Cognitive Map Theory (O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978) posits that spatial behavior can reflect locale or taxon strategies. Only locale strategies depend on cognitive maps, and learning recruited by these strategies is unlike associative learning (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Mackintosh, 1975), which is prevalent in the taxon system. Associative learning phenomena like the blocking effect (Kamin, 1969) should therefore not occur during acquisition of cognitive maps. Contrary to this prediction, blocking effects have been demonstrated in spatial learning (e.g., Biegler & Morris, 1999; Chamizo, Sterio, & Mackintosh, 1985; Hamilton & Sutherland, 1999), and have been generally interpreted as evidence against cognitive map theory. Here we provide evidence suggesting that taxon and not locale strategies were promoted in these experiments, and we ask which factors determine whether taxon or locale strategies control spatial behavior in a computer-implementation of a widely used spatial task (Morris Water Maze; Morris, 1981). We isolated two factors relevant for spatial strategy choice in human spatial learning that are both related to the individual’s preexisting knowledge, namely conceptual knowledge about the distal cues, and knowledge about the task affordances. The blocking effect was used as an index for locale or taxon learning. We found that taxon strategies were more likely for abstract distal cues, while concrete cues promoted locale strategies – blocking was present for the former, but not the latter. When subjects were aware that the distal cues predicted locations, locale, and not taxon strategies were recruited, such that blocking was not observed. Spatial strategy choice appears to be largely driven by interindividual differences, and can therefore not be easily predicted a priori. Our findings cannot be explained by associative learning theories, but provide strong support for cognitive map theory and the position that multiple behavioral systems exist in the brain.

Prédateurs et proies sont entraînés dans une course spatiale où les prédateurs cherchent à sélectionner les zones du paysage avec une forte disponibilité en proies alors que les proies tentent d’éviter les zones du paysage avec une forte probabilité de rencontrer un prédateur. Ils procèdent incessamment à de nombreux choix susceptibles de modifier l’issue de cette course. Ainsi, en sélectionnant des endroits différents, ils peuvent tenter d'altérer les probabilités de détection, de rencontre ou encore la probabilité de réussite d’une attaque. De nombreuses études empiriques montrent l’importance de l’habitat dans ces choix. On connaît par contre peu les mécanismes de recherche (par les prédateurs) ou d’évitement (par les proies) qui ne seraient pas relatifs à l’habitat. La course spatiale ne résume cependant pas entièrement l’interaction entre prédateurs et proies, laquelle dépend de nombreux comportements non-spatiaux. La vigilance et la socialité des proies constituent des défenses relativement répandues. On a aussi fréquemment observé de nombreux exemples où les proies deviennent actives à un autre moment de la journée pour échapper à leur prédateur. Cependant, on connaît relativement peu les interactions de ces comportements avec la dimension spatiale du jeu proie-prédateur. Dans cette thèse, j'ai pour objectif de combler ces différents manques. Dans le premier chapitre, je propose un modèle théorique montrant l’importance de la prise en compte des comportements spatiaux dans l’interaction classique entre vigilance et taille de groupe chez les proies. Dans le second chapitre, je présente un mécanisme d’évitement des prédateurs par les proies, s'appuyant sur les ancres spatiales et temporelles des prédateurs et ne dépendant pas de l’habitat. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, je développe un modèle de choix de parcelles permettant de prévoir comment les connaissances passées sont susceptibles d'être utilisées pour orienter les déplacements. Ce modèle rappelle notamment l’importance de l’imprévisibilité du déplacement dans le jeu prédateur-proie. Ces différents travaux se placent dans le cadre d’une écologie comportementale du paysage et visent à intégrer des mécanismes comportementaux dans l’étude des dynamiques écologiques à l’échelle du paysage. / Predators and prey engage into a space race where predators seek to select areas with high prey availability while prey try to avoid areas with a high probability of encountering a predator. Predators and prey continuously make choices that can alter the outcome of this space race. For example, by using different locations in the landscape, they can alter the probability of an encounter, the probabilities of detection or the probability of success of an attack. Many empirical studies show the importance of habitat in these choices. On the other hand, little is known about avoidance by prey or predator search strategies that would be unrelated to habitat. The space race, however, does not fully summarize the interaction between predators and prey, which also depends on many non-spatial behaviors. The vigilance and grouping behaviour of prey are relatively common defenses, and there are many examples where prey become active at another time of day to escape their predator. However, it is still unclear how those behaviors interact with the spatial dimension of the prey-predator game. In this thesis, I will try to fill these gaps. In the first chapter, I propose a theoretical model showing the importance of accounting for spatial behaviors when studying the classical interaction between vigilance and group size in prey. In the second chapter, I present a mechanism of predator avoidance by prey, relying on the spatial and temporal anchors of predators and independent on the habitat. Finally, in the last chapter, I develop a patch selection model to predict how past information should be used to determine movement. This model emphasize the importance of movement unpredictability in the predator-prey game. These different works are part of a behavioral ecology of the landscape and aim to integrate behavioral mechanisms in the study of ecological dynamics at the landscape scale.