Success of acid fracturing depends on uneven etching along the fracture surfaces caused by heterogeneities such as variations in local mineralogy and variations in leakoff behavior. The heterogeneities tend to create channeling characteristics, which provide lasting conductivity after fracture closure, and occur on a scale that is neither used in laboratory measurements of acid fracture conductivity, which use core samples that are too small to observe such a feature, nor in typical acid fracture simulations in which the grid block size is much larger than the scale of local heterogeneities. Acid fracture conductivity depends on fracture surface etching patterns. Existing acid fracture conductivity correlations are for random asperity distributions and do not consider the contribution of channels to the conductivity. An acid fracture conductivity correlation needs the average fracture width at zero closure stress. Existing correlations calculate average fracture width using dissolved rock equivalent width without considering the effect of reservoir characteristics. The purpose of this work is to develop an intermediate-scale acid fracture model with grid size small enough and the whole dimension big enough to capture local and macro heterogeneity effects and channeling characteristics in acid fracturing. The model predicts pressure field, flow field, acid concentration profiles, and fracture surface profiles as a function of acid contact time. By extensive numerical experiments with the model, we develop correlations of fracture conductivity and average fracture width at zero closure stress as a function of statistical parameters of permeability and mineralogy distributions. With the model, we analyzed the relationships among fracture surface etching patterns, conductivities, and the distributions of permeability and mineralogy. From result analysis, we found that a fracture with channels extending from the inlet to the outlet of the fracture has a high conductivity because fluid flow in deep channels needs a very small pressure drop. Such long and highly conductive channels can be created by acids if the formation has heterogeneities in either permeability or mineralogy, or both, with high correlation length in the direction of the fracture, which is the case in laminated formations.

<p>Rad prikazuje razvoj modela za korisničko vrednovanje prostornih<br />karakteristika stana. Model se zasniva na rezultatima teorijskog i<br />praktičnog istraživanja. Teorijski deo istraživanja čine rezultati<br />analize postojećih istraživanja na temu kvaliteta stanovanja i<br />kriterijuma na osnovu kojih se on definiše, kao i arhitektonskih<br />smernica za projektovanje zgrada višeporodičnog stanovanja.<br />Praktičnim istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ispitivanje stavova struke -<br />projektanata zgrada višeporodičnog stanovanja, i samih korisnika<br />analiziranih prostora. Funkcionisanje modela je prikazano kroz<br />primer jednog stana, dok je razvijeni model primenjen pri vrednovanju<br />prostornih karakteristika odabranih stanova izgrađenih u gradu<br />Osijeku u periodu između 1930. i 2015. godine.</p> / <p>The dissertation gives a detailed description of the development of the model<br />of user evaluation of the apartment&#39;s spatial characteristics. The model<br />development was based on the results of theoretical and practical research.<br />The theoretical part includes the analysis of available research on housing<br />quality and criteria for its evaluation as well as architectural guidelines for<br />housing design. The practical research involved examining the attitudes of<br />designers of residential buildings and the buildings&rsquo; tenants. The functioning<br />of the model is shown through the example of the chosen apartment, while<br />the developed model was applied in the evaluation of the spatial<br />characteristics of the apartments built in Osijek from 1930 to 2015.</p>

Depuis le début des années 90, la gestion des déchets est devenue une gestion de «ressources» dont la valorisation permet de substituer en partie le besoin en ressources naturelles fossiles. Cette valorisation s'accompagne d'une logistique qu'il est nécessaire de planifier sur le territoire afin que les impacts additionnels associés aux activités de gestion ne compensent pas les bénéfices issus de la transformation de la ressource. Par ailleurs, la ressource « déchets » est non uniformément répartie sur le territoire: les gisements ainsi dispersés et disparates ont des implications sur la performance des filières de traitement (leur efficience) et, notamment, sur celle des activités de transport. Afin de prendre en compte cette hétérogénéité spatiale dans l'élaboration et l'évaluation de scénarios de gestion, cette thèse propose une approche territoriale de conception de filières de traitement qui repose sur l'utilisation d'indicateurs de potentiel de valorisation associés aux gisements. Son application au cas d’étude montréalais a permis de cibler à la fois les besoins en termes d'amélioration du système de gestion et les zones territoriales où ces changements devaient apparaître. L'approche développée constitue un premier pas vers un outil d'aide à la décision pour une diversification localisée des filières de traitement. En tenant compte des interactions entre les différents processus des filières (collecte/transport/traitement), elle fournit également un cadre permettant une meilleure coordination globale des activités de gestion des déchets. / Since the early 90's, waste management has become a « resources » management whose recovery can substitute fossil natural resources. The waste processing required can lead to important