Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are an attractive solution for a plethora of communication applications, such as unattended event monitoring and tracking. One of the looming challenges that threaten the successful deployment of these sensor networks is source-location privacy, especially when they are used to monitor sensitive objects. In order to enhance source location privacy in sensor networks, we propose the use of an opportunistic routing scheme and we examine four different approaches. In opportunistic routing, each sensor transmits the packet over a dynamic path to the destination. Every packet from the source can therefore follow a different path toward the destination, making it difficult for an adversary to backtrack hop-by-hop to the origin of the sensor communication. Through theoretical analysis, we attempt to justify the use of opportunistic routing for the source-location problem. Moreover, simulations have been conducted in order to evaluate the performance of all the proposed schemes, in terms of source-location privacy.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are an attractive solution for a plethora of communication applications, such as unattended event monitoring and tracking. One of the looming challenges that threaten the successful deployment of these sensor networks is source-location privacy, especially when they are used to monitor sensitive objects. In order to enhance source location privacy in sensor networks, we propose the use of an opportunistic routing scheme and we examine four different approaches. In opportunistic routing, each sensor transmits the packet over a dynamic path to the destination. Every packet from the source can therefore follow a different path toward the destination, making it difficult for an adversary to backtrack hop-by-hop to the origin of the sensor communication. Through theoretical analysis, we attempt to justify the use of opportunistic routing for the source-location problem. Moreover, simulations have been conducted in order to evaluate the performance of all the proposed schemes, in terms of source-location privacy.

Acoustic emission (AE) is a natural phenomenon that occurs when a solid is subjected to stress. These emissions are produced by all materials during pre failure. In soil, AE results from the release of energy as particles undergo small strains. If these emissions can be detected, then it becomes possible to develop an early warning system to predict slope failure. International research has shown that AE can be used to detect ground deformations earlier than traditional techniques, and thus it has a role to play in reducing risk to humans, property and in mitigating such risks. This thesis researches the design of a system to quantify the AE and calculate the distance to the deformation zone, and hence information on the mechanism of movement. The quantification of AE is derived from measuring the AE event rate, the output of which takes the form of a displacement rate. This is accurate to an order of magnitude, in line with current standards for classifying slope movements The system also demonstrates great sensitivity to changes within the displacement rate by an order of magnitude, making the technique suitable to remediation monitoring. Knowledge of the position of the shear surface is critical to the planning of cost effective stabllisation measures. This thesis details the development of a single sensor source location technique used to obtain the depth of a developing or existing shear surface within a slope. The active waveguide is used to reduce attenuation by taking advantage of the relatively low attenuation of metals such as steel. A method of source location based on the analysis of Lamb wave mode arrival times at a smgle sensor is summansed. An automatic approach to source location is demonstrated to locate a regular AE source to within one metre. Overall consideration is also given to field trials and towards the production of monitoring protocols for data analysis, and the implementation of necessary emergency/remediation plans.

