O teletrabalho é uma prática que pode ser utilizada como medida de gerenciamento da demanda por transporte urbano, uma vez que tem o potencial de reduzir a necessidade de realização de viagens através da substituição de atividades presenciais, que exigem deslocamentos, pelas virtuais, realizadas com auxílio de tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Esta pesquisa procura explorar e entender como está ocorrendo a adoção do teletrabalho por empresas em São Paulo e quais são os seus principais impactos nos padrões individuais de atividades e viagens. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizada uma revisão abrangente da literatura seguida por dois levantamentos de dados. O primeiro consistiu em entrevistas em profundidade com representantes do departamento de recursos humanos de dez empresas, que adotavam ou não teletrabalho. Já o segundo foi realizado com teletrabalhadores e utilizou ferramentas como questionário online, aplicativo de smartphone (para coletar dados de atividades e viagens por 7 dias) e entrevistas em profundidade. As entrevistas com representantes de empresas revelam que os potenciais benefícios para as empresas e para os funcionários são os aspectos que estão motivando a disseminação do teletrabalho, mesmo que de forma lenta. Porém, por não ser ainda uma prática comum, continuam a prevalecer algumas barreiras, principalmente relacionadas à cultura organizacional. O levantamento de dados com teletrabalhadores indica que a viagem casa-trabalho e o congestionamento em São Paulo têm sido os principais motivadores para adesão, e revela diferenças importantes no comportamento relativo a viagens dos indivíduos nos dias de teletrabalho e nos dias de trabalho convencional. Enquanto o número de atividades realizadas por outros motivos que não o trabalho e o tempo a elas dedicado são similares nos dias de teletrabalho e de trabalho convencional, o número de viagens, a distância viajada e o tempo gasto em transporte se reduzem. / Telecommuting can be considered a measure for travel demand management since it has the potential to reduce trips by replacing a face to face activity, which requires travel, by a virtual one, with the use of information and communication technologies. The objective of this research is twofold: first, to explore and understand the adoption of telecommuting by companies in São Paulo and, second, to identify and to measure the main impacts of telecommuting on individuals activity-travel patterns. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, followed by two types of data collection efforts. First, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals responsible for Human Resources policies in ten companies adopting telecommuting or not. Second, a sample of telecommuters was recruited to answer to an online questionnaire and to provide detailed diary data for 7 days using smartphones, after which an in-depth interview was conducted. Interviews with Human Resources personnel revealed that potential benefits for companies and employees are the drivers behind the dissemination of telecommuting, although slow. As a yet unconventional practice, barriers continue to exist, particularly related to organizational culture. Data collection and analysis of telecommuters behavior shows that the congestion faced in the home-to-work trip is the main reason for adoption of telecommuting in São Paulo. Important differences in activity and travel behavior were observed between telecommuting and non-telecommuting days. While the number of participations and the time spent in non-work activities are relatively similar for the two types of days, a reduction occurred in the number of trips, total distance and time traveled on telecommuting days.

