Textiles are an important part of social history and often neglected in museum collections. Lace objects are textiles with an unambiguous European heritage. Examples of this kind of tangible heritage object are found in many private and national museum collections in South Africa. This research considers needle lace crafted by students of the Koppies Lace School established in the early 1900s in the (then) Orange River Colony. The research draws on theories of representation (Hall, 2013), whiteness (de Kock, 2006), and craftwork (Risatti, 2007) to interrogate the unique context of this lace. The analysis includes examples of needle lace from Iziko Museums in Cape Town, as well as the War Museum of the Boer Republics and the Emily Hobhouse Old Age Home in the Free State. The discussion repositions lace as ethnographic object and argues for its value to South African museum collections. Koppies lace is identified as a unique collection when placed within its larger socio-historical context, and appreciated in terms of what was achieved while the lace school was in operation. This research argues that the value of Koppies lace objects to South African heritage lies within this larger intangible context and knowing and sharing this knowledge. / Dissertation (MSocSci (Heritage and Museum Studies)) University of Pretoria, 2021. / Historical and Heritage Studies / MSocSci (Heritage and Museum Studies) / Unrestricted

Parents of premature infants have unique information and support needs regarding the caregiving of their premature infants after the initial discharge home from the hospital. These needs may only become evident after the discharge, which presents challenges that require additional social and professional support. Through my research I strived to determine the information and support needs of parents relating to the caregiving of their premature infants after the initial discharge home from the hospital. The main aim of my study was to inform a South African post-discharge parent support programme within the Developmental Systems Model theoretical framework. A four-phase qualitative descriptive design was employed. In Phase 1, an integrative literature review was conducted to determine the information and support needs of parents of premature infants following their initial discharge home from the hospital. Phase 2 explored the information and support needs of 25 South African parents regarding the caregiving of their premature infants by utilising a pilot study and four asynchronous online focus groups. In Phase 3 the data sources from Phases 1 and 2 were merged to develop and finalise ten recommendations that were utilised to develop the content of the parent support programme. Seven Early Childhood Intervention professionals were involved to ensure the recommendations were appropriate and contextual for South African parents. Fifteen South African parents were subsequently asked to validate and confirm the ten recommendations. The final phase (Phase 4) of the study comprised a parent validation survey with 17 South African parents, which ensured the appropriateness of the content for the South African post-discharge parent support programme. The contents, based on the findings of the four-phase study, will appropriately serve as the foundation for a South African parent support programme to be implemented as part of a future project. Keywords: caregiving, information needs, parents, post-discharge programme, premature infants, recommendations, support needs, South Africa. / Thesis (PhD (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / NRF / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / PhD (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) / Restricted

No description available.

Faculty of Health Sciences School of Medicine 0110993v Tel: 011 984 1268 / Section 9 and 12 of the South African Mental Health Act No. 18 of 1973 as amended, defines standards and procedures related to the involuntary commitment of mentally ill persons to mental institutions or care and rehabilitation centres. Despite these provisions in practice clinicians are faced with the challenge of appropriateness of certification of mentally ill persons to psychiatric hospitals. This study was undertaken to establish the number of patients regarded as inappropriately certified and admitted to Sterkfontein Psychiatric Hospital over one month during 2003. The clinical and demographic characteristics of this group were investigated. Its impact on hospital resources was assessed and commitment standards were compared. The patients’ hospital records were used to achieve the above objectives. About 20% of patients were found to be inappropriately certified as per definition, collectively they spent a total of 834 days in hospital at the cost of over half a million rands. It was concluded that in practice there may be patients who are inappropriately certified and that they significantly impact on hospital resources. Reasons for this need further investigations and the certification standards and procedure may need to be revised to minimize the problem.