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The detection of sound sources with microphone arrays can be enhanced through processing individual microphone signals prior to the delay and sum operation. One method in particular, the Phase Transform (PHAT) has demonstrated improvement in sound source location images, especially in reverberant and noisy environments. Recent work proposed a modification to the PHAT transform that allows varying degrees of spectral whitening through a single parameter, andamp;acirc;, which has shown positive improvement in target detection in simulation results. This work focuses on experimental evaluation of the modified SRP-PHAT algorithm. Performance results are computed from actual experimental setup of an 8-element perimeter array with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for detecting sound sources. The results verified simulation results of PHAT- andamp;acirc; in improving target detection probabilities. The ROC analysis demonstrated the relationships between various target types (narrowband and broadband), room reverberation levels (high and low) and noise levels (different SNR) with respect to optimal andamp;acirc;. Results from experiment strongly agree with those of simulations on the effect of PHAT in significantly improving detection performance for narrowband and broadband signals especially at low SNR and in the presence of high levels of reverberation.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας πραγματοποιείται μελέτη και υλοποίηση μεθοδολογιών εντοπισμού Ακουστικής Εκπομπής (ΑΕ) στα πλαίσια του Μη Καταστροφικού Ελέγχου (ΜΚΕ). Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι γενικότερες κατηγορίες μεθόδων ΜΚΕ και γίνεται μια κριτική ανάλυση των δημοφιλέστερων. Επίσης γίνεται αναφορά στο φαινόμενο του πιεζοηλεκτρισμού καθώς και των βασικότερων χαρακτηριστικών των πιεζοηλεκτρικών αισθητήρων που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως για την μέτρηση σημάτων ΑΕ. Εν συνεχεία πραγματοποιείται μια εκτενής αναφορά στη μέθοδο της ΑΕ, παρουσιάζοντας τα πλεονέκτημα και μειονεκτήματα της μεθόδου, τον τρόπο παραγωγής και διάδοσης των ακουστικών κυμάτων, τα φαινόμενα της εξασθένισης και της ταχύτητας διάδοσης καθώς και τον απαραίτητο εξοπλισμό για την μέτρηση των σημάτων ΑΕ. Αναφέρονται τα είδη σημάτων ΑΕ, οι βασικές παράμετροι που χρησιμοποιούνται παραδοσιακά για τον εντοπισμό και ανάλυση αστοχιών καθώς και θεωρητικά μοντέλα για την προσομοίωση τέτοιων σημάτων στο Η/Υ. Εν συνεχεία αναλύεται το σημαντικό θέμα του εντοπισμού της θέσης της ακουστικής εκπομπής εξετάζοντας διάφορες μεθοδολογίες που έχουν αναπτυχθεί στην βιβλιογραφία. Οι μέθοδοι χρησιμοποιούν τους χρόνους άφιξης των σημάτων ή κάποιων χαρακτηριστικών αυτών για να υπολογίσουν την απόσταση αισθητήρων – πηγής και τελικά την θέση της πηγή. Τέλος παρουσιάζεται και αξιολογείται μεθοδολογία εντοπισμού της θέσης της ΑΕ υπολογίζοντας τους διαφορετικούς χρόνους άφιξης των φασματικών συνιστωσών του σήματος σε ένα αριθμό αισθητήρων. Αρχικά αναπτύχθηκε αλγόριθμος για τον υπολογισμό των χρόνων άφιξης των φασματικών χαρακτηριστικών χρησιμοποιώντας τα φίλτρα Goertzel. Ο αλγόριθμος υλοποιήθηκε σε υπολογιστικό μοντέλο (μέσω του λογισμικού MATLAB ) και αξιολογήθηκε για διαφορετικές θέσεις της πηγής. Σε κάθε περίπτωση η μέθοδος υπολογίζει με μεγάλη ακρίβεια τους χρόνους άφιξης των χαρακτηριστικών . Έχοντας μετρήσει τους χρόνους άφιξης οι κανονικοποιημένες αποστάσεις υπολογίζονται ελαχιστοποιώντας την συνάρτηση τετραγωνικού σφάλματος μεταξύ των πραγματικών χρόνων και των μετρούμενων χρόνων των φασματικών συνιστωσών και τέλος η ακριβής θέση της πηγής υπολογίζεται αναλυτικά ελαχιστοποιώντας την συνάρτηση τετραγωνικού σφάλματος μετρούμενων και πραγματικών αποστάσεων πηγής και αισθητήρων. Οι παραπάνω αλγόριθμοι υλοποιήθηκαν σε υπολογιστικά μοντέλα και αξιολογήθηκαν σε διάφορα υπολογιστικά πειράματα. Στα παραπάνω πειράματα δοκιμάζονται οι αλγόριθμοι για διαφορετικές θέσεις πηγής και αισθητήρων στο επίπεδο και τον χώρο. Επίσης αναλύεται η επίδραση του θορύβου των μετρήσεων προσθέτοντας λευκό Γκαουσιανό θόρυβο στις αρχικές παραμέτρους.Εδώ πρέπει να εξεταστεί η τροποποίηση του αλγορίθμου και η χρήση παραπάνω αισθητήρων για την μείωση της επίδρασης του θορύβου. / The objective of this thesis is the study and implementation of several methods for the Acoustic Emission (AE) source location. The thesis starts with a critical survey of several Non Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques as well as with a presentation of the basic characteristics of piezoelectric sensors. An extensive presentation of the AE method follows, including topics as the advantages and disadvantages of the method, acoustic emission sources and propagation of AE waves, attenuation and wave velocity, instrumentation. The different types of AE source signals as well as their basic parameters used to detect and identify several structural faults are reported. The methods of AE source location are analyzed. Most of methods use AE signals or signal characteristics Time of Arrival (TOA) to estimate the distances between the source and the sensors and finally the exact source location. Finally, an algorithm for calculation of TOA of several frequencies on different sensors is developed. The algorithm uses Goertzel filters on a moving window of the original signal to identify the TOA of different frequencies. Algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and its performance is evaluated using different source – sensors configurations. In all cases algorithm estimates with high accuracy the TOA . Based on the estimated TOA the normalized distances are estimated by minimizing the Sum of Square Errors (SSE) between the calculated and the real TOA and finally, the AE source location is estimated by minimizing the SSE between the calculated and the real distances between sensors and the AE source. The above algorithms are implemented in MATLAB as well, and their performance is evaluated for different configurations and noise levels.

