This study compares the syntax of nineteenth-century Orange River Afrikaans with Dutch and synchronic Afrikaans varieties, with particular attention to Griqua Afrikaans. It provides an account of the differences that are found between the earliest attestations of an extraterritorial variety of the Dutch language on southern African soil (the so-called Cape Dutch Vernacular) with the present-day outcome. The data collected for this study originate chiefly from an hitherto undisclosed corpus of letters kept in the Namibian State Archives by the so-called Oorlam-Nama, people of mixed descent who lived on the periphery of the nineteenth- century Cape colonial society. This thesis argues that nineteenth-century Orange River Afrikaans is a representative continuation of the earliest developments in the linguistic contact situation that existed at the Cape. The thesis advances that literacy and social class are important factors in the assessment of the written record from the Dutch colony at the Cape. The thesis centers around the letters by one author, Jan Jonker Afrikaner, written over a period of nearly twenty years in the second half of the nineteenth century. This legacy is a unique contribution to the diachronic data concerning the development of Afrikaans. From the data it is shown that this author had the command over different registers, fluctuating between a near perfect metropolitan Dutch and a Hollands that is classified as basilectal Afrikaans. The comparison of the data is set in a framework inspired by the concepts put forward in Generative Grammar. This has precipitated an exciting linguistic comparison of contemporary Afrikaans grammar with the diachronic material. This dissertation challenges the idea that the Khoesan Languages were of no or little influence in the development of Afrikaans. The linguistic analysis of the nineteenth-century data reveal that the developments which took place cannot be attributed to one single origin. It is demonstrated that the innovations and change that can be identified run parallel to regular patterns that are found in other languages generally classified as creole languages. It is argued that the syntax of the Khoesan languages is a major reinforcing factor in the development of the syntactic idiosyncrasies that are identified as un-Germanic characteristics of Afrikaans. Limited to nonstandard varieties of Afrikaans, in the concluding sections the question is raised how these findings are to be addressed in the larger context of language change.

This study compares the syntax of nineteenth-century Orange River Afrikaans with Dutch and synchronic Afrikaans varieties, with particular attention to Griqua Afrikaans. It provides an account of the differences that are found between the earliest attestations of an extraterritorial variety of the Dutch language on southern African soil (the so-called Cape Dutch Vernacular) with the present-day outcome. The data collected for this study originate chiefly from an hitherto undisclosed corpus of letters kept in the Namibian State Archives by the so-called Oorlam-Nama, people of mixed descent who lived on the periphery of the nineteenth- century Cape colonial society. This thesis argues that nineteenth-century Orange River Afrikaans is a representative continuation of the earliest developments in the linguistic contact situation that existed at the Cape. The thesis advances that literacy and social class are important factors in the assessment of the written record from the Dutch colony at the Cape. The thesis centers around the letters by one author, Jan Jonker Afrikaner, written over a period of nearly twenty years in the second half of the nineteenth century. This legacy is a unique contribution to the diachronic data concerning the development of Afrikaans. From the data it is shown that this author had the command over different registers, fluctuating between a near perfect metropolitan Dutch and a Hollands that is classified as basilectal Afrikaans. The comparison of the data is set in a framework inspired by the concepts put forward in Generative Grammar. This has precipitated an exciting linguistic comparison of contemporary Afrikaans grammar with the diachronic material. This dissertation challenges the idea that the Khoesan Languages were of no or little influence in the development of Afrikaans. The linguistic analysis of the nineteenth-century data reveal that the developments which took place cannot be attributed to one single origin. It is demonstrated that the innovations and change that can be identified run parallel to regular patterns that are found in other languages generally classified as creole languages. It is argued that the syntax of the Khoesan languages is a major reinforcing factor in the development of the syntactic idiosyncrasies that are identified as un-Germanic characteristics of Afrikaans. Limited to nonstandard varieties of Afrikaans, in the concluding sections the question is raised how these findings are to be addressed in the larger context of language change.

