Spelling suggestions: "subject:"somatosensory stimulation"" "subject:"omatosensory stimulation""
1 |
Alteration of Functional Brain Connectivity by Somatosensory StimulationWitt, Jonas 25 September 2023 (has links)
This dissertation concerns the alteration of functional connectivity in the human brain through different patterns of somatosensory stimulation. In particular, I distinguish whether stimuli are regular (i.e., expected by the subject) or irregular (i.e., unexpected by the subject). An emerging theory of brain function known as Predictive Coding states that the brain is continuously creating an internal model of its environment that is constantly trying to predict what is going to happen. Expected sensory input leads to model consol- idation, while unexpected input leads to model update. In this context it is assumed that central neuronal processing differs significantly between these two cases. Furthermore, in my experiments, the stimulation is applied in two more variants which are also believed to be processed in completely different ways: consciously perceptible (suprathreshold) and imperceptible (subthreshold).
To measure functional connectivity in the acquired fMRI data, a method referred to as eigenvector centrality mapping (ECM) was chosen. This method has gained increasing attention in the fMRI community, as it represents a whole-brain approach that can be ap- plied for resting-state experiments. While there are a number of other centrality measures, each with their advantages and disadvantages, ECM stands out as being parameter-free and does not depend on prior assumptions. Similar to Google’s Pagerank algorithm, it assigns areas (“nodes”) in a network with a high centrality score that are closely connected to other central areas as well. Generally, increased connectivity is interpreted as of greater “importance” to the network. As there are different approaches on how to calculate ECM, I critically examine these and delve deeper into the method itself.
Three main research questions guided this study:
1. Is there a brain connectivity (ECM) alteration in the human brain for somatosensory stimulation that is pattern dependent (7 Hz irregular vs. regular)?
2. Is there a brain connectivity (ECM) alteration in the human brain for somatosensory stimulation that is intensity dependent (7 Hz suprathreshold vs. subthreshold)?
3. Are these different somatosensory stimulations (subthreshold, suprathreshold, irregular, regular) accompanied by a subsequent behavioral change?
Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to all four stimulation conditions consecutively. Results showed significant ECM alterations compared to the initial baseline, suggesting persisting effects. To counter this, Experiment 2 adopted a different approach. Here, individual stimulations were applied to separate groups, with an additional control group for comparison.
The results from Experiment 2 revealed that irregular stimulation compared to regular showed decreased connectivity in specific brain regions, aligning with the Predictive Coding theory. Suprathreshold stimulation showed increased connectivity in areas related to sensory input integration, possibly linked to conscious perception. Furthermore, all participants, regardless of stimulation type, showed heightened connectivity in somatosensory regions, suggesting a shared focus on tactile anticipation.
The behavioral session from Experiment 2 found that irregular suprathreshold stimulation led to a decreased sensitivity to near-threshold stimuli. However, this change wasn't mirrored in the functional connectivity data.
In conclusion, this research validated the differential neural processing of various somatosensory stimulations, supporting the Predictive Coding theory. The study also underscored the challenges and considerations in using ECM, particularly urging caution with methods that combine positive and negative correlations.:1 - Personal Motivation
2 - Introduction
3 - Background
3.1 Cognitive Neuroscience
3.2 Predictive Coding and the Free Energy Principle
3.3 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
3.4 Blood-Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal
3.5 Resting-State Functional Connectivity (RSFC)
3.6 Eigenvector Centrality Mapping (ECM)
3.7 Previous ECM Experiments - an Overview
3.8 Statistical Remarks
4 - Materials and Methods
4.1 Experimental Setup
4.1.1 Subjects
4.1.2 Experimental Procedures
4.1.2.1 Electrical stimulation
4.1.2.2 Absolute detection threshold examination
4.1.2.3 fMRI and behavioral data acquisition
4.2 fMRI Data Preprocessing
4.2.1 Prior Steps
4.2.2 Slice Time Correction
4.2.3 Motion Correction
4.2.4 Coregistration, Segmentation and Normalization
4.2.5 Spatial Filtering
4.2.6 Temporal Filtering
4.2.7 Grey Matter, White Matter and Cerebrospinal Fluid Masking
