Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-101). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 29, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Produtos derivados da soja, como o tofu, são tipicamente orientais, mas apesar de suas propriedades funcionais e nutricionais, esses alimentos são pouco consumidos na dieta do brasileiro, devido ao sabor e odor característicos. Uma possibilidade para alterar esses atributos do tofu é a aplicação da defumação, que antigamente era usada somente como método de conservação, mas hoje é utilizada visando modificar as características sensoriais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e caracterizar tofus defumados. Os grãos de soja foram branqueados, macerados, triturados e centrifugados, para obtenção dos extratos de soja, que foram coagulados e prensados, obtendo-se os tofus padrões, após foram defumados a 42ºC, para obtenção dos tofus defumados. Nos testes preliminares foram determinados a quantidade de água absorvida na maceração dos grãos, rendimento e composição proximal dos extratos de soja. Os tofus foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento, composição proximal, cor e aceitação sensorial. Ao elaborar tofus com soja BRS 232 e BRS 284 e coagulantes CaSO4 e MgCl2 foi observado que as variedades de soja e os coagulantes não apresentaram influência em todos os parâmetros avaliados, somente o tempo de coagulação foi maior quando não homogeneizada a mistura ao utilizar o CaSO4. Houve diferença nos teores de umidade, cinzas e proteínas nos extratos das duas variedades de soja utilizadas. Nesses tofus defumados o processo de defumação ocasionou redução no teor de umidade, em média de 5,5% e escurecimento desses produtos, diminuiu a luminosidade e aumentou os valores de a* e de b*, quando comparados com os tofus padrões. No experimento 1 foi utilizado soja BRS 284 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foi verificado que durante a maceração os grãos absorveram 1,2 mL/g de água e o rendimento do extrato foi elevado, 79,92%, enquanto que o do tofu foi baixo, devido à etapa de prensagem. A composição proximal dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística. Ao avaliar a cor dos tofus padrão e defumado, foi observado que houve diferença estatística em todos os parâmetros (L*, a*, b*), como consequência do efeito da defumação. A aplicação da fumaça no tofu ocasionou melhor aceitação dos atributos aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global e também maior intenção de compra pelos julgadores. Sendo que a textura do tofu defumado foi o atributo com a maior aceitação pelos avaliadores. No experimento 2 foi utilizado soja BRS 232 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foram determinados a composição proximal e o perfil de isoflavonas dos grãos de soja e os tofus foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, perfil de isoflavonas, cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Nos grãos de soja o componente sólido majoritário é de origem proteica e foram quantificadas seis formas de isoflavonas, mas as formas glicitinas e acetil-β-glicosídeos não foram detectadas e as agliconas estavam presentes em teor muito reduzido. Os tofus padrão e defumado apresentaram diferença nos teores de umidade e de lipídios. O valor total de isoflavonas dos tofus diminuiu em relação aos grãos, mas houve um acréscimo de aproximadamente três vezes no teor das agliconas. A defumação modificou a cor dos tofus nos parâmetros a* e b* e também na luminosidade, representando escurecimento do produto defumado. A análise do perfil de textura dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística e pelos valores obtidos esses alimentos são coesos, elásticos e com dureza aceitável para o mercado brasileiro. Na análise sensorial realizada por todos os julgadores, a aceitação dos atributos cor, aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global dos tofus não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo que as médias das notas ficaram próximas da indiferença na escala utilizada. / Soy products such as tofu, are typically oriental, but despite their functional and nutritional properties, these foods are not consumed in the Brazilian diet, due to the characteristic odor and flavor. A possibility to change these attributes of tofu is the implementation of smoking, which was formerly used only as a method of preservation, but today is used to modify the sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize smoked tofu. Soy beans were blanched, macerated, crushed and centrifuged to obtain soy extracts that were coagulated and pressed, thus obtaining the standard tofus, thereafter they were smoked at 42ºc, to obtain the smoked tofus. It was determined the amount of water absorbed in maceration of the grains, yield and proximal composition of soy extracts. The tofus were assessed in yield, proximal composition, color and sensory acceptance. When making tofu with soy BRS 232 and BRS 284 and coagulants CaSO4 and MgCl2 it was observed that soybean varieties and coagulators showed no influence in all parameters evaluated, only the coagulation time was greater when not homogenized in the mixture using CaSO4. There was no difference in levels of moisture, ash and protein in extracts of two soybean varieties used. In these smoked tofus the smoking process caused reduction in moisture content of 5.5% on average and dimming of these products, decreasing the luminosity L* values, and increasing the color red (higher values of a*) and yellow (higher values of b*), when compared with the standard tofus. Another experiment was performed using soybeans BRS 284 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where