O teletrabalho é uma prática que pode ser utilizada como medida de gerenciamento da demanda por transporte urbano, uma vez que tem o potencial de reduzir a necessidade de realização de viagens através da substituição de atividades presenciais, que exigem deslocamentos, pelas virtuais, realizadas com auxílio de tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Esta pesquisa procura explorar e entender como está ocorrendo a adoção do teletrabalho por empresas em São Paulo e quais são os seus principais impactos nos padrões individuais de atividades e viagens. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizada uma revisão abrangente da literatura seguida por dois levantamentos de dados. O primeiro consistiu em entrevistas em profundidade com representantes do departamento de recursos humanos de dez empresas, que adotavam ou não teletrabalho. Já o segundo foi realizado com teletrabalhadores e utilizou ferramentas como questionário online, aplicativo de smartphone (para coletar dados de atividades e viagens por 7 dias) e entrevistas em profundidade. As entrevistas com representantes de empresas revelam que os potenciais benefícios para as empresas e para os funcionários são os aspectos que estão motivando a disseminação do teletrabalho, mesmo que de forma lenta. Porém, por não ser ainda uma prática comum, continuam a prevalecer algumas barreiras, principalmente relacionadas à cultura organizacional. O levantamento de dados com teletrabalhadores indica que a viagem casa-trabalho e o congestionamento em São Paulo têm sido os principais motivadores para adesão, e revela diferenças importantes no comportamento relativo a viagens dos indivíduos nos dias de teletrabalho e nos dias de trabalho convencional. Enquanto o número de atividades realizadas por outros motivos que não o trabalho e o tempo a elas dedicado são similares nos dias de teletrabalho e de trabalho convencional, o número de viagens, a distância viajada e o tempo gasto em transporte se reduzem. / Telecommuting can be considered a measure for travel demand management since it has the potential to reduce trips by replacing a face to face activity, which requires travel, by a virtual one, with the use of information and communication technologies. The objective of this research is twofold: first, to explore and understand the adoption of telecommuting by companies in São Paulo and, second, to identify and to measure the main impacts of telecommuting on individuals activity-travel patterns. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, followed by two types of data collection efforts. First, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals responsible for Human Resources policies in ten companies adopting telecommuting or not. Second, a sample of telecommuters was recruited to answer to an online questionnaire and to provide detailed diary data for 7 days using smartphones, after which an in-depth interview was conducted. Interviews with Human Resources personnel revealed that potential benefits for companies and employees are the drivers behind the dissemination of telecommuting, although slow. As a yet unconventional practice, barriers continue to exist, particularly related to organizational culture. Data collection and analysis of telecommuters behavior shows that the congestion faced in the home-to-work trip is the main reason for adoption of telecommuting in São Paulo. Important differences in activity and travel behavior were observed between telecommuting and non-telecommuting days. While the number of participations and the time spent in non-work activities are relatively similar for the two types of days, a reduction occurred in the number of trips, total distance and time traveled on telecommuting days.

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O objetivo principal deste trabalho é identificar se e como as áreas urbanas interferem nos padrões de viagens encadeadas dos viajantes urbanos. Para atingir os objetivos, as diferenças e similaridades notadas entre os principais grupos socioeconômicos das áreas urbanas em relação aos padrões de viagens encadeadas serão discutidas. O método para comparação dos comportamentos relacionados às viagens encadeadas baseia-se na compatibilização das variáveis das três áreas e posterior aplicação do minerador de dados denominado Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, disponível no pacote estatístico S-Plus 6.1. As viagens encadeadas foram representadas através da codificação inicialmente proposta por Ichikawa (2002) e ampliada por Pitombo (2003). Foram codificados os motivos, modos e período do dia em que cada viagem foi realizada. A análise foi baseada nas pesquisas origem-destino realizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo pelo Metrô-SP, em 1997, na região metropolitana de Belém pela JICA/Governo do Estado do Pará, em 2000, e na cidade de Bauru pela EMDURB, em 1997. Concluiu-se que, em geral, o comportamento de viajantes urbanos são influenciados pelas políticas urbanas regionais, características socioeconômicas e espaciais de cada região. / The main aim of this work is to identify whether and how the urban areas interfere in the urban trips makers\'trip chaining pattern. For attaining the aims, the differences and similarities observed among the behaviour of trip makers belonging to the main socioeconomic groups living in the three urban areas will be discussed. The method to compare the behavior related to trip chaining is based on the compatibilization of the variables of three areas and subsequent application of the data miner named Decision and Classification Tree, available in the S-Plus 6.1 statistical package. The chained trips were coded by using the process initially proposed by Ichikawa (2002) and amplified later by Pitombo (2003). The trip purpose, travel mode and period of the day in which each trip occurs were coded. The analysis was based on the origin-destination home-interview surveys carried out in São Paulo Metropolitan Area by Metrô-SP, in 1997, Belém Metropolitan Area by JICA/Pará State Government, in 2000, and Bauru city by EMDURB, in 1997. The main finding is that urban trip makers\'behaviour are affected by regional urban policy, socioeconomic features and geographical characteristics of each area.