4.2.8 Nuisance Regression
4.3 ECM Approaches
4.4 Flexible Factorial Design
4.5 Seed-Based Functional Connectivity Analysis
5 - Results
5.1 Experiment 1
5.1.1 Detailed Results
5.1.2 Summary Experiment 1
5.2 Experiment 2 - fMRI Session
5.2.1 Detailed Results - ADD Approach
5.2.2 Detailed REsults - POS / NEG / ABS approach
5.2.3 Summary Experiment 2
5.3 ECM Approach Differences Illustrated by Examples
5.4 Seed-Based Functional Connectivity Analysis
5.5 Distribution of Voxel Timie Series Correlation Foefficients
5.6 Experiment 2 - Behavioral Session
6 - Discussion
6.1 Interpretation of Experimental Results
6.1.1 Experiment 1
6.1.2 Experimemnt 2 - fMRI Session
6.1.3 Experiment 2 - Behavioral Session
6.2 ECM Approaches
6.3 Further Considerations and Future Outlook
7 - Conclusion
|
2 |
Topography of the perceptual improvement induced by repetitive somatosensory stimulation / Topographie de l’amélioration perceptive induite par stimulation somatosensorielle répétéeMacchione, Silvia 18 December 2018 (has links)
Le toucher joue un rôle prépondérant dans notre vie quotidienne. Il est connu depuis longtemps que l’acuité tactile peut être améliorée par effet de la plasticité cérébrale, suite à entraînement. Une autre forme d’amélioration, indépendante de l’entraînement, peut être obtenue grâce à une simple stimulation mécanique d’une petite région de la peau, appelée stimulation somatosensorielle répétée (RSS). Avant de commencer ce travail de thèse, il avait été montré que la RSS pouvait améliorer l’acuité tactile localement (sur le doigt stimulé) et aussi à distance (sur le visage) mais la topographie de l’amélioration tactile, notamment sur les autres doigts, demeurait inconnue. Également, l’hypothèse d’appliquer la RSS sur une autre région du corps (notamment le visage) et vérifier ses effets à la fois locaux sur le visage, ainsi qu’à distance sur les doigts, n’avait jamais été investiguée. Le but de mon travail de thèse constituait donc à investiguer la topographie de l’amélioration tactile induite par RSS au sein d’une même et entre plusieurs régions du corps. Une première étude a révélé que la RSS d’un doigt est capable d’induire une amélioration tactile locale ainsi qu’à distance entre les deux mains. La deuxième étude a prouvé que la RSS d’une région du visage est capable d’induire une amélioration tactile locale ainsi qu’une amélioration tactile à distance sur la main. De plus, l’effet d’amélioration tactile entre la main et le visage est bidirectionnel. Dans leur ensemble, les données expérimentales constituent une contribution significative à l'étude de la topographie des changements tactiles induits par la RSS / Touch plays a fundamental role in our daily activities. It has long been known that, thanks to brain plasticity, tactile acuity can be improved following training. Another form of tactile improvement, independent from training, can be achieved through a simple mechanical stimulation of a small region of the skin, called repetitive somatosensory stimulation (RSS). RSS of a finger was well known to improve tactile acuity locally (on the stimulated finger) and also remotely (on the face). However, topography of tactile improvement, especially on other unstimulated fingers, was unknown. In addition, the hypothesis of applying the RSS to another body region (notably the face) and investigate the possible effects, both in face and fingers, was not explored. The aim of this work of thesis was therefore investigating the topography of the RSS-induced tactile improvement within and between body regions. One first study revealed that RSS of a finger induces tactile improvement both locally and remotely in fingers. The second study showed that, when applied on the face, RSS is able to induce tactile improvement both locally, on the face, and remotely, in the hand, demonstrating that the tactile improvement between the hand and the face is bidirectional. Overall, the experimental data I provide constitute a significant contribution to the study of the topography of RSS-induced tactile changes
|
3 |
Neurovaskuläre Kopplung im somatosensorischen Kortex der RatteRoyl, Georg Andreas 09 December 2002 (has links)
