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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A maioria dos medicamentos normalmente prescritos são comercializados sob a forma racêmica, apesar de se ter conhecimento que a presença de diferentes enantiômeros em uma formulação farmacêutica pode levar a diferentes atividades farmacológicas, farmacocinéticas e perfis toxicológicos. O uso de enantiômeros puros em formulações farmacêuticas pode resultar em melhor ajuste de dose e diminuição dos efeitos adversos, fato que torna estudos a respeito de quiralidade de moléculas fundamental na área farmacêutica. Atualmente, os métodos analíticos mais empregados para a separação e determinação da pureza enantiomérica de compostos são a CLAE-FEQ e eletroforese capilar com seletores quirais. Os enantiômeros de esmolol foram separados através de CLAE-FEQ em fase reversa utilizando coluna Chiralcel-OD-RH (250 x 4,6 mm d.i.), 5 µm. A fase móvel foi composta por perclorato de potássio 100 mM, pH 2,08 : acetonitrila : dietilamina (80:20:0,2) com vazão de 0,5 mL.min-1 e detecção a 220 nm. Os enantiômeros de esmolol também foram separados através de CLAE-FEQ em fase normal utilizando coluna Chiralcel-OD (250 x 4,6 mm d.i.), 10 µm. A fase móvel foi composta por hexano : etanol : dietilamina (75:25:0,2) com vazão de 1,0 mL.min-1 e detecção a 220 nm. Ambos os métodos foram validados, sendo possível considerá-los precisos, seletivos, específicos, exatos e lineares para quantificar os enantiômeros de esmolol em medicamentos. Os testes realizados com cloridrato de sotalol por CLAE não indicaram separação enantiomérica ao serem utilizadas coluna Chiralcel OD®, Chiralcel OD-RH®, Burke e Whelk®. Os ensaios realizados por eletroforese capilar apresentaram separação parcial dos enantiômeros de sotalol e de esmolol, porém houve ausência de reprodutibilidade do método. / Most commonly prescribed drugs are marketed as racemic mixtures, even though it is well known that the presence of different enantiomers in a pharmaceutical formulation can lead to different pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles. The use of pure enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations can result in better dose adjustment and reduction of side effects, fact which makes studies on molecular chirality important to the pharmaceutical area. Currently, high performance liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and capillary electrophoresis with chiral selectors are the most commonly methods employed for the separation and determination of enantiomeric purity of compounds. The enantiomers of esmolol were separated through HPLC using a reversed phase CSP column Chiralcel-OD-RH (250 x 4,6 mm i.d.) 5 µm. The mobile phase was composed of 100 mM potassium perchlorate, pH 2,08 : acetonitrile: diethylamine (80:20:0,2) at a flow rate of 0,5 mL.min-1 and detection at 220 nm. The enantiomers of esmolol were also separated using HPLC-CSP using normal phase column Chiralcel OD (250 x 4,6 mm i.d.), 10 µm. The mobile phase consisted of hexane : ethanol : diethylamine (75:25:0,2) with a flow rate of 1,0 mL.min-1 and detection at 220 nm. Both methods were validated, and it was possible to consider them precise, selective, specific, exact and linear to quantify the enantiomers of esmolol on drugs. HPLC tests conducted with sotalol indicated no enantiomeric separation when Chiralcel OD, Chiralcel OD-RH, Burke and Whelk columns were used. Capillary electrophoresis tests showed partial separation of the enantiomers of sotalol and esmolol, but there was lack of reproducibility.

