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Economic, social and political/institutional assessment of spatial development initiatives (in South Africa)Tessely, Ruth 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs) became the Department of Trade and
Industry's (DTI) official policy in 1995/6 to accommodate problems, such as
unemployment and empowerment, through sustainable development. We consequently
pose the question whether the government has realised a strategic fit, i.e. whether the
initial intention with the SDI strategy has consequently been achieved and, if not, what
the main lessons are to fill the strategic gap? This question will be addressed in five
chapters. The first chapter will provide the reader with the necessary background
information on these initiatives. Before concluding (Chapter 6), the following three
chapters will follow the inherent logic of the SDI strategy, i.e. economic investments are
crowded in (Chapter 3) through a facilitating and mediating role of government (Chapter
4) in order to solve employment and empowerment (Chapter 5). Each realm, i.e.
economic- political/institutional-and social, is evaluated on its contribution to the success
of the Spatial Development Initiative.
On the one hand it is difficult to say categorically whether or not there was a strategic fit,
because the strategic aims were not initially written out in measurable detail. If the aim
was to employ and to empower, while strengthening the institutions, we could
qualitatively discern only when institutional capacity building (like in Lubombo) was a
clear aim, that the resulting effect of the SDI strategy was significant.
The employment and empowerment efforts may have been more disappointing than
hoped for. But again this is difficult to discern because it may be too early to observe the
trickle down effects. Neither is it easy to measure the many achievements that were
recorded, and still then, they will probably look very relative because of the immensity of
the problem. In 2001 the South African Government acknowledged that it has failed in its
empowerment programme, while a Presidential Summit was convened in 1998 to search
for employment solutions. Against this background and given that not more effort is
made to measure the results of the efforts to create employment, has to indicate that the
SDIs have not left behind an impression of having performed well in terms of their
strategic aim. On the one hand this was because government strongly tended towards
attracting foreign investment while paying too little attention to the subsequent needs of
SMMEs. Moreover is there a need for an integrated and long-term development plan that
allows rational choices to be made. Nevertheless, the fact that evaluations are
commissioned and that government publicly admits a mistake could be the signs of a
learning organisation, which again is the start of a positive process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Inisiatiewe (ROI's) het die Departement Handel en Nywerheid
se amptelike beleid in 1995/96 geword om probleme soos werkloosheid en
swartbemagtiging deur middel van volhoubare ontwikkeling aan te spreek. Ons stel
gevolglik die vraag of die regering 'n strategiese plan gehad het waarbinne die ROI
inisiatief gepas het, of dit gewerk het en wat die lesse te leer is? Hierdie kwessie sal in
vyf hoofstukke aangespreek word. Die eerste hoofstuk voorsien die leser van die nodige
agtergrondinligting oor dergelike inisiatiewe. Die samevatting is hoofstuk ses, maar dit
word deur drie ander hoofdstukke voorafgegaan: 'n logiese beoordeling van die
ekonomiese determinante (hoofstuk drie), die fasiliterende rol van die regering (hoofstuk
vier) en die suksesse, al dan nie, van werkskepping en bemagtiging (hoofstuk vyf). Elke
tema word beoordeel in die lig van die vraag of dit bydra to die sukses van ROI's.
Aan die een kant is dit moeilik te verklaar of daar 'n strategiese plan was omdat so 'n
plan nie vooraf uiteengesit was nie. Indien dit die bedoeling was om werkgeleenthede te
skep en om bemagtiging te bevorder, sou mens slegs na enkele inisiatiewe hoef te kyk,
bv die Lubombo Plan. In so 'n geval was die suksesse tog beduidend. In die algemeen
was die werkverskaffings- en bemagtigingsresultate egter teleurstellend. Dit is moontlik
steeds te vroeg om 'n finale oordeel uit te spreek. Op hierdie stadium is dit geen
eenvoudige taak om prestasies in die lig van die groter problematiek te meet nie. Bv in
2001 het die regering bevestig dat bemagtigingsprogramme in die lig van die
presidensiele beraad van 1998, misluk het. Teen hierdie agtergrond word die indruk
geskep dat die ROI's moontlik nie hul strategiese doelwitte bereik het nie. Sedertdien het
die regering daarna gestrewe om buitelandse direkte investering na Suid-Afrika te lok
deur middel van privatisering en klein, mikro en medium ondernemings te vestig. Die
planne was moontlik meer suksesvol. Al hierdie inisiatiewe behoort in 'n enkele
langtermyn ontwikkelingsplan opgeneem te word sodat rasionele keuses gemaak kan
word. Dan sal daar duidelikheid wees oor die rol en plek van ROI's. Dit bestaan nog nie.
Nietemin doen die regering reeds beoordelings van hulle planne met die oog om dit te
hersien en die erkenning dat sekere planne nie hulle mikpunte bereik nie, is tekens
daarvan dat 'n leerproses aan die orde van die dag is wat tog 'n positiewe begin was.