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento de grupos homogêneos de indivíduos com relação às viagens encadeadas, usando um minerador de dados. Vários aspectos das viagens encadeadas foram representados através da extensão do processo de codificação inicialmente proposto por Ichikawa (2002). Foram codificados os aspectos como seqüência de atividades realizadas por cada indivíduo, modo de viagem, período do dia em que cada viagem foi realizada e tempo de viagem. O minerador de dados usado neste trabalho foi Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, uma ferramenta de análise disponível no software S-Plus 2000. A análise baseou-se na pesquisa origem-destino realizada pelo METRÔ-SP na região metropolitana de São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas domiciliares, em 1987. Concluiu-se que variáveis socioeconômicas podem explicar o comportamento relacionado a viagens encadeadas, indicando que minerador de dados pode ter um papel importante na análise do comportamento relacionado às viagens encadeadas. / The main aim of this work is to analyze the behavior of homogeneous groups of individuals regarding the chained trips by using a data miner. Several aspects of chained trips were represented through the extension of the coding process initially proposed by Ichikawa (2002). Aspects such as sequence of activities performed by each individual, travel mode, period of the day in which each trip occurs, and travel time were coded. The data miner used in this work was Decision and Classification Tree, an analysis tool available in S-Plus 2000 software package. The analysis was based on the origin-destination home-interview survey carried out by METRÔ-SP in São Paulo metropolitan area, in 1987. The main finding is that the socioeconomic variables can explain the behavior related to the chained trips, indicating that data miner can play an important role in the analysis of the behavior related to the chained trips.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento de grupos homogêneos de indivíduos com relação às viagens encadeadas, usando um minerador de dados. Vários aspectos das viagens encadeadas foram representados através da extensão do processo de codificação inicialmente proposto por Ichikawa (2002). Foram codificados os aspectos como seqüência de atividades realizadas por cada indivíduo, modo de viagem, período do dia em que cada viagem foi realizada e tempo de viagem. O minerador de dados usado neste trabalho foi Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, uma ferramenta de análise disponível no software S-Plus 2000. A análise baseou-se na pesquisa origem-destino realizada pelo METRÔ-SP na região metropolitana de São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas domiciliares, em 1987. Concluiu-se que variáveis socioeconômicas podem explicar o comportamento relacionado a viagens encadeadas, indicando que minerador de dados pode ter um papel importante na análise do comportamento relacionado às viagens encadeadas. / The main aim of this work is to analyze the behavior of homogeneous groups of individuals regarding the chained trips by using a data miner. Several aspects of chained trips were represented through the extension of the coding process initially proposed by Ichikawa (2002). Aspects such as sequence of activities performed by each individual, travel mode, period of the day in which each trip occurs, and travel time were coded. The data miner used in this work was Decision and Classification Tree, an analysis tool available in S-Plus 2000 software package. The analysis was based on the origin-destination home-interview survey carried out by METRÔ-SP in São Paulo metropolitan area, in 1987. The main finding is that the socioeconomic variables can explain the behavior related to the chained trips, indicating that data miner can play an important role in the analysis of the behavior related to the chained trips.