A maioria dos medicamentos normalmente prescritos são comercializados sob a forma racêmica, apesar de se ter conhecimento que a presença de diferentes enantiômeros em uma formulação farmacêutica pode levar a diferentes atividades farmacológicas, farmacocinéticas e perfis toxicológicos. O uso de enantiômeros puros em formulações farmacêuticas pode resultar em melhor ajuste de dose e diminuição dos efeitos adversos, fato que torna estudos a respeito de quiralidade de moléculas fundamental na área farmacêutica. Atualmente, os métodos analíticos mais empregados para a separação e determinação da pureza enantiomérica de compostos são a CLAE-FEQ e eletroforese capilar com seletores quirais. Os enantiômeros de esmolol foram separados através de CLAE-FEQ em fase reversa utilizando coluna Chiralcel-OD-RH (250 x 4,6 mm d.i.), 5 µm. A fase móvel foi composta por perclorato de potássio 100 mM, pH 2,08 : acetonitrila : dietilamina (80:20:0,2) com vazão de 0,5 mL.min-1 e detecção a 220 nm. Os enantiômeros de esmolol também foram separados através de CLAE-FEQ em fase normal utilizando coluna Chiralcel-OD (250 x 4,6 mm d.i.), 10 µm. A fase móvel foi composta por hexano : etanol : dietilamina (75:25:0,2) com vazão de 1,0 mL.min-1 e detecção a 220 nm. Ambos os métodos foram validados, sendo possível considerá-los precisos, seletivos, específicos, exatos e lineares para quantificar os enantiômeros de esmolol em medicamentos. Os testes realizados com cloridrato de sotalol por CLAE não indicaram separação enantiomérica ao serem utilizadas coluna Chiralcel OD®, Chiralcel OD-RH®, Burke e Whelk®. Os ensaios realizados por eletroforese capilar apresentaram separação parcial dos enantiômeros de sotalol e de esmolol, porém houve ausência de reprodutibilidade do método. / Most commonly prescribed drugs are marketed as racemic mixtures, even though it is well known that the presence of different enantiomers in a pharmaceutical formulation can lead to different pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles. The use of pure enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations can result in better dose adjustment and reduction of side effects, fact which makes studies on molecular chirality important to the pharmaceutical area. Currently, high performance liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and capillary electrophoresis with chiral selectors are the most commonly methods employed for the separation and determination of enantiomeric purity of compounds. The enantiomers of esmolol were separated through HPLC using a reversed phase CSP column Chiralcel-OD-RH (250 x 4,6 mm i.d.) 5 µm. The mobile phase was composed of 100 mM potassium perchlorate, pH 2,08 : acetonitrile: diethylamine (80:20:0,2) at a flow rate of 0,5 mL.min-1 and detection at 220 nm. The enantiomers of esmolol were also separated using HPLC-CSP using normal phase column Chiralcel OD (250 x 4,6 mm i.d.), 10 µm. The mobile phase consisted of hexane : ethanol : diethylamine (75:25:0,2) with a flow rate of 1,0 mL.min-1 and detection at 220 nm. Both methods were validated, and it was possible to consider them precise, selective, specific, exact and linear to quantify the enantiomers of esmolol on drugs. HPLC tests conducted with sotalol indicated no enantiomeric separation when Chiralcel OD, Chiralcel OD-RH, Burke and Whelk columns were used. Capillary electrophoresis tests showed partial separation of the enantiomers of sotalol and esmolol, but there was lack of reproducibility.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in České Budějovice for the elimination of selected pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, atenolol, metoprolol, sotalol, bisoprolol, valsartan, verapamil and tramadol) over a long time period (March 2011 - February 2012). Time-proportional 24 hours pooled samples of wastewater from influent and effluent of the WWTP were used to assess the efficiency of WWTP. The concentrations of target compounds were determined by using in line SPE/LC-MS/MS analysis. The average annual concentrations in the effluent of WTP were in the range of 0,019 microgram/l (verapamil) to 1,00 microgram/l (atenolol). Average annual efficiencies of pharmaceutical elimination in WWTP based on pooled samples were found in the case of carbamazepine (-22 %), tramadol (-15 %), sotalol (-1 %), diclofenac (15 %), metoprolol (16 %), verapamil (43 %), bisoprolol (48 %) and valsartan (85 %). The statistical analysis of daily results in the winter and in the summer period showed significantly higher efficiency of the WWTP in the summer for 5 target compounds (diclofenac, atenolol, valsartan, sotalol and bisoprolol). Removal efficiency for the rest of pharmaceuticals did not show significant differences. Elevated temperature and longer irradiation period in summer can positively affect biodegradation or increased photolysis respectively.