logistics, which need to be planned so that the additional impacts associated with waste management operations do not offset the benefits arising from the exploitation of the resource. Moreover, waste is a dispersed resource, subject to a great spatial variability (e.g. waste production rate). This has implications on the recovery chains performance and, especially, on the transport-related activities. In order to consider this spatial heterogeneity in waste management planning, this thesis presents a territorial approach to waste recovery chain's design. It relies on the definition of recovery potentials indicators associated to the sources. The application of the approach to the Montreal case allowed finding the areas unfavourable to the management scenarios considered. Determining the causes of low performance allowed targeting the needs in terms of system's improvement and, especially, the areas where these changes needed to happen. Therefore the approach presented in this thesis is the first step towards a decision-making tool for a localized diversification of recovery chains. By including the interactions between the chain's different processes (collection/transport/treatment), it also provides a systemic framework for a better overall planning of waste management activities.

O trabalho tem por principal objetivo verificar, preliminarmente, a possibilidade de reduzir a quantidade de indivíduos na amostra de Pesquisa de Entrevistas Domiciliares, sem prejudicar a qualidade e representatividade da mesma. Analisar a influência das características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana constitui o objetivo intermediário. Para ambos os objetivos, a principal ferramenta utilizada foi o minerador de dados denominado Árvore de Decisão e Classificação contido no software S-Plus 6.1, que encontra as relações entre as características socioeconômicas dos indivíduos, as características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana e os padrões de viagens encadeadas. Os padrões de viagens foram codificados em termos de sequência cronológica de: motivos, modos, durações de viagem e períodos do dia em que as viagens ocorrem. As análises foram baseadas nos dados da Pesquisa de Entrevistas Domiciliares realizada pela Agência de Cooperação Internacional do Japão e Governo do Estado do Pará em 2000 na Região Metropolitana de Belém. Para se atingir o objetivo intermediário o método consistiu em analisar, através da Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, a influência da variável categórica Macrozona, que representa as características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana, nos padrões de viagens encadeadas realizados pelos indivíduos. Para o objetivo principal, o método consistiu em escolher, aleatoriamente, sub-amostras contendo 25% de pessoas da amostra final e verificar, através do Processamento de Árvores de Decisão e Classificação e do teste estatístico Kolmogorov - Smirnov, se os modelos obtidos a partir das amostras reduzidas conseguem ilustrar bem a freqüência de ocorrência dos padrões de viagens das pessoas da amostra final. Concluiu-se que as características espaciais e de uso de solo influenciam os padrões de encadeamento de viagens, e portanto foram incluídas como variáveis preditoras também nos modelos obtidos a partir das sub-amostras. A conclusão principal foi a não rejeição da hipótese de que é possível reduzir o tamanho da amostra de pesquisas domiciliares para fins de estudo do encadeamento de viagens. Entretanto ainda são necessárias muitas outras verificações antes de aceitar esta conclusão. / The main aim of this work is to verify, the possibility of reducing the sample size in home-interview surveys, without being detrimental to the quality and representation. The sub aim of this work is to analyze the influence of spatial characteristics and land use of an urban area. For both aims, the main analyses tool used was Data Miner called the Decision and Classification Tree which is in the software S-Plus 6.1. The Data Miner finds relations between trip chaining patterns and individual socioeconomic characteristics, spatial characteristics and land use patterns. The trip chaining patterns were coded in terms of chronological sequence of trip purpose, travel mode, travel time and the period of day in which travel occurs. The analyses were based on home-interview surveys carried out in the Belém Metropolitan Area in 2000, by Japan International Cooperation Agency and Pará State Government. In order to achieve the sub aim of this work, the method consisted of analyzing, using the Decision and Classification Tree, the influence of the categorical variable \"Macrozona\", which represents spatial characteristics and urban land use patterns, in trip chaining patterns carried by the individuals. Concerning the main aim, the method consisted of choosing sub-samples randomly containing 25% of the final sample of individuals and verifying (using Decision and Classification Tree and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test) whether the models obtained from the reduced samples can describe the frequency of the occurrence of the individuals trip chaining patterns in the final sample well. The first conclusion is that spatial characteristics and land use of the urban area have influenced the trip chaining patterns, and therefore they were also included as independent variables in the models obtained from the sub-samples. The main conclusion was the non-rejection of the hypothesis that it is possible to reduce the sample size in home-interview surveys used for trip-chaining research. Nevertheless, several other verifications are necessary before accepting this conclusion.