Die Grundlage der modernen funktionellen Bildgebung des Gehirns mit der BOLD-fMRT ist die neurovaskuläre Kopplung. Sie ist in ihren Mechanismen wenig verstanden und führt zu einem komplexen Zusammenspiel von Blutfluß, Blutvolumen und Oxygenierung. Die Aufklärung der Blutflußantwort mit ihren Auswirkungen auf die Meßsignale ist für eine genaue Interpretation des BOLD-Signals kritisch. Zudem stellt sich seit einigen Jahren die Frage, ob es bei funktioneller Aktivierung aufgrund eines vermehrten neuronalen Sauerstoffverbrauchs zu einer frühen Deoxygenierung kommt. Diese könnte sich als initialer BOLD-Abfall für eine hochauflösende Bildgebung eignen. Ein Vergleich von optischen Methoden und funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie am gleichen Stimulationsmodell kann diesen Fragen nachgehen. Wir haben die kortikale Blutflußantwort auf somatosensorische Stimulation der Ratte mit den optischen Methoden Optical Imaging und Imaging Spectroscopy sowie mit BOLD-fMRT und blutvolumengewichteter MION-fMRT gemessen. Bei der Stimulation eines einzelnen Whisker-Haares grenzte sich die entsprechende kortikale Kolumne über eine optische Abschwächung ab. Spektroskopisch zeigte sich, daß diesem Signal eine initiale Blutvolumenzunahme zugrundeliegt. Eine Lambert-Beer-Analyse, die die differentiellen Pfadlängen des Lichtes im streuenden Gewebe vernachlässigt, konnte die gemessenen Spektren nicht linear anpassen. Mit einer Annäherung errechnete sie einen artifiziellen Anstieg des Deoxy-Hb in der frühen Antwort. Die quantifizierte Lambert-Beer-Analyse unter Einschluß der differentiellen Pfadlängen konnte die gemessenen Spektren linear anpassen. Im berechneten Konzentrationsverlauf stieg Oxy-Hb zum Stimulationsbeginn an, Deoxy-Hb blieb zunächst auf dem Ruhewert und fiel dann ab. Diese Verzögerung lag im Bereich der kapillären Transitzeit. Die spektroskopisch gemessene frühe Antwort fand sich auch in der Messung der Antwort auf Vorderpfotenstimulation. Zum Vergleich wurden fMRT-Messungen an diesem Stimulationsmodell herangezogen. Die MION-fMRT erfaßte einen initialen Anstieg des plasmatischen Blutvolumens (pCBV), das BOLD-Signal delta-R2* eine verzögerte Hyperoxygenierung. Die Hyperoxygenierung im weiteren Verlauf der Blutflußantwort zeigte in Imaging Spectroscopy und fMRT einen linearen Zusammenhang mit der Dauer der Stimulation. Dabei korrelierte die delta-R2* stark mit der spektroskopisch gemessenen Deoxy-Hb-Konzentration. Auch die Antwort auf das Stimulationsende stellte sich als von der Stimulationsdauer abhängig heraus und wurde als vaskuläres Speicherphänomen interpretiert. BOLD und Deoxy-Hb zeigten beide eine Hypooxygenierung nach dem Stimulationsende. pCBV und das spektroskopisch gemessene korpuskuläre Blutvolumen, cCBV, verhielten sich nach dem Stimulationsende spiegelbildlich. Die pCBV-Zunahme bildete sich nur allmählich zurück, während das cCBV steil unter seinen Ruhewert abfiel. Im Laufe der Messung nahm das cCBV wieder zu und erreichte seinen Ruhewert zeitgleich mit dem pCBV. Eine vermehrte Volumenspeicherung als Folge venöser Streßrelaxation und eine Verschiebung des Hämatokrits aufgrund des Fahraeus-Lindquist-Effekts werden als Grund für diese Veränderungen in Betracht gezogen. Die experimentellen Daten belegen, daß optische und magnetresonanztomographische Methoden korrespondierende Signale von Oxygenierung und Blutvolumen messen. Eine frühe Deoxygenierung wurde nicht gemessen. Allerdings zeigte sich die frühe Komponente der Blutvolumenzunahme an die initiale Kapillarnetzfüllung einer kortikalen Kolumne gebunden. Ihre Detektion mit der fMRT bietet eine Perspektive auf dem Weg zu einer hochauflösenden funktionellen Bildgebung des Gehirns. / Neurovascular coupling forms the basis of modern functional brain imaging with BOLD-fMRI. Its mechanisms are poorly understood as it leads to a complex interaction of blood flow, blood volume and oxygenation. The investigation of the blood flow response with its influences on measured signals is critical for the exact interpretation of the BOLD-Signal. In addition to that, the question on whether or not an increase in oxygen consumption during functional activation leads to an early deoxygenation is not resolved yet. This early deoxygenation could cause an initial BOLD decrease suitable for high resolution imaging. A comparison of optical methods and functional magnetic resonance imaging on the same stimulation model can help to answer these questions. We have measured the cortical blood flow response on somatosensory stimulation of the rat with the optical methods Optical Imaging and Imaging Spectroscopy and with BOLD-fMRI and blood volume weighted MION-fMRI. During stimulation of a single whisker vibrissa the corresponding cortical column delineated itself as an area of increased optical attenuation. A spectroscopical analysis showed an initial blood volume increase responsible for this signal. A Lambert-Beer-Analysis that ignored the differential pathlength of light in scattering tissue could not fit the measured spectra. The result of its closest approximation showed an artificial increase of deoxy-Hb during the early response. The quantified Lambert-Beer-Analysis with inclusion of differential pathlengths succeeded in fitting the measured spectra. The calculated concentration time course showed an increase of oxy-Hb at stimulus onset with deoxy-Hb staying at baseline values and then decreasing. This delay was as long as the capillary mean transit time. The spectroscopically measured early response