The Matched Field Processing approach is evaluated and was applied in the geophysical context. Synthetic tests were performed using Finite Difference Modelling that show the resolution of the approach considering different environmental setups. Matched Field Processing was applied to two field data sets. On the Hartousov Mofette Field (NW Bohemia/Vogtland region, Czech Republic) it was used to locate subsurface fluid channels and to investigate their spatio-temporal variations. On the Gornergletscher (Canton Valais, Switzerland) it was applied to monitor lake drainage from the ice-marginal lake Gornersee and to locate accompanying water tremor sources.

The application of piezoelectric sensors such as the ultrasonic transducer has significantly enhanced the fields of nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Their application of piezoelectric materials allows for the sensing of low energy, high frequency acoustic emission (AE) events such as fatigue cracking in metals and delamination in composites. Utilizing the physical characteristics of these AE waves, the location of these structural defects can then be source located by means of time-of-flight trilateration. The real time sensing of such events has led to the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) and has revolutionized NDE. Furthermore, with the application of modern micro-electromechanical system-based (MEMS) technology, the fields of NDE and SHM can be improved greatly, and sensing instrumentation simplified. A novel piezoresistive-based MEMS strain sensor is presented as this improvement to NDE and SHM. The ultrathin silicon membrane-based (USM) strain sensor's ability to capture an AE signal is demonstrated by a Hsu-Nielsen source and shows comparable frequency content to a commercial piezoceramic ultrasonic transducer. To the knowledge of the authors, this makes the USM strain sensor the first known piezoresistive strain sensor capable of recording low energy AE. The novel improvements to NDE and SHM arise from the sensor's low minimum detectable strain and wide frequency bandwidth, enabling a dual-use application of both AE and static strain sensing. The USM sensor's ability to document quasi-static bending is demonstrated and once again compared with an ultrasonic transducer, which provides no significant response. This dual-use application is proposed to effectively combine the uses of both strain and ultrasonic transducer sensor types within one sensor, lending itself novel and useful to NDE and SHM. The potential benefits include enhanced sensitivity, reduced sensor size and cost, and reduced instrumentation complexity. / Master of Science / Visual inspection for cracks and defects has long been staples of assessing structural health throughout human history. These surface imperfections are an obvious hindrance to structural integrity and routine observation and inspection is needed to ensure a structure's safety. With the progression of technology and the discovery of piezoelectric materials, more advanced methods have been devised to detect and source locate not only surface level but sub-surface cracking. This has been accomplished through the use of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers to monitor the propagation of acoustic emission (AE) vibrations, which are the result of energy redistribution by events such as cracking. The remote monitoring of AE events has led to the growth of the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) field, where these cracks and defects can be located by the detection of their AE source. These transducers, however, are met with limitations in their applications. Operating off the piezoelectric effect allows for a superb response to low energy, high frequency excitation characteristic of AE, but results in no response to quasi-static strain measurements, such as that of a slowly applied bending load on a plate. In the work herein, modern micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) based technology is utilized to devise a sensor capable of both AE and static strain measurements. The dual sensing of both of these measurements can allow for the source location of cracking events along with the monitoring of structure strain, effectively combining the use of two sensors into one. This dual-application use can have a great impact on the evaluation of critical structures like bridges and aircraft and simplify and reduce costs inherent to nondestructive evaluation.

<p>Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non-conventional machining process utilizing a series of electrical discharges to melt and vaporize workpiece material. In a wire EDM configuration wire breakage is a limiting factor in the machining productivity during the machining of workpieces with varying heights. Present methods of estimating workpiece height on-line in an effort to optimize machining parameters monitor the electrical signals for changes which may not be completely indicative of a change in workpiece height. This thesis intends to utilize acoustic emission (AE) sensors as a method for mapping the discharge location in order to estimate the workpiece height. This represents a novel approach as acoustic emission testing, while prevalent in the process monitoring of numerous conventional machining processes has yet to be significantly studied in combination with EDM.</p> <p>Another useful application of AE sensors with the EDM process under consideration is during the fast hole EDM process, where excessive wear is seen in the electrode causing true electrode length to remain uncertain. By using acoustic emission sensors to determine the true length of the electrode it could be possible to aid in the breakout detection of the electrode.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)