Many sources of protein have been investigated to reduce the use of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feeds, including soybean meal (SBM). However, FM replacement in feeds for carnivorous species is limited by problems with feed intake, growth rate, and overall health associated with reduced digestibility and anti-nutritional factors found in SBM. However, soy processing strategies can reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors and improve utilization. Therefore, we examined the possibility of further FM replacement in SBM maximized feeds for hybrid striped bass using refined soy products, soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Results indicate that further FM sparing is possible, beyond what can be achieved with SBM. For example, it is possible to reduce dietary FM content as low as 5% using SPC, and though this negatively affects growth rate, this effect may be reversed by the addition of a betaine-based attractant. Replacement with SPI resulted in such a degree of feeding reluctance that starvation and cannibalization became issues during the trial. Reducing FM content below 5-10% resulted in more variable production performance and, when using SPI, increased incidence of cannibalism. No differences in stress tolerance were observed during the trials; however, there was a trend of increasing handling mortality in fish fed the SPC diets. Refined soy proteins can be used in conjunction with SBM to spare FM, but the cost of these products, along with their acceptability to aquatic livestock, will determine the extent of their utilization in aquafeeds.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-05-04T12:03:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Annelisa Arruda de Brito - 2018.pdf: 1097265 bytes, checksum: 9eeb8a987ced659b1f1b011f91a800f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-07T12:49:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Annelisa Arruda de Brito - 2018.pdf: 1097265 bytes, checksum: 9eeb8a987ced659b1f1b011f91a800f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T12:49:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Annelisa Arruda de Brito - 2018.pdf: 1097265 bytes, checksum: 9eeb8a987ced659b1f1b011f91a800f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-20 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The National Program for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) was created to encourage the use of renewable fuels and to promote the inclusion of Family farmers in the production of the feedstock used in its manufacture. However, it is worth to highlight the possibility of encouraging soybean industries to benefit the grain, which is a major source of feedstock used and thus commercialize the co-products of this process. The objective of this work was to determine the export supply model for soybean meal and for soybean oil in Brazil, highlighting the role of increased soybean biodiesel production in the variation of the export offer of co-products from processing. The econometric models were based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The results showed that for the soybean meal export, the significant variables in a long-run relationship was the soybean price, the quantity of biodiesel produced, the exchange rate, the Brazilian PIB and the world trade. For the soybean oil export, the only significant variables in a long-run relationship were the Brazilian PIB and the world trade. The quantity of biodiesel produced had a positive influence on the exports of the soybean agroindustrial complex, demonstrating that an increase in its production also leads to an increase in exports, implying that the government program is able to encourage the processing industry and thus obtain a better competitiveness of the industry and greater gains in exports. / O Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) foi criado para incentivar o uso de combustíveis renováveis e promover a inclusão de agricultores familiares na produção da matéria-prima utilizada em sua fabricação, porém cabe destacar a possibilidade de se incentivar as indústrias do complexo soja a beneficiarem o grão, o qual é a principal fonte da matéria-prima utilizada e assim comercializar os coprodutos desse processamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o modelo de oferta de exportação para o farelo de soja e para o óleo de soja no Brasil em relação a quantidade de biodiesel produzida a partir do óleo de soja como fonte de matéria-prima, destacando o papel do aumento da produção de biodiesel oriundo da soja, na variação das exportações dos coprodutos oriundos do processamento. Os modelos econométricos foram baseados no Modelo Autorregressivo de Defasagem Distribuída (ARDL). Os resultados mostraram que para a exportação do farelo de soja, a longo-prazo, o preço da saca de soja, a quantidade de biodiesel produzida, a taxa de câmbio, o PIB do Brasil e as exportações mundiais irão influenciar na quantidade exportada de farelo de soja. Para a exportação do óleo de soja, apenas o PIB brasileiro e as exportações mundiais apresentaram influência significativa a longo-prazo nas exportações. A quantidade de biodiesel possui influência positiva nas exportações do complexo agroindustrial da soja, demonstrando que um aumento na sua produção ocasiona também um aumento nas exportações, implicando o fato de que o programa governamental tem condições de incentivar a indústria processadora e assim se obter uma melhor competitividade da indústria e um maior ganho nas exportações.

