<p dir="ltr">The dissertation explored children’s shape composition and decomposition with Legos and how it can provide insights into their later computational thinking (CT). It emphasized the alignment between spatial reasoning and CT, particularly through the activities of identifying and fixing discrepancies in Lego structures. The research demonstrated first-grade students' ability to engage in spatial activities, offering a window into their potential CT processes. Current mathematics standards emphasize the need for activities that enhance spatial reasoning skills. Early spatial reasoning development, often through playful activities like Lego construction, plays a significant role in later academic success. The dissertation integrated several theoretical frameworks of spatial reasoning, including learning trajectories of shape composing, classification of spatial reasoning and the central conceptual structures of spatial reasoning. These frameworks provided a foundation for understanding how children develop spatial reasoning skills through construction play, aligning with CT practices. The study involved twelve first-grade students from a Midwestern elementary school. It employed a qualitative research design, consisting of an assessment session and two Lego sessions. The Lego sessions were designed to explore students' spatial reasoning and their ability to identify and fix discrepancies in Lego structures or in step-by-step building manuals, reflecting debugging in programming. Key findings included various strategies students used to identify and fix discrepancies in Lego structures, such as rotating, flipping, and rebuilding Lego bricks. Students struggled to coordinate multiple spatial features, especially when they need to use multiple reference points to fix the location of Lego bricks. The study revealed that students used symmetry and repeating patterns as strategies to identify discrepancies, suggesting an early form of loops, a key component of CT. Additionally, the strategies used were similar to those found in programming, indicating that spatial reasoning activities can support the development of debugging skills. The findings highlighted the importance of incorporating spatial reasoning activities in early education to support the development of CT skills. The alignment between mathematical practices and CT suggests that early exposure to spatial activities can lay the groundwork for more advanced CT skills including loops. This dissertation provided valuable insights into how children's interactions with Legos can serve as a window into their future computational thinking abilities. By focusing on the processes of identifying and fixing discrepancies, the research bridged the gap between spatial reasoning and CT, offering practical implications for educators aiming to integrate CT into early childhood education.</p>

Le paysage numérique de la culture française et mondiale subit de grands bouleversements depuis une quinzaine d’années avec des mutations historiques des médias, de leur format traditionnel au format numérique, tirant avantageusement parti des nouveaux moyens de communication et des dispositifs mobiles aujourd’hui popularisés. Aux côtés de formes culturelles ayant achevé, ou étant en passe d’achever, leur transition vers le numérique, la bande dessinée tâtonne encore pour trouver sa place dans l’espace du tout dématérialisé. En parallèle de l’émergence de jeunes auteurs créant spécifiquement pour ces nouveaux supports de lecture que sont ordinateurs, tablettes et smartphones, plusieurs acteurs du monde socio-économique s’intéressent à la valorisation du patrimoine existant. Les efforts se concentrent autant sur une démarche d’adaptation des œuvres aux nouveaux paradigmes de lecture que sur celle d’une indexation de leur contenu facilitant la recherche d’informations dans des bases d’albums numérisés ou dans des collections d’œuvres rares. La problématique est double, il s’agit premièrement d’être en mesure d’identifier la structure d’une planche de bande dessinée en se basant sur des extractions de primitives, issues d’une analyse d’image, validées et corrigées grâce à l’action conjointe de deux ontologies, la première manipulant les extractions d’images bas-niveau, la deuxième modélisant les règles de composition classiques de la bande dessinée franco-belge. Dans un second temps l’accent est mis sur l’enrichissement sémantique des éléments identifiés comme composants individuels d’une planche en s’appuyant sur les relations spatiales qu’ils entretiennent les uns avec les autres ainsi que sur leurs caractéristiques physiques intrinsèques. Ces annotations peuvent porter sur des éléments seuls (place d’une case dans la séquence de lecture) ou sur des liens entre éléments (texte prononcé par un personnage). / Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the cultural industry, both in France and worldwide, has been through a massive and historical mutation. They have had to adapt to the emerging digital technology represented by the Internet and the new handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets. Although some industries successfully transfered a piece of their activity to the digital market and are about to find a sound business model, the comic books industry keeps looking for the right solution and has not yet produce anything as convincing as the music or movie offers. While many new young authors and writers use their creativity to produce specifically digital designed pieces of art, some other minds are focused on the preservation and the development of the already existing heritage. So far, efforts have been concentrated on the transfer from printed to digital support, with a special attention given to their specific features and how they can be used to create new reading conventions. There has also been some concerns about the content indexing, which is a hard task regarding the large amount of data created since the very beginning of the comics history. From a scientific point of view, there are several issues related to these goals. First, it implies to be able to identify the underlying structure of a comic books page. This comes through the extraction of the page's components, their validation and their correction based on the representation and reasoning capacities of two ontologies. The first one focus on the representation of the image analysis concepts and the second one represents the comic books domain knowledge. Secondly, a special attention is given to the semantic enhancement of the extracted elements, based on their spatial relations to each others and on their own characteristics. These annotations can be related to elements only (e.g. the position of a panel in the reading sequence), or to the bound between several elements (e.g. the text pronounced by a character).

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In recent years, the potential benefits of high-throughput virtual screening to the drug discovery community have been recognized, bringing an increase in the number of tools developed for this purpose. These programs have to process large quantities of data, searching for an optimal solution in a vast combinatorial range. This is particularly the case for protein-ligand docking, since proteins are sophisticated structures with complicated interactions for which either molecule might reshape itself. Even the very limited flexibility model to be considered here, using ligand conformation ensembles, requires six dimensions of exploration - three translations and three rotations - per rigid conformation. The functions for evaluating pose suitability can also be complex to calculate. Consequently, the programs being written for these biochemical simulations are extremely resource-intensive. This work introduces a pure computer science approach to the field, developing techniques to improve the effectiveness of such tools. Their architecture is generalized to an abstract pattern of nested layers for discussion, covering scoring functions, search methods, and screening overall. Based on this, new stratagems for molecular docking software design are described, including lazy or partial evaluation, geometric analysis, and parallel processing implementation. In addition, a range of novel algorithms are presented for applications such as active site detection with linear complexity (PIES) and small molecule shape description (PASTRY) for pre-alignment of ligands. The various stratagems are assessed individually and in combination, using several modified versions of an existing docking program, to demonstrate their benefit to virtual screening in practical contexts. In particular, the importance of appropriate precision in calculations is highlighted.