An Intermediary Holding Company (“IHC”) is a company that is interposed between an ultimate holding company and the operating subsidiaries of a group of companies. The IHC operates at an international level such that either its holding company or its subsidiaries or both are located in a country foreign to the IHC. Its main functions are to acquire, manage and dispose of the assets of the group of companies and to facilitate structural flexibility of a group of companies. Investors have tax and non-tax reasons for conducting business using an IHC, and, depending on the reasons, they determine the location of the IHC based on the characteristics of potential host countries. This thesis analyses the suitability of the South African corporate tax regime for the use of South African-resident Intermediary Holding Companies. The South African government has the objective of promoting South Africa as a gateway for investment in Africa and for this reason the present research is important. Such an objective could be adversely affected by a corporate tax regime that is not suitable for the operations of an IHC. Furthermore, the Katz Commission recommended in 1997 that South Africa should consider introducing a regime that is suitable for the location of holding companies. In discharging its functions the IHC attracts liability for corporate income tax, capital gains tax, controlled foreign company tax and dividends tax. It also exposes itself to anti-avoidance measures such as thin capitalisation and transfer pricing provisions. The existence of such taxes and anti-avoidance measures in the tax system of a country may deter investors from locating an IHC in such country. Exchange control regulations could also adversely affect the ability of the IHC to perform its functions effectively, as their purpose is to restrict the movement of capital out of the country. The South African legal system contains all these taxes and anti-avoidance measures as well as exchange control provisions. However, it also contains tax instruments that alleviate the tax burden on an investor using an IHC such as the participation exemption, advance tax rulings and a network of tax treaties. Against this background this thesis analyses the South African corporate tax system to determine whether it is suitable for locating an IHC. In the analysis, a comparative study is done of the tax systems of two of the most effective IHC host countries, namely the Netherlands and Mauritius. In addition, a brief discussion of the special features contained in the tax systems of Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom outlines why these jurisdictions are not necessarily successful in attracting IHCs. The thesis also discusses harmful tax practices and the attitude of the international community towards countries that engage in harmful tax competition in order to determine the limits to which a country should use the tax system to attract investment. Finally, the thesis makes recommendations as to what adjustments could be made in order to enhance the suitability of South Africa to host an IHC. The thesis recommends a special dispensation as regards corporate income tax and exchange control that would apply to wholly-owned South African companies that own foreign subsidiary shares and loans that consist of 80% of the gross asset total of these companies. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

In this study I aim to use my body as a tool to derive themes for use in performance making and to underpin this in theory. I focus on aspects of Tadashi Suzuki (1986) actor training (referred to as Suzuki training), free writing and the body. I use black feminism, cognitive neuroscience and body theory to account for my lived body, which I then use in performance. Practice and theory informed each other in a cyclical manner in accordance with Practice as Research as a methodology. Therefore, elements that emerged from my practice determined the theory included in the study, as practice was considered a way of knowing. I work to establish a relationship between race, subjugation and some of the multiple implications thereof on the body in the urban context: I draw on limited notions of culture and the body to interrogate how these can materialise in performance. The study also addresses aspects of the performing body to support why I derive value in Suzuki (1986) training as one psychophysical actor training tool. I theoretically discuss this technique as developing expressive abilities in young performers. The primary purpose of this research is to create work that is rooted in the tradition of devising. My research moves between the physical body and the body in performance in a South African context as I worked to conceptually account for the body in both instances. Although limited, this research includes theories that account for the performing body engaged in somatic foot-based practices where these interact with my practice. I further discuss the devising process I undertook with a cast, as a performance maker, my findings and reflection on this process.