Foram utilizados 504 pintos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, de 1 dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 18 tratamentos com 4 repetições pelo período de 21 dias, para determinar a biodisponibilidade relativa do fósforo (BRP) em milho, cevada e farelo de soja sem e com a adição de fitase microbiana à dieta. Foram adicionados dois níveis de fitase (0 ou 750 FTU/kg de ração) e dois níveis de fósforo suplementar (0,05 ou 0,10%) à dieta basal semi-purificada com baixo nível de fósforo total (0,40%) sendo a fonte padrão de fósforo o fosfato bicálcico. Ao término do experimento, foram removidas as tíbias esquerdas e os dedos médios direitos para posterior análise de cinzas ósseas. A BRP para cada fonte orgânica foi calculada pelo método do slope ratio através da regressão dos valores de peso de cinzas na tíbia em função dos níveis de fósforo suplementar ingerido (mg/dia). Os valores de BRP para milho, cevada e farelo de soja sem a adição de fitase foram 55,4; 122,4 e 70,4%, respectivamente. Com a adição de fitase estes valores foram para 170,1; 153,6 e 156,40%, respectivamente / Five hundred and four male Cobb chicks were used in a 21 days trial to determine the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (RBP) in corn, barley and soybean meal, with and without addition of microbial phytase (0 or 750 FYT/kg of diet) and two levels of suplemmentary phosphorus (0.05 ou 0.10%). Suplemmentary phosphorus and microbial phytase were added to the basal diet, which had been semi-purified and had had low levels of total phosphorus (0.40%), being dicalcium phosphate the pattern source of phosphorus. Animals were randomly assigned into 18 treatments with four repetitions each one. By the end of the experiment, animals left tibiae and right medium fingers were removed for later ashes analysis. A RBP for each organic phosphorus source was calculated by the slope ratio method, through regression analysis of tibiae ashes weight data in function of ingested levels of suplemmentary phosphorus (mg/day) data. The values of RBP for corn, barley and soybean meal without phytase were 55.4, 122.4 and 70.4%, respectively. However, the RBP values for corn, barley and soybean meal with phytase were 170.1, 153.6 and 156.40%, respectively

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael D. Tokach / Eleven experiments using 5,434 growing-finishing pigs were performed in addition to the development of a model to predict dietary NE that yields the greatest economic benefit. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary phytogenics on growth and carcass performance of growing-finishing pigs. The addition of the combination of two phytogenics products (EOM 1+2) to diets improved ADFI, HCW, and carcass ADG. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences for growth or carcass performance in a second study. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with and without Ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, whereas increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio above 20% improved growth and carcass performance when diets contained RAC, pigs fed SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in diets without RAC had reduced growth and carcass performance. Contrary in Exp. 2, pigs fed increasing SID Trp:Lys in diet containing RAC did not provide further performance benefits. Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum dietary SID Lys and CP concentrations in finishing pigs over 100 kg. The SID Lys requirement to obtain 100% of maximum response was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response variable. Growth and carcass performance was maximized in diets containing at least 12% dietary CP. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of SBM concentration and whether dEB, choline, or K are the reasons that performance is reduced when pigs over 100 kg BW are fed low CP diets. Performance was reduced as SBM concentration was reduced in the diet. Choline, K, and dEB do not appear to be the reason that performance is reduced when SBM concentration is decreased in low CP diets fed to pigs over 100 kg BW. A Microsoft Excel®-based model to predict the value of dietary NE that yields the greatest economic return to the production system was developed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the impact of NDF on carcass yield in the model.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the world’s most widely grown protein/oilseed crop and provides about 70% of global protein meal and 53% of vegetable oil in the United States. Soybean seed oil contains five major fatty acids, from which palmitic acid and stearic acid are two saturated fatty acids, oleic acid improves oxidative stability and linolenic acid is an essential fatty acid for human health. Soybean seed protein and oil are two important quality indices for soybean germplasm breeding. Soluble carbohydrates present in soybean meal provide metabolizable energy in livestock feed. To develop soybean germplasm with improved seed composition traits, it is important to discover novel source of seed fatty acid, protein, and carbohydrates traits. This dissertation aims to develop novel functional genomic technology coupled with an integrated approach for facilitating molecular soybean breeding. In this study, the first objective is to develop a high-throughput TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) by Target Capture Sequencing (TbyTCS) technology to improve the efficiency of discovering mutations in soybean. The robustness of this technology underlies the high yield of true mutations in genes controlling complex traits in soybean. Soybean mutagenized lines with modified fatty acids composition have been successfully developed to meet the different needs of end users. Altered fatty acids phenotypes have been associated with induced mutations in 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase II (GmKASII), Delta-9-stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (GmSACPD), omega-6 fatty acid desaturase 2 (GmFAD2), and omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (GmFAD3) genes identified through TbyTCS. The second objective is to characterize the soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family through a comprehensive analysis. The additional members have been discovered belonging to 16:0-ACP fatty acid thioesterase (GmFATB) gene family. The mutations at oleoyl-ACP fatty acid thioesterase (GmFATA1A) have been revealed to result in the high seed oleic acid content. The novel alleles of GmFATB genes have also been identified to confer low palmitic acid and high oleic acid phenotypes in soybean seeds. The third objective is to assess the phenotypic variations and correlation among seed composition traits in mutagenized soybean populations. Correlation analyses have been conducted among soybean carbohydrates, protein, and oil content of soybean mutagenized populations and germplasm lines. Chemical mutagenesis played an essential role in soybean breeding to generate novel and desired seed composition traits.

