Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-13Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000801083.pdf: 1280442 bytes, checksum: 6dcfc6fb20131fddca0a32bff15754cf (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nestre trabalho é desenvolvida uma modelagem matemática para os ciclos irreversíveis Otto e Diesel. Os ciclos são analisados entre dois reservatórios com taxa de capacidade térmica infinita, com os processos de troca de calor ocorrendo em trocadores de calor entre o fluido de trabalho e os reservatórios térmicos. As irreversibilidades são decorrentes dos processos de troca de calor ocorrendo em tempo finito, da taxa de perda de calor do reservatório de alta temperatura para o reservatório de baixa temperatura e dos processos de compressão e expansão não-isoentrópicas. São utilizados três critérios de otimização: função ecológica, coeficiente ecológico de desempenho e potência máxima de saída. Estas funções são otimizadas com relação à temperatura de entrada no processo de adição de calor. São analisados as otimizações ecológicas e então comparadas com a potência máxima. Os resultados são apresentados através das curvas de potência e critério ecológico, eficiência térmica ecológico e taxa de geração de entropia e critério ecológico. São analisados os comportamentos de potência líquida, eficiência térmica e taxa de geração de entropia otimizadas ecologicamente através dos quais são avaliadas as influências de alguns parâmetros nos seus comportamentos. Por fim, são analisadas as razões entre a potência otimizada por critérios ecológicos e a potência máxima, eficiência térmica otimizada por critérios ecológicos e a eficiência térmica na condição de potência máxima, a taxa de geração de entropia otimizada por critérios ecológicos e a taxa de geração de entropia na condição de potência máxima. A análise dos resultados comprova que as otimizações ecológicas apresentam o melhor compromisso entre potência líquida e o ambiente. Os resultados poderão ser utilizados como critério relevante no aperfeiçoamento de projetos dos motores de combustão interna / In this work is developed a mathematical model for the irreversible Otto and Diesel cycles. The cycle is analyzed between two reservois with infinite thermal capacitance, where the processes of heat exchange occuring in the heat exchangers between the working fluid and the thermal reservoir at constant temperatures. The irreversibilities follow from the heat exchange processes occurring in finite time, the loss of heat from the hot source to the cold source and the noisentropic compression and expansion processes. Three optimization criteria are used: ecological function, ecological coefficient of performance and maximum power output. These functions are optimized with respect to the inlet temperature of heat addition process. Ecological optimizations are analyzed and compared to maximum power. The results are presented through the power and ecological creteria, thermal efficiency and ecological criteria and entropy generation rate and ecological criteria curves. The results are presented though the power curves and ecological criteria, thermal efficiency and ecological and entropy generation rate and ecological criteria. Analyzes the behavior of power, efficiency and rate of entropy generation ecologically optimized through which they are evaluated the influences of some parameters on their behavior. Finally, we analyze the ratio between ecological criteria for optimum power and maximum power, optimized thermal efficiency by ecological criteria and the maximum power efficiency, the ratio between the entropy generation rate optimized for ecological criteria and entropy generation rate of maximum power. The results show that the ecological optimizations present the best compromisse between power and environment. The results can be used as an important criterion in developing projects of internal combustion engines

Combustion research currently aims to reduce emissions, whilst improving the fuel economy. Burning fuel in excess of air, or lean-burn combustion, is a promising alternative to conventional combustion, and can achieve these requirements simultaneously. However, lean-burn combustion poses new challenges, especially for internal combustion (IC) engines. Therefore, models used to predict such combustion have to be reliable, accurate and robust. In this work, the flamelet approach in the Reynolds-Averaged Navier- Stokes framework, is used to simulate flames relevant to spark-ignition IC engines. A central quantity in the current modelling approach is the scalar dissipation rate, which represents coupling between reaction and diffusion, as well as the flame front dynamics. In the first part of this thesis, the predictive ability of two reaction rate closures, viz. strained and unstrained flamelet models, are assessed through a series of experimental test cases. These cases are: spherically propagating methane- and hydrogen-air flames and combustion in a closed vessel. In addition to these models, simpler algebraic closures are also used for comparison. It is shown that the strained flamelet model can predict unconfined, spherically propagating methane-air flames reasonably well. By comparing spherical flame results with planar flames, under identical thermochemical and turbulence conditions, it is shown that the turbulent flame speed of spherical flames are 10 to 20% higher than that of planar flames, whilst the mean reaction rates are less influenced by the flame geometry. Growth of the flame brush thickness in unsteady spherical flames have been attributed to turbulent diffusion in past studies. However, the present analyses revealed that the dominant cause for this increase is the heat-release induced convective effects, which is a novel observation. Unlike methane-air flames, hydrogen-air flames have non-unity Lewis numbers. Hence, a novel two degrees of freedom approach, using two progress variables, is used to describe the thermochemistry of hydrogen-air flames. Again, it is shown that the strained flamelet model is able to predict the experimental flame growth for stoichiometric hydrogen-air flames. However, none of the models used in this work were able to predict lean hydrogen-air flames. This is because these flames are thermo-diffusively unstable and the current approach is inadequate to represent them. When combustion takes place inside a closed vessel, the compression of the end gases by the propagating flame causes the pressure to rise. This is more representative of real IC engines, where intermittent combustion takes place. The combustion models are implemented in a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, STAR-CD, and it is shown that both strained and unstrained flamelet models are able to predict the experimental pressure rise in a closed vessel. In the final part of this work, a spark-ignition engine is simulated in STAR-CD using the flamelet model verified for simpler geometries. It is shown that this model, together with a skeletal mechanism for iso-octane, compares reasonably well with experimental cylinder pressure rise. Results obtained from this model are compared with two models available in STAR- CD. These models require some level of tuning to match the experiments, whereas the modelling approach used in this work does not involve any tunable parameters.

