Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Sulphur (S) is an essential element for plant and animal nutrition, but widespread deficiencies of S occur world wide. Current recommendations for nitrogen (N):S ratios are 15 to 18:1 and 10 to 12:1 for plant and animal nutrition, respectively; but recent information suggests these may not predict animal response. Sorghum is an important crop, particularly in drier climatic regions but little is known concerning S-nutrition for sorghum growth or utilization of S-fertilized forages. Sorghum "Pioneer 947" was grown on a Lucy loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Kandiudult) in King William County, VA, with and without S fertilization (0 vs. 138 kg S ha⁻¹ as ammonium sulphate) in a randomized block design with four replications. Sulphur fertilization decreased (P < 0.05) soil pH and increased soil S in the 0 to 25 cm (P < 0.08) and 25 to 50 cm (P < 0.05) soil layers. An increase in Mehlich-I extractable soil P, Mn (P < 0.05) and soil N0₃-N (P < 0.06) at surface 25 cm layer occurred with S-fertilization. At harvest, S-fertilization increased (P < 0.05) S and water soluble carbohydrates and decreased (P < 0.05) N:S ratio and P concentration in whole plants. Sorghum leaves were higher (P < 0.05) in N, S, Ca, Mn and Cu in S fertilized compared to non-S fertilized sorghum. Sulphur fertilization decreased (P < 0.05) concentration of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the upper three leaves. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the Lucy soil and 'Pioneer 947' sorghum to further investigate effects of fertilization (0, 70, and 140 kg S ha ⁻¹) as ammonium sulphate in a completely randomized design with five replications. Sulphur application decreased soil pH, and extractable soil K linearly (P < 0.01), and increased extractable soil S linearly (P < 0.01). / Ph. D.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

LD2668 .T4 1966 D44 / Master of Science

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:21:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000795286.pdf: 856820 bytes, checksum: fd0317c7227adc20f9ad700bd6b3711b (MD5) / Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial ou total e a inclusão de protease, xilanase e fitase em dietas para frangos de corte. O esquema fatorial utilizado foi 3 × 2, com três níveis de substituição de milho por sorgo (0, 50% e 100%) e inclusão ou não das enzimas exógenas. O ganho de peso foi elevado com o uso de enzimas exógenas na dieta. A substituição total de milho por sorgo nas dietas prejudicou o ganho de peso aos 14 e 35 dias, porém não afetou o desempenho das aves considerando-se os períodos de um a 21 e um a 42 dias. Houve interação entre nível de sorgo e inclusão de enzimas sobre a metabolizabilidade de matéria seca e energia bruta da dieta. A inclusão de enzimas melhorou a metabolizabilidade de matéria seca e energia bruta na fase de 11 a 21 dias apenas em dietas à base de sorgo. A substituição de milho por sorgo reduziu os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de proteína bruta nas fases de 11 a 21 dias e de 25 a 35 dias. Na fase de 11 a 21 dias, a inclusão de enzimas melhorou a metabolizabilidade da proteína bruta e aos 21 dias diminuiu os pesos relativos de moela e intestino delgado. O uso de enzimas melhorou a metabolizabilidade da energia bruta de 25 a 35 dias. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o peso de órgãos aos 42 dias. A substituição de milho por sorgo reduziu a umidade da cama e a adição de enzimas exógenas nas dietas aumentou a umidade da cama. A substituição de milho por sorgo e o uso de enzimas diminuiu o custo da ração e melhorou a lucratividade. Portanto, a substituição total de milho por sorgo é viável e a inclusão de protease, xilanase e fitase nas dietas para frangos de corte melhora o desempenho considerando-se o período de 1 a 42 dias / A study was conducted to determine the influence of replacing maize with sorghum without or with a combination of exogenous protease, xylanase and phytase on broiler performance. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included three replacement levels of maize with sorghum (0, 50% and 100%) without or with exogenous enzymes. Weight gain was improved with enzymes supplementation. Total maize replacement with sorghum impaired weight gain from one to 14- and from one to 35-days post-hatch but did not affect performance at 21 and 42 days post-hatch. There was interaction between maize replacement level and enzyme supplementation for dry matter and gross energy metabolizability. Exogenous enzymes improved dry matter and gross energy metabolizability from 11 to 21 days post-hatch only in sorghum-based diet. Maize replacement with sorghum reduced crude protein metabolizability from 11 to 21 days and 25 to 35 days post-hatch. From 11 to 21 crude protein and from 25 to 35 days post-hatch gross energy metabolizability were improved and at day-21 post-hatch, relative gizzard and small intestine weights were decreased by exogenous enzymes. Litter moisture was decreased by maize replacement with sorghum and increased by exogenous enzymes. Maize replacement with sorghum and enzymes inclusion decreased feed cost and increased profitability. Overall, the results suggest that sorghum can replace maize and a combination of exogenous protease, xylanase and phytase improve broiler performance from one to 42 days post-hatch