it was verified during the maceration grains absorbed 1.2 mL/g of water and the extract yield was higher, 79.92%, while that of tofu was lower, due to the pressing. The proximal composition of standard and smoked tofus showed no statistical difference. When evaluating the color of standard and smoked tofu, it was observed that there was statistical difference in all parameters evaluated (L*, a*, b*), as a consequence of smoking. The application of smoke in tofu caused better acceptance of the aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance and also greater purchase intent by judges. Being that the texture of the smoked tofu was the attribute with greater acceptance by the evaluators. In experiment 2 was used soy BRS 232 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where the proximal composition were determined and the profile of isoflavones from soy beans and tofu were evaluated regarding the proximal composition, profile of isoflavones, colour, texture and sensory acceptance. In the soy beans the solid majority component is protein, and they were quantified six forms of isoflavones, but the forms glicitins and acetyl-β-glycosides were not detected and the aglicones were present in very low content. The standard and smoked tofus presented difference in moisture levels and lipids. The total value of isoflavones from tofus decreased in relation to grain, but there was an increase of approximately three times the content of aglicones. Smoking has changed the color of the tofu in the parameters a * and b * and also in brightness, representing the dimming smoked product. The texture profile analysis of standard and not smoked tofus presented statistical difference and the values obtained from these foods are cohesive, elastic and with acceptable hardness for the Brazilian market. In sensory analysis carried out by all the judges, the acceptance of the attributes color, aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance of the tofus showed no significant difference, being that the averages of the notes were close to indifference in the range used.

Produtos derivados da soja, como o tofu, são tipicamente orientais, mas apesar de suas propriedades funcionais e nutricionais, esses alimentos são pouco consumidos na dieta do brasileiro, devido ao sabor e odor característicos. Uma possibilidade para alterar esses atributos do tofu é a aplicação da defumação, que antigamente era usada somente como método de conservação, mas hoje é utilizada visando modificar as características sensoriais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e caracterizar tofus defumados. Os grãos de soja foram branqueados, macerados, triturados e centrifugados, para obtenção dos extratos de soja, que foram coagulados e prensados, obtendo-se os tofus padrões, após foram defumados a 42ºC, para obtenção dos tofus defumados. Nos testes preliminares foram determinados a quantidade de água absorvida na maceração dos grãos, rendimento e composição proximal dos extratos de soja. Os tofus foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento, composição proximal, cor e aceitação sensorial. Ao elaborar tofus com soja BRS 232 e BRS 284 e coagulantes CaSO4 e MgCl2 foi observado que as variedades de soja e os coagulantes não apresentaram influência em todos os parâmetros avaliados, somente o tempo de coagulação foi maior quando não homogeneizada a mistura ao utilizar o CaSO4. Houve diferença nos teores de umidade, cinzas e proteínas nos extratos das duas variedades de soja utilizadas. Nesses tofus defumados o processo de defumação ocasionou redução no teor de umidade, em média de 5,5% e escurecimento desses produtos, diminuiu a luminosidade e aumentou os valores de a* e de b*, quando comparados com os tofus padrões. No experimento 1 foi utilizado soja BRS 284 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foi verificado que durante a maceração os grãos absorveram 1,2 mL/g de água e o rendimento do extrato foi elevado, 79,92%, enquanto que o do tofu foi baixo, devido à etapa de prensagem. A composição proximal dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística. Ao avaliar a cor dos tofus padrão e defumado, foi observado que houve diferença estatística em todos os parâmetros (L*, a*, b*), como consequência do efeito da defumação. A aplicação da fumaça no tofu ocasionou melhor aceitação dos atributos aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global e também maior intenção de compra pelos julgadores. Sendo que a textura do tofu defumado foi o atributo com a maior aceitação pelos avaliadores. No experimento 2 foi utilizado soja BRS 232 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foram determinados a composição proximal e o perfil de isoflavonas dos grãos de soja e os tofus foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, perfil de isoflavonas, cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Nos grãos de soja o componente sólido majoritário é de origem proteica e foram quantificadas seis formas de isoflavonas, mas as formas glicitinas e acetil-β-glicosídeos não foram detectadas e as agliconas estavam presentes em teor muito reduzido. Os tofus padrão e defumado apresentaram diferença nos teores de umidade e de lipídios. O valor total de isoflavonas dos tofus diminuiu em relação aos grãos, mas houve um acréscimo de aproximadamente três vezes no teor das agliconas. A defumação modificou a cor dos tofus nos parâmetros a* e b* e também na luminosidade, representando escurecimento do produto defumado. A análise do perfil de textura dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística e pelos valores obtidos esses alimentos são coesos, elásticos e com dureza