was also found when measuring the response to forepaw stimulation. For comparison, fMRI measurements on this stimulation model were done. MION-fMRI detected an early increase of plasmatic blood volume (pCBV), the BOLD-Signal delta-R2* a delayed hyperoxygenation. The time course of the hyperoxygenation during the blood flow response showed a linear relationship with the stimulus duration in Imaging Spectroscopy and fMRI. The delta-R2* correlated strongly with spectroscopically measured concentration changes of deoxy-Hb. In addition to that, the response on the stimulus offset was dependent on the stimulus duration. It was interpreted as a vascular storage phenomenon. Both BOLD and deoxy-Hb showed a hypooxygenation after stimulus offset. pCBV and the spectroscopically measured corpuscular blood volume, cCBV, showed mirroring signals after stimulus offset. While pCBV returned to baseline values gradually, cCBV fell below baseline values immediately. During the further measurement cCBV increased and returned to baseline values at the same time as pCBV. To explain this, an increased volume storage due to venous stress relaxation and a hematocrit shift due to the Fahraeus-Lindquist effect are taken into consideration. The experimental data proves that optical and fMRI methods measure corresponding signals of oxygenation and blood volume. An early deoxygenation was not seen. However, the early component of the blood volume increase seems to be restricted to the initial filling of the capillary net supplying a cortical column. Its detection with fMRI offers a perspective on the way to high resolution functional imaging of the brain.
|
4 |
The embodied mind in sleep and dreaming : a theoretical framework and an empirical study of sleep, dreams and memory in meditators and controlsSolomonova, Elizaveta 11 1900 (has links)
Les théories récentes de la conscience incarnée (embodiment) soulignent que l'esprit est un processus incarné, impliquant le cerveau, le corps et l'environnement. Plusieurs aspects de la cognition, de l’interaction sensorimotrice avec l’environnement à la pensée abstraite et métaphorique, ont été conceptualisés dans ce paradigme. Le sommeil et le rêve, cependant, ont rarement été abordés par des chercheurs dans le domaine de la conscience incarnée. Cette dissertation vise à montrer, en s’appuyant sur la phénoménologie, la philosophie énactive et des sciences cognitives du sommeil et des rêves, que le rêve est un processus incarné de formation de sens dans le monde onirique. Ce travail comporte trois objectifs principaux : 1) de démontrer que le rêve est incarné; 2) de clarifier les liens entre les expériences corporelles et la formation onirique; et 3) de préciser si la sensibilité corporelle accrue, en tant qu’une compétence entraînable, mène à des changements globaux dans la façon dont l'information est traitée en sommeil.
Le premier objectif est une proposition inédite dans la science des rêves. Dans ce travail, j’analyse les études théoriques et empiriques sur le sujet afin de motiver la notion de l’incarnation corporelle du rêve. Je propose un cadre théorique et pratique pour la recherche en neurophénoménologie du sommeil (article I). Je montre que les rêves sont incarnés à plusieurs niveaux. Tout d'abord, de nombreux rêves contiennent des représentations du corps ou du mouvement corporel. Deuxièmement, les rêves sont vécus d’un à la première personne et ont une qualité spatiale. Troisièmement, les rêves sont structurés par l'émotion et l'affect, et sont ainsi enracinés dans le corps. Enfin, le corps du rêveur et le corps onirique ne sont pas indépendants l'un de l'autre : leur perméabilité est illustrée par les rêves intensifiés, les parasomnies (article II) et les études sur l'intégration des stimuli somato-sensoriels dans le contenu des rêves.
Le deuxième objectif est d'étudier des exemples concrets dans lesquels les sensations somatiques, ou des altérations dans la perception habituelle du corps, affectent le contenu des rêves. Je procède par une revue de littérature sur l’état actuel des connaissances empiriques sur la paralysie du sommeil, en tant qu’un phénomène illustratif de l'altération dans l'expérience corporelle en sommeil (article II). Je conclus que les expériences corporelles dans le cadre de la paralysie du sommeil (pression sur la poitrine, sensations inhabituelles, et autres) nous informent sur la manière dont le sens altéré du corps modifie la perception de l'environnement, affecte les qualités de la relation intersubjective avec le monde, et illumine les caractéristiques subjectives fondamentales du sens de l'espace. En outre, les résultats de notre étude empirique démontrent que la stimulation somatosensorielle de la cheville en Stade 1 du sommeil et en sommeil paradoxal produit une variété de changements dans le contenu des rêves.