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T12:29:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Onofre Pereira Aurélio Neto - 2018.pdf: 12444183 bytes, checksum: 8d19ae06f16c288d567cca804d742989 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T13:22:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Onofre Pereira Aurélio Neto - 2018.pdf: 12444183 bytes, checksum: 8d19ae06f16c288d567cca804d742989 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T13:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Onofre Pereira Aurélio Neto - 2018.pdf: 12444183 bytes, checksum: 8d19ae06f16c288d567cca804d742989 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study is an analysis of Brazil's participation in the global meat market (beef, pork and chicken) and the emergence of Brazilian multinationals in the meatpacking sector, considering each stage of the internationalization process: national distribution, export, commercial offices, foreign production/distribution units and network organization. In this context, the study covers the JBS, Marfrig, Minerva and BRF case studies, and their trajectory from single location servicing national distribution to the multilocational expansion of these companies on a global scale. The study was based on bibliographic and documental research, with survey and treatment of secondary data, being the quantitative research allied with the case study and fieldwork in operational units (subsidiaries) in Brazil and abroad. In order to understand Brazil's competitiveness in relation to the production and export of meat as a commodity, it considers the logistics of exporting this product, identifying the means of transportation, ports and destination markets. Despite the bottlenecks within exportation logistics and the trade barriers faced by Brazilian products, it was found that Brazil is competitive in the international meat trade, with further potential to increase its participation in the global marketplace. To realize this potential, the country needs to reduce the operational obstacles inherent to internal logistics, through the creation of new export corridors and the deconcentration of ports. Despite being a so-called "global market," it has been found that this is a competitive environment, permeated by trade barriers that restrict access to commodities in some of the world's major markets. Some Brazilian companies in the meatpacking sector have opted to move forward in the internationalization process through direct foreign investment, acquiring operating units outside of Brazil, characterizing them as multinationals. As such, in the cases studied, the acquisitions and construction of overseas production units have been shown to form part of these companies' spatial strategy, to overcome trade barriers and increase operational revenue and their share in the world market. In turn, this network organization of Brazilian meat multinationals enables head offices to control their subsidiaries and favors the expansion of their operating markets, through establishing commercial contracts on a global scale. In this way, JBS, Marfrig, Minerva and BRF challenged the traditional order of the global economy and were able to compete directly with foreign companies in their own markets. In addition, these companies facilitated the integration between spaces which were otherwise considered disconnected, through their production and commercialization circuits. / Esta Tese analisa a participação do Brasil no mercado mundial de carnes (bovina, suína e de frango) e o surgimento das multinacionais brasileiras do setor frigorífico, de acordo com as etapas da internacionalização: territorialidade nacional, exportação, escritórios comerciais, unidades de produção/distribuição no território estrangeiro e a organização em rede. Assim, a pesquisa adentra no estudo de caso da JBS, Marfrig, Minerva e BRF, desde a simples localização e a territorialidade nacional até a multilocalização dessas empresas em escala global. O trabalho fundamentou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com levantamento e tratamento de dados secundários, sendo a pesquisa quantitativa aliada ao estudo de caso e trabalho de campo em unidades operacionais no Brasil e no exterior. Para compreender a competitividade do país em relação à produção e exportação da commodity carne, abordou-se a logística de exportação desse produto a partir do território brasileiro, com a identificação dos modais, dos portos e mercados de destino. Apesar dos gargalos existentes na logística de exportação e do produto nacional enfrentar barreiras comerciais, verificou-se que o Brasil apresenta competitividade no comércio internacional de carnes, tendo ainda potencial para ampliar a sua participação no mercado mundial. Para tanto, o país precisa diminuir os obstáculos operacionais existentes na logística interna, por meio da criação de novos corredores de exportação e da desconcentração de portos. Apesar da expressão “mercado mundial”, verificou-se que esse é um ambiente competitivo e permeado por barreiras comerciais que restringem o acesso de commodities em alguns dos principais mercados do mundo. Algumas empresas brasileiras do setor frigorífico optaram por avançar no processo de internacionalização com o investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE), adquirindo unidades operacionais fora do território nacional, o que as caracterizam como multinacionais. De tal modo, as aquisições e construções de unidades de produção (UP) no exterior revelaram-se como parte da estratégia espacial das empresas pesquisadas para driblar barreiras comerciais, aumentar a receita operacional e a participação no mercado mundial. Por sua vez, a organização em rede das multinacionais brasileiras da carne permite o controle das filias pela sede e favorece a expansão de seus mercados de atuação, com o estabelecimento de acordos comerciais em escala global. Deste modo, a JBS, Marfrig, Minerva e BRF desafiaram a ordem tradicional da economia mundial e passaram a concorrer diretamente com empresas estrangeiras em seus próprios mercados. Além disso, essas empresas promoveram a integração entre espaços aparentemente desconexos, por meios de circuitos de produção e comercialização.