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Thirty six Holstein cows in their first, second, third or fourth lactation were used in 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) partitioning to milk, urine, feces, and body tissue during early and midlactation. Diets containing 16% CP were formulated with 30 or 39% rumen undegradable protein (RUP) obtained by substituting blood meal (EM) for soybean meal (SBM). Each level ofRUP was formulated with supplemental phosphorus from mono- and dicalcium phosphate or wheat bran. Dry matter intake was higher in midlactation compared with early lactation, and increased as parity increased. Addition of BM to the diets decreased milk protein percentage and yield compared with SBM. Fecal N excretion was higher for cows fed BM due to lower N digestibility (67 versus 63%). Cows fed SBM retained more N and partitioned more N into milk than cows fed BM. Cows partitioned approximately 49, 40, and 11% of absorbed N to urine, milk, and tissue, respectively. Concentration of plasma urea N was correlated with milk urea N (r = .50). Overall, data indicated that cows fed 16% dietary CP with SBM or BM met their requirements for milk and tissue protein synthesis. Carbon partitioning was very similar to N partitioning in response to parity. Using a fermentation balance equation, it was estimated that .3 and 3.1 kg C were partitioned daily to methane and carbon dioxide, respectively. Estimated data indicated that 36% of intake C and 57% of absorbed C were lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide plus methane. / Master of Science

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o aumento no teor de proteína metabolizável da dieta, através da inclusão de farelo de soja em substituição à uréia no desempenho de bovinos machos não castrados em crescimento e terminação. Foram realizados dois experimentos de desempenho em confinamento. Experimento I: Foram utilizados 36 machos, não castrados, (24 Nelore e 12 Canchim), com peso médio inicial de 230 kg e média de 15 meses de idade. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em que os animais foram agrupados por raça, peso e idade. O experimento foi conduzido no confinamento do Centro de Produção Intensiva de Bovinos de Corte do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ-USP, onde os animais foram alojados em baias (3x11m) cobertas, com piso, cocho e bebedouro de concretos, sendo distribuídos dois animais por baia, num total de 18 baias. O período experimental foi realizado durante o período de agosto a dezembro de 2001 e teve duração de 84 dias, divididos em 4 subperíodos de 21 dias. As dietas foram balanceadas utilizando o modelo do NRC (1996), Nível I. O tratamento U continha 2,0% de uréia e 4,1 de farelo de soja na MS da dieta e apresentou excesso de 159,4 g/dia de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR). O tratamento FSU continha 1,0% de uréia e 11,5 de farelo de soja na MS da dieta e apresentou excesso de 79,1 g/dia de PDR. O tratamento FS continha 18,8% de farelo de soja como única fonte de proteína e, praticamente, atendeu com exatidão a PDR (excesso de 1g/dia). Os tratamentos continham energia metabolizável (EM) disponível para os seguintes ganhos: 1,31, 1,31 e 1,33 kg/d para os tratamentos U, FSU e FS, respectivamente, e proteína metabolizável disponível para ganhos de 1,03; 1,19 e 1,42 para os tratamentos U, FSU e FS, respectivamente. Os ganhos de pesos observados entre os tratamentos foram: 1,14; 1,26 e 1,28 para os tratamentos U, FSU e FS, respectivamente. Os tratamentos FSU e FS não diferiram entre si, mas foram diferentes (p<0,05) do tratamento U. Experimento II: Foram utilizados quarenta machos, (24 Nelore e 16 Canchim), com peso médio inicial de 400 kg e média de 20 meses de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em que os animais foram agrupados por raça, peso e idade. O experimento foi conduzido no confinamento do Centro de Produção Intensiva de Bovinos de Corte do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ-USP. Os animais foram alojados em baias (3x11m) cobertas, com piso, cocho e bebedouro de concreto, sendo distribuídos dois animais por baia, num total de 20 baias. O período