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é identificar se e como as áreas urbanas interferem nos padrões de viagens encadeadas dos viajantes urbanos. Para atingir os objetivos, as diferenças e similaridades notadas entre os principais grupos socioeconômicos das áreas urbanas em relação aos padrões de viagens encadeadas serão discutidas. O método para comparação dos comportamentos relacionados às viagens encadeadas baseia-se na compatibilização das variáveis das três áreas e posterior aplicação do minerador de dados denominado Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, disponível no pacote estatístico S-Plus 6.1. As viagens encadeadas foram representadas através da codificação inicialmente proposta por Ichikawa (2002) e ampliada por Pitombo (2003). Foram codificados os motivos, modos e período do dia em que cada viagem foi realizada. A análise foi baseada nas pesquisas origem-destino realizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo pelo Metrô-SP, em 1997, na região metropolitana de Belém pela JICA/Governo do Estado do Pará, em 2000, e na cidade de Bauru pela EMDURB, em 1997. Concluiu-se que, em geral, o comportamento de viajantes urbanos são influenciados pelas políticas urbanas regionais, características socioeconômicas e espaciais de cada região. / The main aim of this work is to identify whether and how the urban areas interfere in the urban trips makers\'trip chaining pattern. For attaining the aims, the differences and similarities observed among the behaviour of trip makers belonging to the main socioeconomic groups living in the three urban areas will be discussed. The method to compare the behavior related to trip chaining is based on the compatibilization of the variables of three areas and subsequent application of the data miner named Decision and Classification Tree, available in the S-Plus 6.1 statistical package. The chained trips were coded by using the process initially proposed by Ichikawa (2002) and amplified later by Pitombo (2003). The trip purpose, travel mode and period of the day in which each trip occurs were coded. The analysis was based on the origin-destination home-interview surveys carried out in São Paulo Metropolitan Area by Metrô-SP, in 1997, Belém Metropolitan Area by JICA/Pará State Government, in 2000, and Bauru city by EMDURB, in 1997. The main finding is that urban trip makers\'behaviour are affected by regional urban policy, socioeconomic features and geographical characteristics of each area.

ABSTRACT   As the population across the world steadily increases, we become more globalized and travel more extensively. This burdens the environment and causes a decrease in safety, and increases congestion and pollution in both rural and urban areas. It is therefore vital to reduce these impacts and thus encourage more sustainable transport solutions. Studies show that men in general travel less sustainably than women, as they use cars for transportation more often. Women, however, use public transport to a greater extent. To be able to encourage a modal shift towards sustainable alternatives – thus creating an attractive public transport system for both women and men – it is essential to understand the underlying causes for these differences in attitudes and travel behaviour between men and women. The purpose of this thesis is to examine gender equality in relation to public transport. More specifically, the thesis will investigate how focusing on gender issues is significant in order to create and develop a sustainable public transport system. The method for this thesis is based on interviews, in which both frequent and less frequent bus travellers have shared their current notions and perceptions on public transport. Part of the aim has been to identify any differences between men and women’s answers and the way they discuss these issues. Furthermore, thematic coding analysis was used to analyse the results that led to five different themes being identified as most frequently mentioned during the interviews. The results were subsequently put into context with related academic research concerning gender equality, mobility, transportation and sustainability. Conclusively, the results show that there are tendencies for gender inequality within public transport in Västerbotten, which is expressed in several different ways by the respondents.

This master thesis is the final assignment within my master program at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The thesis is performed in cooperation with WSP and linked to their research project ‘On the right track”. The aim of this master thesis is to identify and estimate the impacts resulting from future passenger transports in Mälardalen region by using a scenario study methodology. The research problem this thesis is dealing with is the negative societal consequences can be expected to increase as a result of the predicted rise in passenger traffic volumes in Mälardalen. Four alternative scenarios are introduced in the thesis and compared with the projected development; Scenario 1 assumes more energy efficient vehicles, Scenario 2 expects an extended fuel substitution, Scenario 3 is based on a doubling of the public transport travelling and Scenario 4 assumes that the structurally enforced travels will be halved. From a methodological perspective, the results and discussion in the thesis indicate firstly that Mälardalen is a suitable geographical boundary in future studies related to the transport system as the region is becoming more integrated and secondly, that a wide range of impacts and modes of transport must be considered when sustainable transports are discussed. The results of the scenario analysis can be summarized as if the projected passenger transport development will decrease the energy use and the emissions, despite longer travel distances, as a result of more energy efficient vehicles. In order to reduce the negative impacts of passenger transports further, the most favorable development paths to follow are to either decrease the structurally enforced trips or to increase the public transit travelling. The reason why neither the projected development nor Scenario 1 and 2 will reduce the negative impacts is that such developments cannot reduce consequences that are not related to energy or fuel use to the same extent.

