados por meio da cintilografia, manometria e técnicas biomagnéticas, como o SQUID (Dispositivos Supercondutores de Interferência Quântica) e a Biosusceptometria de Corrente Alternada (BAC). A BAC é uma técnica que merece destaque por suas características, acurácia dos resultados obtidos e versatilidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a influência do tipo e peso da forma farmacêutica no tempo de trânsito esofágico e na velocidade de transporte no esôfago, além de estabelecer parâmetros comparativos entre os métodos cintilográfico e biomagnético empregados, para validar a BAC no estudo de trânsito esofágico de formas farmacêuticas sólidas. Cada um dos seis voluntários que participaram do estudo deglutiu com 50 ml de água cápsulas e comprimidos com 0,5, 0,8 e 1,0 gramas de ferrita, na cintilografia e na BAC. Para o estudo cintilográfico, a radiomarcação das formas farmacêuticas foi feita com 99mTc. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tipo e o peso da forma farmacêutica não influenciaram significativamente o tempo de trânsito esofágico e a velocidade de transporte no esôfago, embora os resultados estatísticos apontem para uma variação significativa para um número maior de voluntários. Além disso, uma comparação entre as técnicas permitiu validar a BAC como um método biomagnético para avaliar o trânsito... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Oral administration is a common practice in drug therapy and the solid dosage forms are widely used. Knowledge about esophageal transit of tablets and capsules is incomplete since it have been reported a number of injuries related to drug-induced esophageal damage. Esophageal transit time may be evaluated by employing gammascintigraphy, manometry, and biomagnetic techniques as SQUID and AC Biosusceptometry (ACB). ACB is a non-invasive and radiation free technique which enough versatility for a number of studies related to the gastrointestinal behavior of solid dosage forms. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different dosage forms (hard gelatin capsules and tablets) on the esophageal transit time and transport velocity in the esophagus upon to establish a comparison between the Scintigraphy and Biosusceptometry and to validate the ACB as a tool for esophageal transit studies. Six volunteers have participated in the study and they swallowed capsules and tablets with 0.5g, 0.8g and 1.0g of ferrite together 50 ml of water. For scintigraphic study, the dosage forms were labeled with 99mTc. The results showed that the parameters evaluated could not be significantly influenced by the different dosage forms administered. However, it could be observed that the results pointed out to a decrease in the transit time measured for dosage forms with lower weight. We have shown that ACB allowed investigating the influence of dosage forms parameters on the esophageal transit time in healthy volunteers with high spatiotemporal resolution. In summary, this study has allowed introducing the ACB as an alternative technique to investigate the esophageal transit of pharmaceutical dosage forms to understand the factors which could contribute to drug-induced esophageal damages. / Mestre

This study considered the use of urea eutectics as fast release solid dosage carrier forms for the acaricide N-methylbis (2,4-xylyliminomethyl) methylamine (AmitrazTM). Wettol D2 and Arkopal N090 were chosen as the wetting agent and dispersants respectively. Their optimum levels were determined as the surfactant concentrations that yielded a minimum in the dispersion viscosity of a concentrated (30% m/m) Amitraz suspension. The optimum dosage levels were found to be ca. 2% Arkopal N090 and ca. 1% Wettol D2. Eutectic phase diagrams were obtained using the melting-cooling method. The components were ground together into a fine powder and heated in a glass tube immersed in a silicon oil bath. The liquid was allowed to cool down and solidify at ambient conditions. The time-dependant temperature change of the sample was tracked with a thermocouple. The data was captured in real time on a personal computer and analysed using an Excel spreadsheet programme. The melt-cast method was used to prepare eutectic mixtures. They were characterised using DSC, DTA, XRD and Light Microscopy. The XRD peaks showed the presence of the two separate crystal structures for the eutectic mixture constituents. The urea – CaBr2.2H2O combination was initially considered as carrier for Amitraz. However, this eutectic system was found to be too hygroscopic. Small additions of PEG 6000 improved the tablet strength but decreased the dissolution rate. Urea and acetamide formed a eutectic at ± 46oC with a composition of ca. 40 % m/m urea. Unfortunately acetamide is a suspected carcinogen. Therefore the urea - 1,3-dimethylurea was selected as Amitraz carrier system instead. The eutectic mixture comprised 40% m/m urea and 60% m/m 1,3-dimethylurea, which melt at ± 56oC. The melt-press method was used to prepare Amitraz containing pellets measuring 5 mm thick and 33 mm ö and weighing about 5,0 g. It was possible to suspend Amitraz powder in the eutectic melt mixture provided it remained in powder form. However, when liquefied (by melting), phase separation occurred. Thus the temperature of the eutectic mixture should be kept below the 80oC melting point of Amitraz. The dissolution tests were performed in a 10-liter Pyrex glass beaker with normal tap water (± 25oC). The time taken for complete dissolution was measured with a stopwatch. These results were confirmed with turbidity tests. Starch-based super disintegrants were used in an attempt to enhance the dissolution rate of the pellets. Explotab® improved the dissolution rate of 30% and 40% m/m Amitraz formulations slightly. The best formulation obtained in this study had the following composition (in m/m): 30% Amitraz; 8% CaCO3; 1 % Wettol D2; 2% Arkopal N090; 10% Explotab® and 49% urea – 1,3-dimethylurea eutectic. Such tablets disintegrated within 6,5 minutes when suspended in water. / Dissertation (MSc (Applied Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / MSc / unrestricted