The use of tidal information and its application to, and value within, the study of climate change, sea-level rise and the tides effects on marine life is well known. However, little work has been done on the more technical aspects of tidal measurements and the use within maritime safety in accordance with international standards. This thesis will address the key technical elements in the design and realisation of the national tide gauge network around the South African coastline and how the data collected can be used to increase maritime safety around the South African coast, as well as the additional benefits the data may have both nationally and internationally. The South African Navy's national tide database, both actual records and predictions, as well as current and historical records, was used in order to establish the requirements for a sustainable tide gauge network. In addition, various case studies and data analysis were carried out, as were personal communications with various naval personnel. Establishing and maintaining a sustainable tide gauge network requires research and testing of various tide gauges. Identification of the correct locations to install the tide gauges is key to its success. Although the current South African Tide gauge network is not complete it does provide adequate coverage and is vitally important in the production of navigational products. The manner in which the raw collected tide data is processed and used for creating predictions meets international requirements and standards. Tidal predictions are a necessity for shallow water maritime operations and shallow water navigation, under keel and masthead clearances. The tide gauge network provides data to various organisations for storm surge and tsunami warnings while contributing to the “blue economy” through projects like Operation Phakisa. This thesis provides a comprehensive overview of South Africa's tide gauge network, investigates and justifies the reasons behind the locations and gives in depth examples of the essential use of tidal information for maritime safety.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / During this research it became apparent that there are shortcomings in existing approaches regarding the conjunctions which may precede situatives in Northern Sotho, as well as their semantic functions. It has been found that conjunctions may appear in different semantic relations regarding situatives. These relations are classified as temporal, temporal-conditional, causal, contrastive and actualising. Although they display morphological, semantic and syntactic similarities, the situative and the relative are viewed as separate moods. On the semantic level , a relation between conditional situatives, on the one hand, and the conditional mood, on the other, has been observed . Situatives without conjunctions act either with a temporal semantic connotation or with a qualificative meaning. A distinction is made between situatives with a momental temporal meaning and situatives which indicate a lapse of time. This semantic difference among temporal situatives is related to the occurrence or omission of conjunctions. / Uit hierdie ondersoek het dit geblyk dat daar l eemtes be staan in beskouinge rakende die aanwending van konjunktiewe voor situatiewe werkwoorde in Noord - Sotho, asook die semantiese funksies wat konjunktiewe het in gevalle waar hulle wel voor kom. Daar is bevind dat konjunktiewe in verskillende semantiese verbande tot situatiewe kan staan. Die verbande word getipeer as temporaal, temporaal -kondisi onaal, redegewend, teenstelling en aktualisering. Die situatief en relatief word as aparte modi beskou, ofskoon hulle morfologiese, semantiese en sintaktiese raakpunte vertoon. Op semantiese vlak is ook 'n verband waargeneem tussen situatiewe wat kondisie uitdruk enersyds, en die kondisionale modus, andersyds. Situatiewe sonder konjunktiewe tree op met 'n temporale betekeniskonnotasie of kwalifiserend op. Wat eersgenoemde betref, word onderskei tussen situatiewe met 'n momentaantemporale betekenis, enersyds, en situatiewe wat op tydsverloop dui, andersyds. Die onderskeid hou direk verband met die aan- of afwesigheid van konjunktiewe voor siluatiewe werkwoorde. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

This dissertation explores the nature of gender relations and their significance within Transkei society in South Africa. It focuses on how gender inequality is a process embedded in the social, economic and political fabric of Xhosa society in Transkei, and straddles the productive and reproductive realms. The study also looks at the extent to which gender inequality and patriarchal domination are incorporated into all spheres of the Transkei culture both ideologically and practically. A central claim of this study is that gender plays a key role in determining the ways in which men and women participate in economic, social and political activities. Men's and women's lives are socially and culturally structured in different ways and therefore male-dominated state policies and programs affect them differently and provoke different responses from them. In determining the ways in which men and women participate in economic, social, and political activities, a framework that stresses the dialectical interplay between patriarchal ideology in the