This research aims to measure the contribution of public investment in transport and communications infrastructure to economic growth in the regions of Peru. This is done on the basis of different estimations using panel data for the 24 regions of Peru, over the period 2004- 2014. First, a conventional fixed-effect panel data method is used for the estimations, whereby investment in transport and communications infrastructure is found to have a positive effect on GDP and GDP per worker in the regions. Then, a spatial panel data methodology is followed, which takes into account the direct effects of investment in infrastructure within a region, as well as the indirect effects that occur between regions. Here, the results suggest that investment in transportation has a direct positive effect on regional GDP, while investment in communications contributes to GDP indirectly. / La presente investigación busca el aporte de la inversión pública en infraestructura de transportes y comunicaciones sobre el crecimiento económico de las regiones del Perú. Esto se realiza sobre la base de diversas estimaciones con datos de panel para las 24 regiones del Perú en el periodo 2004-2014. En primer lugar, para las estimaciones se usa una metodología convencional de datos de panel con efectos fijos. Se encuentra un aporte positivo de la inversión en infraestructura de transportes y comunicaciones sobre el PBI y el PBI por trabajador de las regiones. Luego, se sigue una metodología espacial de datos de panel, la cual toma en cuenta los efectos directos de la inversión en infraestructura dentro de una región, así como los efectos indirectos que ocurren entre regiones. Los resultados sugieren que la inversión en transportes afecta positivamente el PBI regional de forma directa, mientras que la inversión en comunicaciones aporta al PBI de manera indirecta.

Les échanges dans la zone euro-méditerranéenne ont été caractérisés par une intensification des flux commerciaux au début des années 2000. A cette même période, la question migratoire a été mise en avant en raison d’une explosion de l’immigration clandestine dans les pays du sud de l’Europe. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier certaines conséquences économiques actuelles de ces migrations dans le cas de France. Dans cette optique nous abordons les questions liées à la relation commerce-migrations, à la politique migratoire, et à la localisation spatiale des immigrés en France. En utilisant des données récentes et en intégrant des paramètres jusque là peu utilisés, nous mettons en évidence des caractéristiques particulières de l’immigration en France. Nous apportons également des réponses quant a` la contribution des immigrés a` la production nationale, de même qu’a` l’accroissement du commerce bilatéral avec les pays d’origine. Les implications en termes de politiques économiques se situent d’une part dans la mise en œuvre d’une facilitation des opportunités d’aaires entre la France et les pays d’origine. Cela s’impose au regard de l’impact positif de l’immigration sur le commerce bilatéral. D’autre part, les difficultés relevées au niveau des politiques migratoires appellent a` une nécessaire harmonie de ces dernières, au plan européen, pour une gestion plus efficace. Cela passe encore par une implication des pays d’origine afin de faciliter l’immigration légale, et limiter les entrées clandestines. Enfin, la localisation spatiale des immigrés indique que leur concentration dans les pôles régionaux a un impact négatif sur leur contribution `a la production. La réponse peut se situer dans une analyse détaillée de la structure et du processus d’intégration des populations immigrés / The Euro-Mediterranean trade has grown up a lot in the early 2000. At the same time, the migration issue has been highlighted due to an explosion of illegal immigration in the Southern Europe countries. The aim of this thesis is to study some current economic impact this immigration in the French case. We address the issues of trade and migration relationship, migration policy, and spatial location of immigrants in France. Using recent data and shaping factors little used empirically, we highlight the specific characteristics of immigration in France. We also provide explanations to the contribution of immigrants to the domestic, as well as increasing bilateral trade with the country. In terms of economic policies, it lies firstly in the implementation of facilitating business opportunities between France and the countries of origin. This is necessary to take more profit from the positive impact of immigration on bilateral trade. On the other hand, problems identified in migration policies call for a necessary harmony of policies, at European level, for more effective management. Such objectives require the involvement of countries of origin to facilitate legal migration, and limit illegal entries. Finally, the spatial location of immigrants indicates that their concentration at regional level has a negative impact on their contribution to production. The solution may lie in a detailed analysis of the structure, and the integration of immigrant populations’ process.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Estanislau.pdf: 3076640 bytes, checksum: 03dcf5c12fe6085555b8d2dab06a8b35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-08 / Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional / The objective of this work is to examine the wages differences dynamics of the farming sector temporary and permanent workers, through the analysis of the wage behavior in the Brazilian states on the period from 1992 to 2009. For this it was used the Space Data Exploratory Analysis (AEDE), the space econometrical modeling and as source of data the National Research of Sample of Domiciles (PNAD). It was used convergence tests β absolute, conditional convergence β and convergence σ. To the conditions of the conditional convergence β process were used the variables: schooling average, experience (to catch the human capital effect) of each segment of workers and tractor power (to catch the fixture capital effect). The AEDE disclosed the wages distribution of the permanent and temporary workers to the Brazilian states. The states that better remunerate their permanent workers