This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the differences in combustion between gasoline and natural gas in a spark-ignition engine. Combustion development is influenced by calorific value, specific heat, flame speed and the gaseous or liquid state of the fuel. Simple simulation programs were set up to investigate the effects of low flame speed and higher specific heat of the fuel-air mixture. Actual performance was measured on a single cylinder test engine using ionization probes as flame detectors and a pressure pick-up. The experimental results show that longer ignition delay and limited flame speed at high pressure and temperature are the main reasons for' the power loss of natural gas at high engine speed; this is in addition to the basic loss due to the replacement of air by gaseous fuel in the cylinder. From calculations, it was learned that specific heat and dissociation differences had little effect on power. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 G666 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 M37 / Master of Science

Le fonctionnement en régime très pauvre ou avec forts taux d'EGR des moteurs à allumage commandé (MAC) permet de réduire efficacement les émissions de CO2 et de Nox ; cependant ces stratégies se heurtent à l'augmentation des variabilités cycliques. Ces dernières sont principalement dues à la phase d'allumage qui devient critique de dilution. Le modèle ECFM-LES actuellement utilisé à IFPEn, basé sur la notion de densité de surface de flamme, est insuffisant pour décrire l'allumage dans ces conditions critiques. Dans ces travaux, l'approche TF-LES est adoptée, l'allumage étant alors décrit par un emballement cinétique des réactions chimiques lors d'une élévations locale de la température. Ces travaux définissent et évaluent une stratégie de simulation pour TF-LES en configuration moteur, qui permette une prédiction fine des allumages critiques et de la propagation turbulente de la flamme, afin de décrire le cycle moteur complet.Dans une première partie, des DNS d'allumages turbulents ont été réalisées, en modélisant la phase d'allumage par un dépôt d'énergie thermique (Lacaze et al., (2009)). Les calculs ont simulé les expériences d'allumage de Cardin et al. (2013), dans lesquelles l'énergie minimum d'allumage (MIE) d'un mélange mtéhane-air a été mesuré, pour différentes richesses pauvres et sous différentes intensités turbulentes. L'objectif principal des simulations a été de déterminer les paramètres numériques et physiques du modèle permettant de reproduire les allumages de l'expérience. Deux types de schémas cinétiques ont été évalués : un schéma simplifié et un schéma analytique (ARC), ce dernier reproduisant et les délais d'auto-allumage et la vitesse de flamme laminaire. Les résultats ont permis de définir des critères d'allumage et de mettre en évidence les différentes prédiction d'allumage avec les deux types de schémas cinétiques. Les résultats ont été également démontré que l'approche choisie permettait de prédire les bons niveaux d'énergie pour les allumages laminaires et à faible nombres de Kalovitz (Ka<10). Aux plus hauts nombres de Karlovitz, il a été montré que le modèle ED était insuffisant pour prédire les énergie d'allumage et qu'une description plus fine du dépôt d'énergie est nécessaire.Dans la seconde partie des travaux, un modèle de plissement dynamique (Wang et al., 2012) a été étudié, afin de décrire le développement hors-équilibre de la flamme dans la phase de propagation turbulente. Des études sur des flammes sphériques laminaires ont d'abord été menées. Ensuite, les premiers tests de configuration moteur ayant révélé des incompatibilités du modèle, des modifications ont été proposées. Le modèle de plissement dynamique modifié a été finalement évalué sur la configuration moteur ICAMDAC. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés aux résultats obtenus par Robert et al. (2015) avec le modèle ECFM-LES, qui utilise une équation de transport de densité de surface de flamme décrivant le plissement hors-équilibre de la flamme. Les résultats obtenus avec le plissement dynamique sont en très bon accord avec ceux du modèles ECFM-LES, démontrant ainsi la capacité du modèle dynamique à prédire des valeurs de plissement hors-équilibre. D'autre part, le modèle dynamique s'ajustant automatiquement aux conditions de turbulence de l'écoulement, nul besoin n'est d'ajuster la constante de modélisation en fonction du régime moteur, comme c'est le cas pour l'équation de transport de la densité de surface de flamme. / The use of lean equivalence ratios or high EGR rates in spark ignition engines (SIE) enables to optimize CO2 and NOx emissions; however too important dilution rates leads to increased cycle-to-cycle variability. These latter are mostly due to the ignition phase, which becomes critical when dilution rates are important and requires high ignition energy. The ECFM-LES model currently used in IFPEN, which is based on the flame surface density concept, is not sufficient to describe ignition in these critical conditions. The TF-LES approach was chosen in this study, principally because it directly resolved chemistry and can thus model ignition via a local raise of the temperature. The present work defines and evaluates a simulation strategy for TF-LES in SIE configurations, that enables a fine prediction of critical ignitions and of the turbulent flame propagation.In the first part, DNS of