experimental teve a duração de 84 dias divididos em 4 subperíodos de 21 dias. As dietas foram formuladas utilizando o NRC (1996), Nível I, de modo a se obter um balanço de proteína degradável no rúmen superior a 80g/dia e energia metabolizável suficiente para ganho de peso diário de 1,40 kg/d, em todos os tratamentos. O tratamento U continha 2,0% de uréia na matéria seca (MS), como a principal fonte de nitrogênio da dieta e proteína metabolizável, para ganho de peso diário (GPD) de 1,75 kg/animal. O tratamento FS continha 7,03% de farelo de soja e 1,01% de uréia na MS da dieta, proteína metabolizável disponível para GPD de 2,09kg/animal. O consumo de MS (CMS) não foi afetado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05), com valores de 12,1 Kg de MS/cab. dia para o tratamento U e 12,5 Kg de MS/cab.dia para o tratamento FS. O GPD foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais que receberam o tratamento com maior quantidade de proteína metabolizável (FS; GPD = 1,46 kg/d) em relação aos animais que receberam o tratamento com menor quantidade de proteína metabolizável (U; GPD = 1,29kg/d). / Two trials were conducted to evaluate increasing diet metabolizable protein levels by soybean meal inclusion, replacing urea, on growing and finishing steers performance. Experiment I: Thirty-six steers, not castrated, (24 Nelore and 12 Canchim), with initial mean weight and age of 230 kg and 15 months, respectively, were assigned to completely randomized block design, according to genetic group, weight and age. Experiment was conducted at the Departamento de Zootecnia at ESALQ/USP, in the Intensive Beef Steers Center Feedlot. Animal were paired on covered pens (3 x 11 m) with concrete floor, feed bulk and waterer, with a total of 18 pens. Experimental period was 84 days (August to December 2001), divided on 4 sub-periods of 21 days. Diets were formulated according to NRC (1996), Level I. Urea treatment (U) contained 2.0% urea and 4.1% soybean meal (DM basis) and presented an excess of 159.4 g/d of rumen degradable protein (RDP). Soybean meal and Urea treatment (FSU) contained of 1.0% urea and 11.5% soybean meal in diet DM and presented an excess of 79.1 g/d of RDP. Soybean treatment FS contained of 18,8% soybean meal in diet DM as a single protein source and supplying almost the exact requirement of RDP (1.0 g/d excess). Treatments had metabolizable energy (ME) and metabolizable protein, respectively, available for average daily gain (ADG) of 1.31 and 1.03, 1.31 and 1.19, 1.33 and 1.42 kg/d for treatments U, FSU and FS, respectively. Simulations were done by the NRC (1996) program, Level I and II, adjusting the observed dry matter intake (DMI). Observed ADG were 1.14, 1.26 and 1.28 kg for treatments U, FSU and FS, respectively. Treatments FSU and FS were not different but were different (P<0.05) compared to Treatment U. Experiment II: Forty steers, not castrated, (24 Nelore and 16 Canchim), with initial mean weight and age of 400 kg and 20 months, respectively, were assigned to completely randomized block design, according to genetic group, weight and age. Experiment was conducted at the Departamento de Zootecnia at ESALQ/USP, in the Intensive Beef Steers Center feedlot. Animal were paired on covered pens (3 x 11 m) with concrete floor, feed bulk and waterer, with a total of 20 pens. Experimental period was 84 days, divided on 4 sub-periods of 21 days. Diets were formulated according to NRC (1996), Level I , to have a rumen degradable protein (PDR) balance higher than 80g/d and metabolizable energy to assure a average daily gain (ADG) of 1.40 kg on all treatments. Treatment U contained of 2.11% urea on diet DM as the main source of protein and metabolizable protein available for an ADG of 1.75 kg/animal. Treatment FS contained of 7.03% soybean meal and 1.01% urea in diet DM and metabolizable protein available for an ADG of 2.09 kg/animal. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by treatments (P<0.05), with values of 12.1 kg DM/d and 12.5 kg DM/d for Treatment U and FS, respectively. ADG was higher (P<0.05) for animals receiving the higher metabolizable protein diet (FS: 1.46 kg/d) as compared to the lower metabolizable protein diet (U: 1.29 kg/d).