were placed in Center West region, South region and the state of São Paulo, the worse incomes were in the Northeast region. For the temporary workers the best wages were situated in the regions North and Center West, and the lowest incomes in the Northeast region. It was evidenced positive special autocorrelacion of the farming workers wages demonstrating that the space localization of these wages interfere in its values. The High-High clusters formations type for the farming workers (permanent and temporary) were placed in the North, Center West and South regions. Low-Low clusters formations type concentrate in states of the Northeast region of Brazil. In the bivaried space autocorrelação the farming workers wages follow the same behavior. The relation between wage and schooling have positive association, when the wages relate with experience they showed negative and when wages were compared to fixture capital the space association was positive. For the wage distribution of the wages growth tax of these workers, we notice that states with lower wages have higher growth taxes (Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Piauí and Paraíba) of those states that had higher wages than in parts had its growth taxes lower (Roraima, Amapá), showing evidences of the convergence existence. Applying the space imbalance model it was proved the absolute convergence existence, indicating that the permanent and temporary workers wages go through a common stationary state between the Brazilian states. In the conditional convergence we notice that the convergence speed is increased for the temporary permanent workers. The only significant variable was the farming worker schooling (permanent and temporary) disclosing that the wage inaqualities between the states tend to diminish. The significant space effect indicates the existence of two distinct works markets in the Brazilian farming. The fixed effect coefficient is significant and positive and shows the work market particularitity of each Brazilian state. The convergence σ of the temporary and permanent workers wages of the Brazilian farming shows the reduction of the wage inaquality by the fall in the dispersion of wage levels. However we suggest a reflection about the politics adopted in the farming, that could stimulate the inaquality wage reduction by politics that stimulate the instruction and qualification of this worker, and to be developed with locacional character, so that the Northeast region could increase its wage levels. / O objetivo do trabalho é examinar a dinâmica das diferenças dos salários dos trabalhadores temporários e permanentes do setor agropecuário através da análise do comportamento salarial nos estados brasileiros no o período de 1992 a 2009. Para isso foi utilizada a técnica da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) e da modelagem econométrica espacial, e, como fonte de dados, a Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). Foram usados testes de convergência β absoluta, convergência β condicional e convergência σ. Como condicionantes ao processo de convergência β condicional foram utilizadas as variáveis média de escolaridade, experiência (captar os efeitos do capital humano) de cada segmento de trabalhadores e potência dos tratores (captar os efeitos de capital fixo). A AEDE revelou a distribuição dos salários dos trabalhadores permanentes e temporários entre os estados brasileiros. Os estados que melhor remuneravam para os trabalhadores permanentes situavam-se nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e o estado de São Paulo, enquanto os piores rendimentos estavam na região Nordeste. Para os trabalhadores temporários, os melhores salários localizavam-se no Norte e no Centro-Oeste, e os rendimentos mais baixos na região Nordeste. Constatou-se autocorrelação espacial positiva dos salários dos trabalhadores agropecuários, demonstrando que a localização espacial desses salários interfere em seus valores. As formações de clusters do tipo Alto-Alto para os trabalhadores agropecuários (permanentes e temporários) situavam-se no Norte, Centro-Oeste e no Sul. Os clusters do tipo Baixo-Baixo concentram-se em estados do Nordeste do Brasil. Na autocorrelação espacial bivariada, os salários dos trabalhadores agropecuários seguem o mesmo comportamento. A relação entre salário e escolaridade tem associação positiva, mas, quando os salários se relacionam com a experiência, mostram-se negativos, e, quando os salários foram comparados ao capital fixo, então a associação espacial foi positiva. Para a distribuição salarial da taxa de crescimento dos salários desses trabalhadores, notamos que estados com salários mais baixos tinham taxas de crescimento mais elevadas (Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Piauí e Paraíba) do que aqueles que tinham salários mais elevados que, em parte, tinham suas taxas de crescimento menores (Roraima, Amapá), mostrando evidências da existência de convergência. Aplicando o modelo de defasagem espacial, comprovou-se a existência da convergência absoluta, indicando que os salários dos trabalhadores permanentes e temporários caminham rumo a um estado estacionário comum entre os estados brasileiros. Na convergência condicionada percebe-se que a velocidade da convergência é aumentada para os trabalhadores permanentes e temporários, revelando que as desigualdades salariais entre os estados tendem a diminuir. A única variável significante foi a escolaridade do trabalhador agropecuário (permanentes e temporários). O efeito espacial significante indica a existência de dois mercados de trabalhos distintos na agropecuária brasileira. O coeficiente de efeito fixo é significativo e positivo e mostra a particularidade do mercado de trabalho de cada estado brasileiro. A convergência σ dos salários dos trabalhadores temporários e permanentes da agropecuária brasileira mostra a diminuição da desigualdade salarial pela queda na dispersão dos níveis salariais. Sugere-se, todavia, uma reflexão sobre as políticas adotadas na agropecuária, que poderiam incentivar a redução da desigualdade salarial via políticas que estimulem a instrução e qualificação desse trabalhador, e serem desenvolvidas com caráter locacional, para que a região Nordeste pudesse aumentar seus níveis salariais.