turbulent ignition were performed. The ignition phase was modeled using a thermal energy deposit (ED model, Lacaze et al.). Simulations reproduced the ignition experiments of Cardin et al. who determined the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of lean premixed methane/air mixtures, for different turbulence characteristics. The main purpose of the study was to determine the numerical and physical model parameters, which enable to reproduce Cardin et al. experiments. Two types of kinetic schemes were evaluated: a simplified kinetic scheme and an analytical kinetic scheme (ARC), that can predict both the auto-ignition delays and the laminar flame speed, while keeping affordable CPU times. Results analysis enabled to define ignition criteria and to highlight the differences in terms of ignition prediction using the two kinetic schemes. Results also demonstrated that the chosen approach could recover correct levels of ignition energy for laminar and low Karlovitz number cases (Ka<10). For higher Karlovitz number cases, the ED model was found to be insufficient to predict the ignition and a finer description of the energy deposit is required.In the second part, a dynamic wrinkling model (Wang et al., 2012) was studied to describe the out-of-equilibrium behavior of the flame during the propagation phase. Studies on laminar spherical flames were first performed, to assess the laminar degeneration of the model. Then, as first tests in an engine configuration have revealed incompatibilities of the model, modifications were proposed. The modified dynamic model was finally tested in the ICAMDAC engine configuration. Results of the simulations were compared against previous results of Robert et al. obtained with the ECFM-LES model using a transport equation for the flame surface density that can describe the out-of-equilibrium wrinkling of the flame. Results obtained with the dynamic model are in very good agreement with the ones of Robert et al., thus demonstrating the ability of the dynamic model to predict out-of-equilibrium values in the engine configuration. Besides, the dynamic model self-adapts to the turbulence conditions, hence does not require any model parameter adjustment, as is it the case for models based on the flame surface density transport equation.

The first chapter of this dissertation examines welfare impacts of a combination of subsidies to alternative fuels (AFs) and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), and how they compare to gasoline taxes. The particular AF examined here is ethanol that is produced from agricultural products in a small open economy. The model in this paper characterizes a country or state where gasoline is the major source of fuel for automobiles, but that also produces and consumes ethanol as an AF. Gasoline combustion is polluting and its use equals the total amount of emissions produced. Thus, a gasoline tax here is the same as an emissions tax and is the most direct environmental instrument. However, increasing gasoline taxes for pollution purposes is often politically not feasible. Thus, this paper studies how closely subsidies to alternative fuels (AFs) and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) emulate abatement behavior from a unit gasoline tax in a simple three sector general equilibrium model, and in the presence of pre-existing labor taxes. The model can also be used to track the effects of each policy on outputs, exports, and fuel use. The analytical results of the model are then calibrated to data from the largest ethanol producing state in the U.S., namely Illinois. The paper finds that subsidies can achieve up to 64 percent of the welfare gains from the gasoline tax, if the uncompensated wage elasticity is low enough or the elasticities of substitution between the transportation goods is high enough. The second chapter estimates behavior of households who jointly make discrete decisions about vehicle ownership and continuous decisions about miles driven. The paper uses seven years of data from 1995-2001 for the 35 states and union territories of India. The estimated parameters will be used to calculate elasticities of each different type of vehicle for percentage changes in petrol price per unit distance travelled and in vehicle taxes. The paper also computes income and price elasticities for petrol consumption. Two types of vehicles predominant in India are cars and two-wheelers such as motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters. The latter type of vehicle is more fuel efficient than the former. However, patterns of vehicle ownership across the country reflect a growing number of cars relative to motorcycles. This paper investigates the impact alternative policies such as taxes on petrol or on cars have on efficient methods of vehicle emission abatement in India. In particular, the chapter estimates the effect of each such policy on vehicle choice and driving behavior, and how they in turn affect emissions. The main results are summarized as follows: First, continuous choice own-price elasticities are higher for 4w relative to 2w, given age, and for older vehicles relative to newer ones, within each category. Second, discrete choice own-price elasticities with respect to capital cost are higher for 2w relative to 4w. Moreover, older vehicles of each type are more sensitive to higher vehicle prices relative to their newer counterparts. Third, income elasticities for