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Regional hegemony as a tool for peace : an evaluation of South Africa’s role in regional developmentMandela, Babongile Thabile 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Southern Africa as a region requires a rallying point from where they can integrate and
mobilize their resources in order to create a security community, which acts both as a
deterrent to the outbreak of conflict and regional bloc to protect local industries from global
forces. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) does not have the strong
relationship which usually exists between states that share a common goal or interest. The
study argues that the lack of leadership within the region accounts for the weak cooperative
relationship that presently exists in Southern Africa.
This study argues that regionalization does not come about unless the states in a particular
region want it. It may come about through spontaneous or unintended convergence in terms
of political regime, economic policy or security, but often one can identify a triggering
political event which sets the process in motion. The study argues that the Development
Corridors apparent in Southern Africa can act as the triggering event and have the promise to
forge the most feasible cooperation amongst regional states. The phenomenon of Peace Parks
rooted in the Spatial Development Initiatives, offer a unique type of regional integration
embedded on traditional focal areas and Southern African Identity.
This study intends to analyze the potential ability of regional hegemony to foster peace
through development. The primary objective of this study consequently is to examine the role
of regional hegemonies as tools for peace; using South Africa’s hegemony in Southern Africa
as a case study. This study describes the importance of South Africa as a regional hegemon to
lead the process of creating a peaceful co-existence in SADC. To achieve the research
objectives the following questions have been formulated: What is South Africa’s role as a
development partner in Southern Africa? The second research question asks how the political
economy of regionalism is apparent in the Spatial Development Indicators (Development
Corridors). Specifically what contribution could Spatial Development Initiatives make
towards SADC’s regional integration objectives? The research questions provide an
impression of major socio-political developments looming in the region and also seek to
provide the required tools to analyze and understand what is going on in Southern Africa
today. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suider-Afrikaanse streek het ’n definitiewe behoefte om ‘n sentrale punt te identifiseer
waar beide integrasie kan plaasvind en hulpbronne gemobiliseer kan word om ’n veiligheids
gemeenskap te skep. Dit kan as ’n definitiewe teenvoeter dien vir die onstaan van konflik en
om plaaslike industrie te beskerm teen die soms negatiewe invloed van internasionale magte.
Die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings Gemeenskap (SAOG) het huidiglik nie ’n sterk
verhouding wat tussen state met gemeenskaplike doelwitte en belange heers nie. Die kern
argument van hierdie studie is dat die tekort aan leierskap binne die streek een van die
hoofoorsake is vir die algemene swak samewerking wat tans bestaan in Suider-Afrika.
Die studie argumenteer dat sogenaamde streeks/regionale integrasie nie tot stand kan kom
tensy die state in ’n spesifieke streek ’n definitiewe behoefte daartoe het nie. Dit kan wel
onstaan deur middel van ’n spontane samevloei van politieke regimes, ekonomiese beleid en
veiligheid. Daar is soms egter ’n spesifieke gebeurtenis wat die proses laat onstaan. Die
studie argumenteer dat die sogenaamde Ontwikkelings Deurgange (‘Development Corridors’)
wat tans in Suider-Afrika ontwikkel as ’n moontlike vertrekpunt gesien kan word wat die
beste kans bied om samewerking tussen state te bevorder. Die onstaan van Vredes Parke
(‘Peace Parks’) gevestig binne die Ontwikkelings Deurgange, bied ’n unieke vorm van
regionale integrasie in Suider-Afrika.
Hierdie studie het ten doel om die potensiële moontlikheid van regionale hegemonie om
vrede te bewerkstellig deur middel van ontwikkeling te ontleed. Die hoof doelwit van hierdie
studie is om die rol van regionale hegemonie as instrument van vrede te ontleed. Die studie
sal spesifiek die gevallestudie van Suid-Afrika se regionale hegemonie in Suider-Afrika
ondersoek. Hierdie studie beskryf die belangrikheid van Suid-Afrika as ’n streeks moondheid
om die leiding te neem om vreedsame samewerking binne die SAOG te bewerkstellig. Die
volgende belangrike vrae is in hierdie studie gestel: Wat is Suid-Afrika se rol as ’n
ontwikkelings-vennoot in Suider-Afrika? Die tweede vraag probeer vasstel tot watter mate
die politieke ekonomie van regionale samewerking tans bestaan in die Omgewings
Ontwikkelings Indikatore (die sogenaamde ‘Development Corridors’). Watter spesifieke
bydraes kan hierdie inisiatiewe lewer om die SAOG se regionale integrasie doelwitte te
bereik? Die vrae probeer ’n geheel indruk skep hoe die Omgewings-Ontwikkelings Inisiatiewe (‘Spatial Development Initiatives’) tans bydra om ’n beter begrip te skep van
huidige verwikkelinge in Suider-Afrika.
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