home and and the labor market is developed. This framework allows me to examine the changes occurring in household and labor market relations, and the resultant contradictions and tensions within Transkei society as both men's and women's actions negotiate, maintain, challenge and redefine existing social structures. At the same time this framework maps Transkei's women's position both historically and in the present, and portrays them not as passive victims, but as active social actors who contribute to the historical changes and are in turn affected by them. Two rural villages in Cofimvaba district, Transkei, were selected for the study: Magwala, a predominantly Christian educated community, and Mangweni, a "traditional" non-literate community. The households in the latter community are the poorest and still practice some of the old Xhosa customs, while the households in the former community vary widely in wealth and economic activity.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Improvement and selection of superior animals for longevity is a viable complimentary strategy for increasing functional longevity of Holstein dairy cattle. Genetic evaluation of animals for functional longevity is a prerequisite for improvement of the trait. This study was carried out to determine non-genetic factors that influence functional longevity in South African Holstein cattle, as well as to estimate genetic parameters for functional longevity, estimate sire breeding values, and to establish the contribution of conformation traits to the risk of cows being culled from dairy herds. Analyses were carried out using records of 166 222 daughters of 2 051 sires from 1 545 herds in six regions of South Africa. The regions were the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Free State, Kwa-Zulu Natal and the combined Gauteng & North Western Provinces. Data were analysed using a piecewise Weibull sire-maternal grandsire model in which the baseline hazard was assumed to change at 270 and 380 days in milk as well as at drying-off. The fixed effects model comprised of the time-independent effect of age at first calving, the combined time-dependent effects of region x year of calving, number of lactations x within-herd milk production class, year of calving x within-herd protein and year of calving x fat percentage production class. Model also had the combined time-dependent effect of herd size x annual herd size change. The random herd-year and sire effects were later included in the model for the estimation of sire and herd-year variance components. Analyses indicated a decline in the survival function, an indicator of functional longevity, among cows that calved for the first time in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Cows that delivered their first calf in 2000 had better survival functions that those that calved for the first time in 2004 and 2008. All fitted effects significantly contributed to the risk of a cow being culled from a herd. Within-herd milk production made the largest contribution to the risk of a cow being culled from a herd. Survival was best in the Northern Cape and worst in Eastern Cape. The risk of being culled was the highest for cows in the second stage of lactation (271- 380 days), when the entire lactation period was considered. High producing cows were more likely not to be culled from a herd than poor producing cows. Cows were more likely to be culled for low protein production percentage than within-herd fat production percentage. The risk of being culled was low for heifers calving at 20 to 25 months of age. The higher risk of culling among cows with multiple lactations indicated the culling policy of dairy farmers to retain a higher number of younger cows than older cows in herds. A decrease in herd size was indicative of a high culling rate. Effective heritability was 0.109. Breeding values ranged from 2.12 for the best cows to -4.80 for the worst cows. This implied that the best and the worst cows were 2.12 times and 4.80 more likely to be culled from herds than the average cow respectively. Genetic trends for functional longevity indicated a marginal decline in sire estimated breeding values. This corresponded with the phenotypic decline in the survivor function observed in cows that calved in 200, 2004 and 2008. All udder, rump, body, feet and leg type traits, with the exception of rear leg side, significantly influenced functional longevity. Farmers culled cows mainly of extremely poor type with a tendency to retain animals with poor to very good structure. Udder traits contributed the most to the risk of a cow being culled. Cows were more likely to be culled for poor scores received for rear teat placement, rear udder height and fore udder attachment, than for any of the other conformation type traits. The contribution of angularity to the risk of being culled was also high, indicating a preference for highly angular bodied cows. Conformation type traits can therefore be used as indicator traits for functional longevity in Holstein cattle, especially when selection and culling is done based on very poor scores for udder traits. The study indicated that genetic improvement in functional longevity can be achieved with the evaluation and selection of dairy sires. There is therefore a wide scope for including functional longevity in the selection objectives for South African Holstein cattle. There is a need to develop appropriate models to ensure that the national dairy industry can benefit from using a Weibull piecewise model. