The Soviet manned space programme is one of the most impressive and mysterious legacies of the Soviet Union. Evidence that has come to light since 1989 throws considerable doubt on earlier Western understanding of the Soviet space effort. One of the more puzzling aspects of the new data is the claim that the Chief Designers of several missile design bureaux played a pivotal role in the making of Soviet manned space policy. This claim contradicts much of what was thought to be known about the Soviet space programme, their research and development system, and Soviet politics generally. This dissertation is an empirical study that seeks to answer four interrelated questions. 1. What major manned space projects did the Soviet Union engage in during the 1960s, and how were these projects authorised? 2. Did the Chief Designers play an influential role in the promotion, selection, approval, and implementation of these projects? 3. What were the overall objectives and purposes of the Soviet manned space programme? 4. What does the example of Soviet space policy tell us about the Soviet political system? The examination of institutions, individuals, and the policymaking process has led to the following conclusions. The Soviet manned space programme was an extremely limited state undertaking until 1964. Prior to Khrushchev's ouster, the Soviet Union began several manned lunar space programmes designed to upstage the US Apollo moon landing effort. When all of these efforts failed by 1969, Soviet manned space policy was re-directed toward orbital space stations. One Chief Designer, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, played a central role in establishing the Soviet manned space programme. However, the ability Chief Designers to influence space policy was systematically restricted after 1960. The manned space programme was essentially a political programme. Throughout the 1960s, it was effectively controlled by a handful of top party leaders to achieve their domestic and international political objectives.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management Sciences Specialising in Marketing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The South African Space Industry is growing rapidly but is lacking in commercialization. Based on the literature review, the industry is not introduced to citizens at the stage at which they begin to plan their careers. Many learners venture into careers due to peer influence and choose careers that they do not have knowledge of. There are also barriers to communication between the industry and the Department of Higher Education, as shown by the fact that there are few high school students who have progressed to participate in the space industry. The main aim of the study was to explore high school students’ awareness of the South African space industry; how career opportunities have been promoted to these students; and what has influenced such awareness, or lack thereof. The objectives of the study were to identify students’ levels of awareness of the South African space industry; to identify students’ perceptions of employment opportunities in the South African space industry; to identify the knowledge of the educational requirements to gain employment in the space industry; to determine the demographic differences of levels of awareness of the space industry in South Africa (male/female, grades 10, 11 and 12, types of schools); and to identify the marketing communication factors that influence students’ levels of awareness about the South African space industry. A quantitative, descriptive study was employed, and structured questionnaires were administered to 171 respondents. Purposive and quota sampling methods were used for the study. The SPSS statistical package (version 23 for windows) was used to analyze the data. The study was conducted in selected high schools located in rural, urban and sub-urban areas within the EThekwini municipality region. In terms of validity, relevant statistical tests were undertaken to ensure the validity and reliability of the instrument. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured. In term of ethical issues, permission was granted from the KwaZulu Natal Department of Education. Some of the main findings of the study were that the majority of respondents indicated awareness of the space industry as a discipline in the field of science and technology. The respondents had limited knowledge about career opportunities. However, due to inadequate resources in rural schools the respondents’ knowledge about career opportunities was insufficient in these schools. Due to the lack of resources, the respondents did not have sufficient information to choose a career opportunity in space. Furthermore, differences in terms of resources (electricity supply, Internet access, classroom size, furniture and fittings, travelling time to and from school) and the location of school were noted. It was also noted that respondents are unclear about how and where to apply for space-related subjects. The space industry was found lacking in terms of marketing itself in South Africa. Thus, the marketing communication strategy needs to be developed and taken into consideration. It is recommended that the South African space industry should develop more outreach programmes; engage with the Department of Higher Education; sponsor science and technological projects; provide more scholarships; and create a Space Science University (SSU). / M

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003. / A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Management, University of Western Sydney, 2003. Bibliography : leaves 215-234.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2009. / Adviser: Roger Handberg. Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-140).

Through four case studies of technological systems - optical tracking of satellites, sounding rockets, instructional television through a geosynchronous satellite, and a launch vehicle--I explore the origins and development of the Indian space program from 1955 through 1976, a period critical in shaping the program's identity and its relationship to the state. Institutionalized, and constructed in different geographic regions of India, these systems were embedded in the broader political, economic, and social life of the country and served as nodes around which existing and new scientific and technological communities were formed. These organic, highly networked communities in turn negotiated and developed a space program to meet the social and strategic demands of a new modernizing nation state. That modernizing program was, in turn, embedded in a broader set of scientific, technological and political relationships with industrialized countries, above all the United States. The United States' cooperation with India began with the establishment of tracking stations for plotting the orbits of artificial satellites. Cognizant of the contributions made by Indian scientists in the field of astronomy and meteorology, a scientific tradition that stretched back several decades, the officials and the scientific community at NASA, along with their Indian counterparts outlined a cooperative program that focused on the mutual exploration of the tropical space for scientific data. This initial collaboration gradually expanded and more advanced space application projects brought the two democratic countries, in spite of some misgivings, closer together in the common cause of using space sciences and technologies for developing India. In the process India and the United States ended up coproducing a space program that responded to the ambitions of the postcolonial scientific and political elite of India. The global Cold War and the ambiguities, desires and tensions of a postcolonial nation-state vying for leadership among the newly decolonized states in the Afro-Asian region are critical for understanding the origins and the trajectory of India's space program. Without this political context and the construction of a transnational web of relationships, it is highly unlikely that the Indian scientific and technological elite, along with their industrial and political partners, would have succeeded in putting India on the space map of the world.