Eine steigende Anzahl Beschäftigter ist im Berufsalltag mobil. Zur Erbringung von Dienstleistungen und zum Zwecke von Geschäftsreisen führen Mitarbeiter regelmäßig Fahrten mit dem Motorisierten Individualverkehr durch. Der so entstehende Personenwirtschaftsverkehr belastet vor allem in den hochverdichteten Innenstadtbereichen die Infrastruktur, die Umwelt und die Gesellschaft. In der deutschen wie in der internationalen Forschung ist trotz seiner Relevanz wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich der Personenwirtschaftsverkehr im Straßenraum manifestiert und welche Faktoren das Verkehrsverhalten bestimmen. Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift nutzt zwei empirische Datensätze um die Kenntnislücken zum Personenwirtschaftsverkehr zu schließen, die Studie ‚Kraftfahrzeugverkehr in Deutschland, KiD 2002‘ und die ‚Dienstleistungsverkehrsstudie, DLVS‘. Die neuen Erkenntnisse ermöglichen eine verbesserte Modellierung des (Personen-)Wirtschaftsverkehrs und erleichtern die Planung und Lenkung kommunaler (städtischer) Verkehre. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass zwischen vier charakteristischen Verkehrsverhalten unterschieden werden kann. Im Rahmen des Personenwirtschaftsverkehrs gibt es sowohl Tourenmuster, die sich durch wenige Stopps und eine geringe Verkehrsleistung auszeichnen als auch Fahrzeuge, die zahlreiche Ziele am Tag ansteuern und eine hohe Verkehrsbeteiligung aufweisen. Die statistischen Analysen belegen außerdem, dass sich die Tourenmuster von Fahrzeugen unterscheiden, die entweder ausschließlich dienstlich oder aber auch privat eingesetzt werden dürfen. Die Berechnung von multivariaten Regressionsmodellen beweist, dass sowohl interne Strukturfaktoren und interne Prozessfaktoren als auch externe Strukturfaktoren und externe Prozessfaktoren eine Rolle beim Verkehrsverhalten spielen. Das bedeutet, die unternehmensbezogenen Faktoren, vor allem aber die Unternehmensstrukturen, sind mit ausschlaggebend dafür, welches der vier Verkehrsverhalten Firmenfahrzeuge aufweisen. / More and more employees are mobile during working hours. To provide services and for business trips, employees use motor vehicles regularly. The emerging service-related traffic burdens the infrastructure, the environment and the society, particularly in high density urban areas. Despite its relevance there is little German and international research on travel behavior of service-related traffic. Even less is known about what factors might influence tour characteristics of service-related traffic. To close this gap of knowledge this dissertation utilizes two data sets for empirical research, ‘Kraftfahrzeugverkehr in Deutschland, KiD 2002’ (‘Motor Vehicle Traffic in Germany’) and ‘Service-Related Traffic’. The findings allow enhanced commercial transport- and service-related traffic modeling and facilitate urban transport planning and direction. The empirical results show that four typical travel patterns can be differentiated. Against the background of service-related traffic there are on the one hand vehicles which are characterized by only a few stops and little road performance per day. On the other hand many cars visit numerous customers and participate a lot in traffic. Statistical analyses also prove that travel patterns differ, depending on an exclusive business or a permitted private use of corporate vehicles. The calculation of multivariate regression models shows that four corporate factor groups, namely internal structures and internal processes as well as external structures and external processes, play a role in travel behavior. This means that company-related factors, especially corporate structure, are decisive for corporate vehicles’ travel patterns.