Evaporation plays an important role in the water balance on a different spatial scale. However, its direct and indirect measurements are globally scarce and accurate estimations are a challenging task. Thus the correct process approximation in modelling of the terrestrial evaporation plays a crucial part. A physically based 1D lumped soil–plant–atmosphere model (BROOK90) is applied to study the role of parameter selection and meteorological input for modelled evaporation on the point scale. Then, with the integration of the model into global, regional and local frameworks, we made cross-combinations out of their parameterization and forcing schemes to show and analyse their roles in the estimations of the evaporation. Five sites with different land uses (grassland, cropland, deciduous broadleaf forest, two evergreen needleleaf forests) located in Saxony, Germany, were selected for the study. All tested combinations showed a good agreement with FLUXNET measurements (Kling–Gupta efficiency, KGE, values 0.35–0.80 for a daily scale). For most of the sites, the best results were found for the calibrated model with in situ meteorological input data, while the worst was observed for the global setup. The setups' performance in the vegetation period was much higher than for the winter period. Among the tested setups, the model parameterization showed higher spread in performance than meteorological forcings for fields and evergreen forests sites, while the opposite was noticed in deciduous forests. Analysis of the of evaporation components revealed that transpiration dominates (up to 65 %–75 %) in the vegetation period, while interception (in forests) and soil/snow evaporation (in fields) prevail in the winter months. Finally, it was found that different parameter sets impact model performance and redistribution of evaporation components throughout the whole year, while the influence of meteorological forcing was evident only in summer months.

Depuis de nombreuses années, les évaluations de la faune circulante au sein de l’estuaire de la Gironde s’appuient sur plusieurs dispositifs de suivis ichtyologiques, chroniques de pêches scientifiques et professionnelles. Cependant, ces approches conventionnelles nécessitent souvent un échantillonnage conséquent, restent ponctuelles dans le temps, spatialement limitées et destructrices. Tester la mise en œuvre d’un suivi acoustique prend ainsi toute son sens et son intérêt. Plus largement appliqué en milieux marin et lacustre, cette approche reste encore rarement utilisée en estuaires. En raison de l’extrême variabilité intrinsèque de ce type d’écosystème, la mise en œuvre de cet outil est un réel défi. En s’appuyant sur la connaissance préalablement acquise, une réflexion méthodologique approfondie a été menée pour définir des stratégies d’échantillonnage acoustiques afin d’optimiser la récolte de ce type de données. Plusieurs stratégies acoustiques ont d’abord été testées en tenant compte de la complexité et de la taille importante de l’écosystème étudié. La pertinence de ces données recueillies a ensuite été confrontée aux données des pêches scientifiques. Enfin, l’hydroacoustique a été mis à profit pour répondre à des questions sur la dynamique ichtyologique à des échelles spatiales et temporelles plus fines notamment pour étudier les influences tidales et nycthémérales. Ce travail démontre qu’il est possible de mettre en place un suivi acoustique des peuplements ichtyologiques pour un estuaire comme la Gironde. Comme outil complémentaire aux approches traditionnelles, l’hydroacoustique ouvre un large champ de possibilités pour appréhender la biocénose piscicole pour les milieux estuariens. / For many years, assessments of fish densities within the Gironde estuary have been based on a number of different fish monitoring techniques, as well as professional and scientific surveys. However, these approaches are often destructive. They require substantial sampling, and are limited from the points of view of both time and space. With this in mind, the benefits of non-invasive acoustic monitoring are clear. While such methods are often used in lakes and other marine environments, they have yet to be widely applied to shallow-water areas, in particular estuaries. Applying an acoustic approach to this kind of intrinsically changeable environment represents a real challenge. In this research project, an in-depth methodological study was carried out to determine the optimum way of applying acoustic sampling. Several acoustic monitoring strategies were then tested, keeping in mind the size and complexity of the ecosystem under investigation. The results of these tests were then checked for relevance against data from scientific fisheries. Finally, hydroacoustics was used to examine fish dynamics at finer spatial and temporal scales, notably in the study of diurnal and tidal influences. The results of this study show that it is possible to use acoustic monitoring to complement traditional methods of estimating fish populations in estuarine areas, and that the use of such a combination opens up a broad range of new possibilities.