No abstract was provided. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The Southern Ocean plays a pre-eminent role in the global carbon-climate system. Model studies show that since the start of the preindustrial era, the region has absorbed about 75% of excess heat and 50% of the oceanic uptake and storage (42±5 PgC) of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, due to the spatial and seasonal sparseness of the Southern Ocean CO2 observations (biased toward summer), this role is poorly understood. The seasonal sampling biases have hampered observation-based reconstructions of partial pressure of CO2 at the surface ocean (pCO2) using machine learning (ML) and contributed to the convergence of the root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of ML methods to a common limit known in the literature as the “wall”. The hypothesis here is that addressing the critical missing sampling scale will get the community reconstructions of pCO2 “over the wall”. In this study, I explore the sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to these observational scale gaps. Using a scale-sensitive sampling strategy means adopting a sampling strategy which addresses these observational limitations including intra-seasonal as well as seasonal sampling aliases in high eddy kinetic energy and mesoscale-intensive regions. In increasing CO2 sampling efforts in the Southern Ocean using autonomous sampling platforms such as floats, Wave Gliders and Saildrones, the community has tried to answer this problem, but the effectiveness of these efforts has not yet been tested. This study aims to do this evaluation and advance our understanding of the sampling scale sensitivities of surface ocean pCO2 reconstructions from machine-learning techniques and contribute – through a scale-sensitive sampling strategy of observing platforms in the Southern Ocean – to breaking through the proverbial “wall”. This aim was achieved through a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) applied to a forced mesoscale-resolving (±10km) ocean NEMO-PISCES physics-biogeochemistry model with daily output. In addition to underway ships, the sampling scales of the autonomous sampling platforms such as Floats, WaveGliders and Saildrones, on pCO2 reconstructions were investigated in this series of OSSEs. The primary results showed that two sampling scales, which Saildrones are able to address, are required to improve the RMSE scores of machine-learning techniques and then reduce uncertainties and biases in pCO2 reconstructions. The two sampling scales include (1) the seasonal cycle of the meridional gradients and (2) the intra-seasonal variability. Based on the impacts of these two sampling scales on the RMSE scores and biases, it wasfound that resolving the seasonal cycle of the meridional gradient is the first-order requirement while resolving the intra-seasonal variability is the second. Applying the second-order requirement in the whole Southern Ocean to explore the sensitivity of the clustering choice to the two-step pCO2 reconstruction (clustering- regression). It was found that using an ensemble of clustering methods in this two-step reconstruction performs far much better than using a clustering method. Using these findings, I proposed an observational strategy that is viable and strengthens the limitations in existing underway SOCAT ship- and SOCCOM float-based reconstructions of surface ocean pCO2. More specifically, I proposed a hybrid scale-sensitive sampling strategy for the whole Southern Ocean by integrating underway ships with Saildrones on winter lines. The analysis of these multiple OSSEs indicates that improving the pCO2 reconstructions requires scalesensitive data to supplement the underway ship-based observations gridded in the SOCAT product. It was also found that scale-sensitive data consisting of high-resolution observations ( 1 day) extending over the seasonal cycle and capturing the pCO2 meridional gradients results in breaking through the proverbial “wall”. These findings will contribute to an accurate mean annual global carbon budget which is critical for the trend of the ocean sink feedback on global warming as well as ocean acidification.

This study compares the syntax of nineteenth-century Orange River Afrikaans with Dutch and synchronic Afrikaans varieties, with particular attention to Griqua Afrikaans. It provides an account of the differences that are found between the earliest attestations of an extraterritorial variety of the Dutch language on southern African soil (the so-called Cape Dutch Vernacular) with the present-day outcome. The data collected for this study originate chiefly from an hitherto undisclosed corpus of letters kept in the Namibian State Archives by the so-called Oorlam-Nama, people of mixed descent who lived on the periphery of the nineteenth- century Cape colonial society. This thesis argues that nineteenth-century Orange River Afrikaans is a representative continuation of the earliest developments in the linguistic contact situation that existed at the Cape. The thesis advances that literacy and social class are important factors in the assessment of the written record from the Dutch colony at the Cape. The thesis centers around the letters by one author, Jan Jonker Afrikaner, written over a period of nearly twenty years in the second half of the nineteenth century. This legacy is a unique contribution to the diachronic data concerning the development of Afrikaans. From the data it is shown that this author had the command over different registers, fluctuating between a near perfect metropolitan Dutch and a Hollands that is classified as basilectal Afrikaans. The comparison of the data is set in a framework inspired by the concepts put forward in Generative Grammar. This has precipitated an exciting linguistic comparison of contemporary Afrikaans grammar with the diachronic material. This dissertation challenges the idea that the Khoesan Languages were of no or little influence in the development of Afrikaans. The linguistic analysis of the nineteenth-century data reveal that the developments which took place cannot be attributed to one single origin. It is demonstrated that the innovations and change that can be identified run parallel to regular patterns that are found in other languages generally classified as creole languages. It is argued that the syntax of the Khoesan languages is a major reinforcing factor in the development of the syntactic idiosyncrasies that are identified as un-Germanic characteristics of Afrikaans. Limited to nonstandard varieties of Afrikaans, in the concluding sections the question is raised how these findings are to be addressed in the larger context of language change.

With his collected works, titled What About This, recently released, Frank Stanford has been resurrected in searing splendor. My thesis introduction will focus on Stanford’s first published collection, The Singing Knives. I chose The Singing Knives as the critical component to my thesis because of Stanford’s gritty presentation of poor-white Southern culture through his incorporation of Southern Gothic elements, such as the grotesque, and violent imagery often preoccupied with blood. With his penchant for the surreal, Stanford demonstrates a serious affinity for juxtaposition, particularly in his use of the grotesque and strange in proximity to the ordinary. What Stanford accomplishes so magnificently is the ability to make disconcerting and, at times, disturbing images beautiful and poignant. Along with juxtaposition, I will examine how Stanford uses anaphora and conceits toward the purpose of mythic narrative. I plan to follow this critical introduction with a minimum of forty pages of original poetry.

Of All That Is Seen and Unseen explores the concept the Southern literary identity and how that tradition is fading from modern literature while engaging in a dialogue with Flannery O’Connor, William Faulkner, and Eudora Welty. However, it proposes that contemporary writers can recover Southern literary identity through three identifying elements of southern literature: family, land, and religion. The chapters focus on the tragic death of a beautiful, young girl and are told from different narrative perspectives. The genre is Southern Gothic and follows the Faulknerian model of creating a fictional place in Mississippi. The chapters are interrelated and feature reoccurring characters.

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