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verbetering en seleksie van voortreflike diere vir langlewendheid is 'n lewensvatbare en aanvullende strategie vir die verhoging van die funksionele langlewendheid van Holstein melkbeeste. Die genetiese evaluasie van melkproduserende diere ten opsigte van hierdie eienskap is ʼn voorvereiste om verbetering in die eienskap moontlik te maak. Die studie is uitgevoer om nie-genetiese faktore wat die funksionele langlewendheid van Suid-Afrikaanse Holsteins beïnvloed te bepaal, om genetiese parameters vir langlewendheid en vaar teeltwaardes vir dié eienskap te bepaal en ook om die bydrae van bouvorm eienskappe tot die waarskynlikheid van koeie om uitgeskot te word, te bepaal. ʼn Databasis bestaande uit rekords van 166 222 dogters van 2 051 vaars, wat in ses streke in Suid-Afrika (Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, Noord-Kaap, Vrystaat, KwaZulu-Natal en die gekombineerde Gauteng en Noord-Wes Provinsies) voorgekom het, is vir die studie gebruik. Data is ontleed met behulp van 'n stuksgewyse Weibull vader-moeder grootvader model, waarin die basislyn risiko aanvaar is om te verander op 270, 380 dae na kalwing en by afdroog van die melkkoeie. Die vaste effek model het die tyd-onafhanklike effek van ouderdom met eerste kalwing en die tyd-afhanklike effekte van streek en jaar van kalwing, aantal laktasies en binne-kudde melkproduksie klas, binne-kudde proteïen en vet persent produksie klasse volgens jaar van kalwing, asook die gekombineerde tyd-afhanklike effek van kuddegrootte en jaarlikse verandering in kudde grootte, ingesluit. Die ewekansige trop-jaar en vaar effekte is later opgeneem in die model vir bepaling van die vaar- en kudde-jaar variansie komponente. Ontledings het aangedui dat daar 'n algemene afname in die oorlewingsfunksie, wat ʼn aanduiding van funksionele langlewendheid is, was in koeie wat vir die eerste keer in 2000, 2004 en 2008 gekalf het. Koeie wat vir die eerste keer in 2000 gekalf het, het ʼn hoër waarde vir die oorlewingsfunksie gehad as koeie wat onderskeidelik in 2004 en 2008 gekalf het. Alle vaste effekte het betekenisvol tot die waarskynlikheid van ʼn koei om uitgeskot te word, bygedra. Binne-kudde melkproduksie het die grootste bydrae tot die waarskynlikheid van ʼn koei om uitgeskot te word, gemaak. Wanneer die totale laktasieperiode in ag geneem is, was daar gevind dat koeie wat in die tweede fase van laktasie (271-380 dae) die hoogste risiko ervaar het om uitgeskot te word. Hoë produseerders, wanneer hulle met lae produseerders vergelyk is, was minder geneig om uitgeskot te word. Koeie was meer geneig om uitgeskot te word vir lae proteïen produksie persentasie as binne-kudde vet produksie persentasie. Die waarskynlikheid om uitgeskot te word, was laag vir verse wat op ʼn ouderdom van 20 tot 25 maande gekalf het. Die hoër risiko van uitskot van koeie met veelvuldige laktasies het aangedui dat melkboere geneig was om meer jonger koeie te behou en ouer koeie uit te skot. ʼn Afname in kuddegrootte was aanduidend van ʼn hoë uitskotpersentasie. Die effektiewe oorerflikheid was 0.109, met teelwaardes wat van 2.12 vir die hoogste produserende koeie tot -4.80 vir die laagste produserende koeie, gewissel het. Hierdie waardes het dus aangedui dat hoë produseerders en swak produseerders onderskeidelik ʼn 2.12 en 4.80 groter kans gehad het om uitgeskot te kan word. Genetiese tendense vir funksionele langlewendheid het aangedui dat daar 'n marginale afname in vaar beraamde teelwaardes vir funksionele langlewendheid was. Dit het ooreengestem met die waargenome fenotipiese afname in die oorlewingsfunksie wat in 2000, 2004 en 2008 gekalf het. Alle bou-tipe eienskappe (uier, agterkwart, liggaam, voet en been), met die uitsondering van die agterbeen kant, het funksionele langlewendheid betekenisvol beïnvloed. Boere het koeie hoofsaaklik op uiters swak boutipe uitgeskot, met 'n neiging om diere wat as ʼn swak tot uiters goeie bouvorm geklassifiseer is, te behou. Uier eienskappe het die meeste tot die waarskynlikheid van ʼn koei om uitgeskot te word, bygedra. Koeie met ʼn lae gradering vir agterste speen plasing, agter-uier hoogte en voor-uier aanhegting se waarskynlikheid om uitgeskot te word, was groter. Die bydrae van hoekigheid tot die waarskynlikheid van ʼn koei om uitgeskot te word was hoog, wat ʼn aanduiding van ʼn voorkeur vir 'n baie growwe hoekigheid was. Bouvorm tipe eienskappe kan dus gebruik word as indikator eienskappe vir funksionele langlewendheid in Holstein melkbeeste, veral wanneer in ag geneem word dat die meeste melkboere seleksie op grond van swak gradering van uier eienskappe doen. Die studie het aangedui dat genetiese verbetering in funksionele langlewendheid teweeg gebring kan word met die evaluering en seleksie van Holstein vaars. Daar is dus ʼn geleentheid vir die insluiting van funksionele langlewendheid in die seleksie doelwitte vir Suid-Afrikaanse Holstein beeste. Daar is ʼn behoefte om toepaslike modelle te ontwikkel wat met die toepassing daarvan, sal verseker dat die plaaslike melkbedryf sal kan voordeel trek deur die gebruik van 'n stuksgewyse Weibull model benadering.