This thesis considers the role of prestige in international relations through a case study of the early years of the American space programme. After discussing the dearth of literature on the place of prestige in international relations, it examines the effect of prestige considerations on the space policy of the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations. Although urged to pursue a spectacular space programme for the sake of American prestige, Eisenhower believed that international prestige was not a matter requiring government intervention. Consequently, he favoured a small civilian space programmme structured according to scientific rather than political criteria. The opposite was the case for President Kennedy. It is shown how his experience in Congress, followed by his 1960 election campaign, gave him a different perspective on the political importance and utility of international prestige. This was appreciated by advocates of a manned lunar landing, who were able to present the Apollo project to him in terms of its international prestige value. Finally, after noting the changing attitude towards the space programme between 1961 and 1963, as well as the diminished American interest in international prestige by 1969, the thesis compares the experiences of the two administrations to draw some conclusions about the factors necessary for prestige to play an important role in international policy.

<div>Two new Kolsky bar techniques were developed to address a lack of capability in existing torsion Kolsky bar experiments. The side-impact torsion Kolsky bar provides for controllable duration, amplitude, and shape of the incident torsion wave, allowing for more ideal conditions during dynamic torsion experiments. The technique provides an ideal platform to study dynamic friction as well as dynamic shear of a material. The technique makes use of soft pulse shapers to convert longitudinal loading into torsional loading. The technique also brought forth a secondary technique to allow combined dynamic compression and dynamic torsion for soft materials. The combined loading was applied to study both shear properties and the friction behavior of a</div><div>particle composite, which was imaged using x-ray phase contrast imaging. The same composite was studied with different surface conditions on the side-impact torsion Kolsky bar to discover the differences in behavior brought about by the choice of manufacturing method. The composite showed different friction behavior to metallic</div><div>materials, and exhibited much more shear deformation during the experiment. The composite was also prone to surface evolution, leading to complex friction behavior.</div>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:04:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiguelSL.pdf: 2637057 bytes, checksum: 08b15aa46e42dc859e6831bd5ff6f1b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-31 / This study aims to include topics related to Space Science in elementary education from an experiment that aims to rescue the science teachers in public schools of S?o Tom?, RN, a taste for experimentation and exploration of advanced technologies. During this research with teachers found that they knew enough about the subject, but this knowledge was restricted to the events disclosed by the media. Regarding scientific knowledge, that same surface, they had many conceptual difficulties which hindered the approach of these topics in their classes. To overcome this difficulty, a workshop was held where teachers had the opportunity to discuss the historical aspect of Space Science, some physical concepts related to it, and the conduct of experiments with PET bottle rockets that recover from the curiosity typical of how the science. The results were outlined in the form of Planning Didactic built by teachers and using themes related to space science, from there, discussing content already provided in the composition of the schools curriculum. Therefore, this work allowed the teachers a minimum training required for them to not only reproduce, but readjusted and build, from this, their own paths in the classroom at the fundamental level / O presente trabalho objetiva inserir temas relacionados ?s Ci?ncias Espaciais no ensino fundamental a partir de uma experi?ncia realizada em escolas p?blicas de S?o Tom?, RN visando resgatar nos professores de ci?ncias o gosto pela experimenta??o e a explora??o de tecnologias avan?adas. Durante esta pesquisa com os professores verificou-se que eles conheciam bastante sobre o tema, mas este conhecimento era restrito aos eventos espaciais divulgados pela m?dia. Em rela??o ao conhecimento cient?fico, mesmo aquele superficial, os docentes apresentavam muitas dificuldades conceituais o que dificultava a abordagem destes temas em suas aulas. Para discutir tais dificuldades, foi realizada uma oficina onde os professores tiveram a oportunidade de discutir o aspecto hist?rico das Ci?ncias Espaciais, alguns conceitos f?sicos a ela relacionados, bem como a realiza??o de experimentos com foguetes de garrafa PET que resgatam a curiosidade t?pica do fazer da ci?ncia. Frutos dessa oficina foram esbo?ados Planejamentos Did?ticos constru?dos pelos professores. Tais planejamentos utilizando temas relacionados ?s Ci?ncias Espaciais se transformaram em planos de aula para, a partir desses, abordarem conte?dos j? previsto na composi??o curricular das escolas. Portanto, a partir deste trabalho professores que atuam em escolas p?blicas de S?o Tom?, RN passaram por uma capacita??o m?nima necess?ria para que estes possam n?o somente reproduzir, mas readequar e construir, a partir deste, seus pr?prios caminhos em suas salas de aula no n?vel fundamental. Por outro lado, verificamos, como j? havia sido percebido por diversos autores, que temas relacionados ao Espa?o podem e devem ser utilizados como agentes capazes de motivar o aprendizado em ci?ncias

The purpose of this research study is to identify student conceptions about the size, distance, and age of various objects associated with space science. After reviewing the literature related to this study, there seems to be a need for continued research at the high school level in the field of astronomy conceptualization.

Shape and attitude of near-Earth objects directly affect the orbit propagation via drag and solar radiation pressure. Obtaining information beyond the object states (position and velocity) is integral to identifying an object. It also enables tracing origin and can improve the orbit accuracy. For objects that have a significant distance to the observer, only non-resolved imaging is available, which does not show any details of the object. So-called non-resolved light curve measurements, i.e. photometric measurements over time can be used to determined the shape of space objects using a two step inversion scheme. It follows the procedure to first determine the Extended Gaussian Image and then going through the shape reconstruction process to retrieve the closed shape even while measurement noise is present. Furthermore, it is also possible to generate high confidence candidates when follow-up observations are provided through a multi-hypotheses process.