O trabalho tem por principal objetivo verificar, preliminarmente, a possibilidade de reduzir a quantidade de indivíduos na amostra de Pesquisa de Entrevistas Domiciliares, sem prejudicar a qualidade e representatividade da mesma. Analisar a influência das características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana constitui o objetivo intermediário. Para ambos os objetivos, a principal ferramenta utilizada foi o minerador de dados denominado Árvore de Decisão e Classificação contido no software S-Plus 6.1, que encontra as relações entre as características socioeconômicas dos indivíduos, as características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana e os padrões de viagens encadeadas. Os padrões de viagens foram codificados em termos de sequência cronológica de: motivos, modos, durações de viagem e períodos do dia em que as viagens ocorrem. As análises foram baseadas nos dados da Pesquisa de Entrevistas Domiciliares realizada pela Agência de Cooperação Internacional do Japão e Governo do Estado do Pará em 2000 na Região Metropolitana de Belém. Para se atingir o objetivo intermediário o método consistiu em analisar, através da Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, a influência da variável categórica Macrozona, que representa as características espaciais e de uso de solo da área urbana, nos padrões de viagens encadeadas realizados pelos indivíduos. Para o objetivo principal, o método consistiu em escolher, aleatoriamente, sub-amostras contendo 25% de pessoas da amostra final e verificar, através do Processamento de Árvores de Decisão e Classificação e do teste estatístico Kolmogorov - Smirnov, se os modelos obtidos a partir das amostras reduzidas conseguem ilustrar bem a freqüência de ocorrência dos padrões de viagens das pessoas da amostra final. Concluiu-se que as características espaciais e de uso de solo influenciam os padrões de encadeamento de viagens, e portanto foram incluídas como variáveis preditoras também nos modelos obtidos a partir das sub-amostras. A conclusão principal foi a não rejeição da hipótese de que é possível reduzir o tamanho da amostra de pesquisas domiciliares para fins de estudo do encadeamento de viagens. Entretanto ainda são necessárias muitas outras verificações antes de aceitar esta conclusão. / The main aim of this work is to verify, the possibility of reducing the sample size in home-interview surveys, without being detrimental to the quality and representation. The sub aim of this work is to analyze the influence of spatial characteristics and land use of an urban area. For both aims, the main analyses tool used was Data Miner called the Decision and Classification Tree which is in the software S-Plus 6.1. The Data Miner finds relations between trip chaining patterns and individual socioeconomic characteristics, spatial characteristics and land use patterns. The trip chaining patterns were coded in terms of chronological sequence of trip purpose, travel mode, travel time and the period of day in which travel occurs. The analyses were based on home-interview surveys carried out in the Belém Metropolitan Area in 2000, by Japan International Cooperation Agency and Pará State Government. In order to achieve the sub aim of this work, the method consisted of analyzing, using the Decision and Classification Tree, the influence of the categorical variable \"Macrozona\", which represents spatial characteristics and urban land use patterns, in trip chaining patterns carried by the individuals. Concerning the main aim, the method consisted of choosing sub-samples randomly containing 25% of the final sample of individuals and verifying (using Decision and Classification Tree and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test) whether the models obtained from the reduced samples can describe the frequency of the occurrence of the individuals trip chaining patterns in the final sample well. The first conclusion is that spatial characteristics and land use of the urban area have influenced the trip chaining patterns, and therefore they were also included as independent variables in the models obtained from the sub-samples. The main conclusion was the non-rejection of the hypothesis that it is possible to reduce the sample size in home-interview surveys used for trip-chaining research. Nevertheless, several other verifications are necessary before accepting this conclusion.