aceitável para o mercado brasileiro. Na análise sensorial realizada por todos os julgadores, a aceitação dos atributos cor, aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global dos tofus não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo que as médias das notas ficaram próximas da indiferença na escala utilizada. / Soy products such as tofu, are typically oriental, but despite their functional and nutritional properties, these foods are not consumed in the Brazilian diet, due to the characteristic odor and flavor. A possibility to change these attributes of tofu is the implementation of smoking, which was formerly used only as a method of preservation, but today is used to modify the sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize smoked tofu. Soy beans were blanched, macerated, crushed and centrifuged to obtain soy extracts that were coagulated and pressed, thus obtaining the standard tofus, thereafter they were smoked at 42ºc, to obtain the smoked tofus. It was determined the amount of water absorbed in maceration of the grains, yield and proximal composition of soy extracts. The tofus were assessed in yield, proximal composition, color and sensory acceptance. When making tofu with soy BRS 232 and BRS 284 and coagulants CaSO4 and MgCl2 it was observed that soybean varieties and coagulators showed no influence in all parameters evaluated, only the coagulation time was greater when not homogenized in the mixture using CaSO4. There was no difference in levels of moisture, ash and protein in extracts of two soybean varieties used. In these smoked tofus the smoking process caused reduction in moisture content of 5.5% on average and dimming of these products, decreasing the luminosity L* values, and increasing the color red (higher values of a*) and yellow (higher values of b*), when compared with the standard tofus. Another experiment was performed using soybeans BRS 284 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where it was verified during the maceration grains absorbed 1.2 mL/g of water and the extract yield was higher, 79.92%, while that of tofu was lower, due to the pressing. The proximal composition of standard and smoked tofus showed no statistical difference. When evaluating the color of standard and smoked tofu, it was observed that there was statistical difference in all parameters evaluated (L*, a*, b*), as a consequence of smoking. The application of smoke in tofu caused better acceptance of the aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance and also greater purchase intent by judges. Being that the texture of the smoked tofu was the attribute with greater acceptance by the evaluators. In experiment 2 was used soy BRS 232 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where the proximal composition were determined and the profile of isoflavones from soy beans and tofu were evaluated regarding the proximal composition, profile of isoflavones, colour, texture and sensory acceptance. In the soy beans the solid majority component is protein, and they were quantified six forms of isoflavones, but the forms glicitins and acetyl-β-glycosides were not detected and the aglicones were present in very low content. The standard and smoked tofus presented difference in moisture levels and lipids. The total value of isoflavones from tofus decreased in relation to grain, but there was an increase of approximately three times the content of aglicones. Smoking has changed the color of the tofu in the parameters a * and b * and also in brightness, representing the dimming smoked product. The texture profile analysis of standard and not smoked tofus presented statistical difference and the values obtained from these foods are cohesive, elastic and with acceptable hardness for the Brazilian market. In sensory analysis carried out by all the judges, the acceptance of the attributes color, aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance of the tofus showed no significant difference, being that the averages of the notes were close to indifference in the range used.

This study investigated the effects of ionic strength, pH, gum concentration, and protein type on protein - xanthan gum interactions. Commercial soy sauce and tamari sauce as well as model systems of soy protein isolate and whey protein concentrate were the sources of protein used for evaluation with xanthan gum. Preliminary research indicated that when either soy sauce or tamari sauce were mixed with xanthan gum, stable solutions with notable viscosity synergisms resulted. The soy protein and whey protein systems were subsequently prepared with a range of 0 to 5% added sodium chloride. Results indicated that an equilibrium existed between proteins and xanthan gum such that increased sodium chloride initially increased solution stability; but when in excess, the sodium chloride led to a loss of protein - xanthan gum solution solubility and in some cases to precipitation. Precipitation was also noted at the pH extremes of 2,3, and 9 and when xanthan gum was present in excess, or at 0.25%. The effects of sodium chloride, protein type, and pH on the rheological parameters of model solutions were also examined. Higher sodium chloride levels yielded greater viscosity synergisms. Those solutions made.with intact protein were generally higher in apparent viscosity than similar solutions made with hydrolyzed protein. Solutions at pH 5 were generally higher in viscosity than were similar solutions at pH 7. Several factors that appeared to affect the stability, solubility, and the rheological parameters of protein - xanthan gum solutions were sodium chloride concentration, gum concentration, pH, and protein type. / M.S.