Le troisième objectif était de tester si la formation contemplative, qui augmente la conscience corporelle, produit des changements dans l’apprentissage procédural, dans l'architecture du sommeil, dans la consolidation de la mémoire dépendante du sommeil et dans le contenu des rêves. Nous avons démontré (article III) que les méditants Vipassana et les sujets témoins avaient des patrons distincts de consolidation de la mémoire en sommeil : l'amélioration d'une tâche d’apprentissage procédural était associée à la densité des fuseaux du sommeil chez les méditants, tandis que les participants témoins avaient une relation forte entre l’amélioration de la tâche et durée du sommeil paradoxal. En outre, nous avons constaté une fréquence réduite des fuseaux du sommeil chez les méditants, ce qui suggère que la pratique de la méditation centrée sur le corps peut avoir un effet à long terme sur l’organisation et la fonction du sommeil.
Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de cette enquête permettent de conclure que le rêve est un processus incarné de formation du sens, texturé par des souvenirs et des émotions, et que le rêveur n'est pas déconnecté de leur corps ou du monde extérieur. En outre, l’entrainement à la conscience corporelle peut produire des changements globaux dans l'architecture du sommeil et dans les processus cognitifs du sommeil, y compris les rêves et la consolidation de la mémoire. Ces résultats ont des implications théoriques et pratiques pour la recherche sur les fonctions du sommeil, des rêves et le rôle du corps dans l'expérience subjective. / Recent theories of cognition have stressed that the mind is an embodied process, one involving brain, body, and environment. Many aspects of cognition, from waking sensorimotor coping with the world to other aspects of the mind, such as metaphor and abstract thought, have been explicated under this framework. Sleep and dreaming, however, have only rarely been approached by embodied mind theorists. In this dissertation, I draw on work in phenomenology, enactivism, and the cognitive science of sleep and dreaming, I aim to show that dreaming is an embodied process of sense-making in the dream world. This work has three main goals: 1) to argue that the dreaming mind is embodied; 2) to clarify the links between bodily experiences and oneiric mentation; and 3) to test whether increased bodily awareness as a trainable skill contributes to global changes in the way that the mind treats information in sleep.
The first goal is a novel proposal in dream science. In this work, I review evidence for embodied dreaming and propose a theoretical and practical framework for neurophenomenological research (Article I). I propose that dreams are embodied in a number of different ways. First, many dreams contain representations of body or bodily movement. Second, dreams are experienced from a first-person point of view, and have a spatial quality. Third, dreams are structured by emotion and affect, and thus are rooted in the body. Finally, sleeping and dreaming bodies are not independent of each other; their permeability is exemplified by intensified dreams, parasomnias (Article II), and studies of somatosensory stimuli incorporation into dream content.
The second goal is to investigate some of the concrete ways in which somatic sensations or alterations in habitual perception of the physical body affect dream content. I review the current state of knowledge on sleep paralysis as an illustration of sleep-dependent alteration in bodily experience (Article II), and conclude that bodily experiences in sleep paralysis (pressure on chest, unusual sensations, and others) provide information about the myriad ways an altered sense of the body changes one’s perception of the environment, affects qualities of one’s intersubjective relationship with the world, and provides insight into the fundamental subjective features of the sense of space. Additionally, results of our empirical study show that somatosensory ankle stimulation at sleep onset and during REM sleep produces a variety of changes in dream content.
The third goal is to study whether contemplative training, which has been shown to increase bodily self-awareness, produces changes in procedural learning, sleep architecture, sleep-dependent memory consolidation and dream content. We showed (Article III) that Vipassana meditators and controls had distinct patterns of sleep-dependent memory consolidation: improvement on a procedural learning task was associated with sleep spindle density in meditators, while control participants had a strong relationship between improvement on the task and REM sleep duration. Additionally, we found a reduced sleep spindle frequency in meditators, suggesting that body-based meditation practice may have long-term effects on sleep organisation and function.
Overall, the results of this inquiry point to the conclusion that dreaming is an embodied process of sense-making, textured by memories and affect, and that the dreamer is not disconnected from their body or the outside world. Furthermore, training in bodily awareness may produce global changes in sleep architecture and sleep cognition, including dreaming and memory consolidation. These results have theoretical and practical implications for research on functions of sleep, dreams and the role of the body in subjective experience.
|
Page generated in 0.1221 seconds