discrete vehicle choices are all positive and greater than unity. Thus, higher income encourages purchase of newer vehicles of each type. Moreover, usage of vehicles rises with income, conditional on the particular vehicle choice. Finally, the paper conducts simulations that alter the price per kilometer by adding either an additional gas tax, a distance tax or an emissions tax. Results show that a distance tax reduces vehicle kilometers traveled the most, followed by an emissions tax and lastly by the gas tax. However, local emissions are reduced the most by an emissions tax, followed by a distance tax and then by a gasoline tax. Even though it would be ideal to compare the results obtained in this paper to results generated using a micro-level data set, the estimates presented here are indicative of whether a distance tax or a gasoline tax is more effective for emissions abatement in India. The third chapter of this dissertation evaluates how information asymmetry in private automobile markets affects programs to accelerate vehicle retirement, also known as scrappage programs. We use a dynamic framework where agents have heterogenous preference for car quality. Cars can either be new, or used. While all new cars have the same quality, used cars can be of high- or low-quality. The quality of a car is perfectly correlated with emissions. The goal of a scrappage program is to induce car owners to voluntarily scrap low-quality used cars. One key result is that in the presence of adverse selection a subsidy that maintains an active resale market unambiguously makes all types of consumers better off. However, if this option of implementing the subsidy does not exist, then the only other way to induce effective scrappage in our framework is to shut down the used car market. Welfare implications suggest that it might be better not to do anything rather than have a scrappage program such as the latter. / text

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Hydrogen Assisted Jet Ignition (HAJI) is an advanced ignition process that allows ignition of ultra-lean mixtures in an otherwise standard gasoline fuelled spark ignition engine. Under typical operating conditions, a small amount of H2 (~ 2 % ofthe main fuel energy or roughly the equivalent of 1 g/km of H2) is injected just before ignition in the region of the spark plug. By locating the spark plug in a small prechamber (less than 1 % of the clearance volume) and by employing a H2 rich mixture, the content of the prechamber is plentiful in the active species that form radicals H and OH on decomposition and has a relatively high energy level compared to the lean main chamber contents. Thus, the vigorous jets of chemically active combustion products that issue through orifices, which connect to the main chamber, burn the main charge rapidly and with almost no combustion variability (less than 2% coefficient of variation in IMEP even at λ = 2.5). / The benefits from the low temperature combustion at λ = 2 and leaner are that almost zero NOx is formed and there is an improvement in thermal efficiency. Efficiency improvements are a result of the elimination of dissociation, such as CO2 to CO, which normally occurs at high temperatures, together with reduced throttling losses to maintain the same road power. It is even possible to run the engine in an entirely unthrottled mode, but at λ = 5. / Although only a small amount of H2 is required for the HAJI process, it is difficult to both refuel H2 and store it onboard. In order to overcome these obstacles, the viability of a variety of more convenient fuels was experimentally assessed based on criteria such as combustion stability, lean limit and emission levels. The prechamber fuels tested were liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, reformed gasoline and carbon monoxide. Additionally, LPG was employed as the main fuel in conjunction with H2 or LPG in the prechamber. Furthermore, the effects of HAJI operation under sufficient exhaust gas recirculation to allow stoichiometric fuel-air supply, thus permitting three-way catalyst application were also examined. / In addition to experiments, prechamber and main chamber flame propagation modeling was completed to examine the effects of each prechamber fuel on the ignition of the main fuel, which consisted of either LPG or gasoline. The modeling and experimental results offered similar trends, with the modeling results giving insight into the physiochemical process by which main fuel combustion is initiated in the HAJI process. / Both the modeling and experimental results indicate that the level of ignition enhancement provided by HAJI is highly dependent on the generation of chemical species and not solely on the energy content of the prechamber fuel. Although H2 was found to be the most effective fuel, in a study of a very light load condition (70 kPa MAP) especially when running in the ultra-lean region, the alternative fuels were effective at running between λ = 2-2.5 with almost zero NOx formation. These lean limits are about twice the value possible with spark ignition (λ = 1.25) in this engine at similar load conditions. In addition, the LPG results are very encouraging as they offer the possibility of a HAJI like system where a commercially available fuel is used as both the main and prechamber fuel, while providing thermal efficiency improvements over stoichiometric operation and meeting current NOx emission standards.