Thesis (MscAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The effect of a multiple-enzyme combination in mash and pelleted vegetarian maize-soya diets for broilers was evaluated in terms of apparent excreta- and ileal nitrogen- and amino acid digestibility and production performance. Two separate digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted. For Trial 1, the apparent nitrogen (N) - and amino acid (AA) digestibility was determined by the collection of the excreta (total collection method) and in Trial 2 from digesta collected at the terminal ileum (ileal digestibility method). Production performance was also recorded in Trial 1. In Trial 3, the effect of the multipleenzyme combination in potentially improving performance of broilers in commercial conditions was evaluated. Broilers were fed a balanced- and low apparent energy (AME) vegetarian maize-soya diet with the addition of the multiple-enzyme combination. The addition of enzymes improved the apparent excreta- and ileal N digestibility of the mash diets during the period 14-21 d, and the ileal N-digestibility of the pelleted diets at 28 and 35 d of age. Conflicting results with regard to apparent excreta- and ileal AA digestibility were found. By both methods the digestibilities of threonine (Thr), methionine (Met) and phenylalanine (Phe) (14-21 d) and Cys (22-28 d and 29-35 d) were improved by the addition of the enzyme combination to the mash diets. Over the entire experimental period (14-35 d) the ileal digestibilities of histidine (His), Cys and leucine (Leu)of the mash diets were improved by 0.2 %, 0.2 % and 1.9 % respectively, following enzyme addition. By both methods the digestibilities of Thr, arginine (Arg), Met, Cys, Phe and Leu (14-21 d), serine (Ser), Arg, glutamic acid (Glu), Val, His, aspartic acid (Asp), lysine (Lys), proline (Pro), Met, tyrosine (Tyr), Phe and Leu (22-28 d), and Pro (29-35 d) were improved by the combination of enzymes and pelleting. For the entire experimental period (21-35 d), the ileal digestibilities of Ser, His, Lys, Met, Tyr, Cys, Phe and Leu was improved by the combination of enzymes and pelleting, indicating enzymatic activity was not destroyed by cold pelleting at 60 - 80º. The improvements in apparent nitrogen- and AA digestibilities were, in most cases, not reflected in production performance, although the combination of enzymes and pelleting resulted in improved body weight gain (BWG) for the first two weeks of chicks life and significantly improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the second week of the chicks’ life. The effect of the multiple-enzyme combination on the production performance of broilers on a low AME- and commercial diet was mostly non-significant except for a significantly lower feed iii intake of the balanced diet for the fourth and fifth week of chick’s life following enzyme addition. A financial calculation showed, however, that the enzyme combination might increase profitability of a nutritionally balanced vegetarian maize-soya diet for broilers.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality and Tourism)--Vaal University of Technology / Most of the world's children between 5 and 15 years of age attend school, though many do so under difficult circumstances. A large percentage of school children is underfed and poorly nourished (Engelbrecht 2005: l; Worsley 2005:135; DoE 2004:1). The aim of the Joint Aid Management (JAM) school-feeding programme was to reduce malnutrition by providing a mid-morning snack to alleviate short-term hunger, support nutrient intake, enhance active learning capacities and improve school attendance (JAM 2004:4). The equivalent of lOOg raw com-soya blend (CSB) was to be provided to the children on a daily basis. The main objective of this study was to determine the sustainability of CSB porridge use in the Orange Farms school-feeding programme. Regulatory compliance and product acceptability over time was addressed. Adjustments to the ratio of ingredients and portion size (83g) of the porridge served were calculated within practical limitations. The South African school feeding guidelines indicated that 25 percent of the energy needs for the 7-1 0 year olds, and 20 percent for the 11-14 year olds should be provided; while JAM indicated that 70 percent of the RDA recommendations (according to UNICEF 2002) should be provided by the product. A comparison between the applicable RDA for gender and age against daily dietary intake (habitual intake plus CSB porridge)revealed that the needs for vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron and zinc have been met, while calcium could not be provided in full. The needs for vitamins C and Bl2 were provided for in full through the CSB intake. Overall, the CSB intake made a substantial contribution to nutritive intake. Both the perceptions for taste (Reitumetse 75-80% and Sinqobile 88-83%) and texture (Reitumetse 74-82% and Sinqobile 71-78%) increased over time. As several learners (25%) consumed second servings twice (34%) but up to five times a week (21%), it can be assumed that the additional nutrient intake benefited the neediest children the most. It is recommended that CSB porridge should be introduced in areas where the dietary intake is compromised. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.