Três experimentos foram realizados no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), na faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), em Pirassununga/SP, com o objetivo de avaliar o uso do conceito de nutrição de precisão para frangos de corte e sua viabilidade econômica. No primeiro experimento foram realizadas coletas mensais durante um ano para levantamento de dados sobre a qualidade destes ingredientes. Ao final foi realizado um experimento em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (duas empresas e quatro estações do ano) totalizando 8 tratamentos com três repetições cada. Foram avaliados Proteína Bruta (PB), matéria seca (MS), umidade (U), perfil de aminoácidos, e fósforo através da tecnologia NIR além da classificação de acordo com a metodologia descrita na Portaria 845 do MAPA. Os resultados demonstram a importância na seleção de fornecedores e que as rações devem ser formuladas de acordo com as diferenças qualitativas que ocorrem entre os meses do ano e entre fornecedores e que em algumas épocas o milho encontra-se abaixo do padrão de qualidade. No segundo foram utilizados 960 pintos de um dia de idade, machos, Cobb-500, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, 2x4: 2 fontes de milho e farelo de soja (empresa e universidade) e 4 matrizes nutricionais (média anual dos dados colhidos mensalmente na empresa; matriz nutricional praticados pela empresa; matriz nutricional determinadas por Rostagno et al (2011) e matriz nutricional determinada na fábrica de ração no momento de produção das dietas, através da utilização do NIRS), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 10 repetições de 12 animais cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais e a viabilidade econômica. A origem dos ingredientes influenciou o desempenho das aves e a viabilidade econômica induziu uma diferença no rendimento de carcaça até os 33 dias de idade. O desempenho até 33 dias foi superior nos animais que receberam a matriz nutricional utilizada pela empresa ou com análise prévia dos ingredientes. No terceiro foram utilizados 720 frangos de corte, machos, Cobb 500 distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2x4: 2 fontes de milho e farelo de soja (empresa e universidade) e 4 matrizes nutricionais (média anual dos dados colhidos mensalmente na empresa; matriz nutricional praticados pela empresa; matriz nutricional determinadas por Rostagno et al (2011) e matriz nutricional determinada na fábrica de ração no momento de produção das dietas, através da utilização do NIRS), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 9 repetições de 10 animais cada. Foram avaliados Os resultados para coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína bruta (CDPB), matéria mineral (CDMM), extrato etéreo (CDEE), cálcio (CDCa) e fósforo (CDP). As variáveis CDPB, CDMM e CDP não apresentaram diferença estatística entre as aves alimentadas com os ingredientes de ambos fornecedores e dentre as diferentes matrizes nutricionais. A origem dos ingredientes influenciou o CDEE e a matriz nutricional da empresa mostrou melhor CDCa. / Three experiments were conducted in the Animal Science Department of the University of São Paulo (USP), the College of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) in Pirassununga / SP, in order to evaluate the use of precision nutrition concept for chickens cutting and its economic viability. In the first experiment we have been collected monthly for one year for data collection on the quality of ingredients. At the end of an experiment was conducted in factorial 2 x 4 (two companies and four seasons), totaling eight treatments with three repetitions each. They were evaluated crude protein crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), amino acid profile, calcium and phosphorus by NIR technology beyond classification according to the methodology described in Ordinance 845 MAP. The results demonstrate the importance in the selection of suppliers and rations should be formulated according to the qualitative differences that occur between the months of the year and between suppliers and at times some corn is below the standard of quality. In the second we used 960 chickens a day old, male, Cobb-500, distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 4, 2x4: 2 sources of corn and soybean meal (company and university) and 4 matrices nutritional (annual average of data collected monthly in the company; nutritional matrix practiced by the company; nutritional matrix determined by Rostagno et al (2011) and certain nutritional matrix in the feed factory at the time of production of diets by using NIRS), totaling 8 treatments with 10 repetitions of 12 animals each. In the third we evaluated the performance, carcass yield and commercial cuts and economic viability. The origin of ingredients influenced the performance of birds and the economic viability induced a difference in carcass yield up to 33 days old. The performance up to 33 days was higher in animals receiving nutritional matrix used by the company or with prior analysis of the ingredients. We used 720 broilers, males, Cobb 500 distributed in a completely randomized design with a 2x4 factorial design: 2 sources of corn and soybean meal (company and university) and 4 nutritional matrixes (annual average of data collected monthly in the company, Matrix nutritional practiced by the company; nutritional matrix determined by Rostagno et al (2011) and certain nutritional matrix in the feed factory at the time of production of diets by using NIRS), totalizing 8 treatments with nine replications of 10 animals each. We evaluated the results for crude protein digestibility coefficient (CPDC), mineral matter (CDMM), ethereal extract (EEDC), calcium (CDCA) and phosphorus (CDP). The CDCP variables, CDMM and CDP showed no statistical difference between the birds fed the ingredients of both suppliers and among the different nutritional matrixes. The origin of ingredients influenced the EEDC and nutritional matrix company showed better CDCA.