Orientador: José Roberto Sartori / Coorientador: Vitor Barbosa Fascina / Banca: Livio Panhoza Tse / Banca: Rafael Gustavo Hermes / Banca: Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi / Resumo: Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial ou total e a inclusão de protease, xilanase e fitase em dietas para frangos de corte. O esquema fatorial utilizado foi 3 × 2, com três níveis de substituição de milho por sorgo (0, 50% e 100%) e inclusão ou não das enzimas exógenas. O ganho de peso foi elevado com o uso de enzimas exógenas na dieta. A substituição total de milho por sorgo nas dietas prejudicou o ganho de peso aos 14 e 35 dias, porém não afetou o desempenho das aves considerando-se os períodos de um a 21 e um a 42 dias. Houve interação entre nível de sorgo e inclusão de enzimas sobre a metabolizabilidade de matéria seca e energia bruta da dieta. A inclusão de enzimas melhorou a metabolizabilidade de matéria seca e energia bruta na fase de 11 a 21 dias apenas em dietas à base de sorgo. A substituição de milho por sorgo reduziu os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de proteína bruta nas fases de 11 a 21 dias e de 25 a 35 dias. Na fase de 11 a 21 dias, a inclusão de enzimas melhorou a metabolizabilidade da proteína bruta e aos 21 dias diminuiu os pesos relativos de moela e intestino delgado. O uso de enzimas melhorou a metabolizabilidade da energia bruta de 25 a 35 dias. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o peso de órgãos aos 42 dias. A substituição de milho por sorgo reduziu a umidade da cama e a adição de enzimas exógenas nas dietas aumentou a umidade da cama. A substituição de milho por sorgo e o uso de enzimas diminuiu o custo da ração e melhorou a lucratividade. Portanto, a substituição total de milho por sorgo é viável e a inclusão de protease, xilanase e fitase nas dietas para frangos de corte melhora o desempenho considerando-se o período de 1 a 42 dias / Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the influence of replacing maize with sorghum without or with a combination of exogenous protease, xylanase and phytase on broiler performance. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included three replacement levels of maize with sorghum (0, 50% and 100%) without or with exogenous enzymes. Weight gain was improved with enzymes supplementation. Total maize replacement with sorghum impaired weight gain from one to 14- and from one to 35-days post-hatch but did not affect performance at 21 and 42 days post-hatch. There was interaction between maize replacement level and enzyme supplementation for dry matter and gross energy metabolizability. Exogenous enzymes improved dry matter and gross energy metabolizability from 11 to 21 days post-hatch only in sorghum-based diet. Maize replacement with sorghum reduced crude protein metabolizability from 11 to 21 days and 25 to 35 days post-hatch. From 11 to 21 crude protein and from 25 to 35 days post-hatch gross energy metabolizability were improved and at day-21 post-hatch, relative gizzard and small intestine weights were decreased by exogenous enzymes. Litter moisture was decreased by maize replacement with sorghum and increased by exogenous enzymes. Maize replacement with sorghum and enzymes inclusion decreased feed cost and increased profitability. Overall, the results suggest that sorghum can replace maize and a combination of exogenous protease, xylanase and phytase improve broiler performance from one to 42 days post-hatch / Mestre