The human brain consists of billions of neurons and these neurons pool together in groups at different scales. On one hand, these neural entities tend to behave as single units and on the other hand show collective macroscopic patterns of activity. The neural units communicate with each other and process information over time. This communication is through small electrical impulses which at the macroscopic scale are measurable as brain waves. The electric field that is produced collectively by macroscopic groups of neurons within the brain can be measured on the surface of the skull via a brain imaging modality called Electroencephalography (EEG). The brain as a neural system has variant connection topology, in which an area might not only be connected to its adjacent neighbors homogeneously but also distant areas can directly transfer brain activity [16]. Timing of these brain activity communications between different neural units bring up overall emerging spatiotemporal patterns. The dynamics of these patterns and formation of neural activities in cortical surface is influenced by the presence of long-range connections between heterogeneous neural units. Brain activity at large-scale is thought to be involved in the information processing and the implementation of cognitive functions of the brain. This research aims to determine how the spatiotemporal pattern formation phenomena in the brain depend on its connection topology. This connection topology consists of homogeneous connections in local cortical areas alongside the couplings between distant functional units as heterogeneous connections. Homogeneous connectivity or synaptic weight distribution representing the large-scale anatomy of cortex is assumed to depend on the Euclidean distance between interacting neural units. Altering characteristics of inhomogeneous pathways as control parameters guide the brain pattern formation through phase transitions at critical points. In this research, linear stability analysis is applied to a macroscopic neural field in a one-dimensional circular and a twodimensional spherical model of the brain in order to find destabilization mechanism and subsequently emerging patterns. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are the only cetacean residents found year-round in Swedish waters. Since in situ monitoring of cetaceans can be difficult, invasive and often costly, strandings can be used as a cost-effective alternative to continuously collect data on these elusive animals. In this study, spatiotemporal patterns, and their possible underlying causes, of harbour porpoise stranding reports in Swedish waters are investigated over the ten-year period of 2014–2023. When making spatial comparisons, for management purposes, the ten-year period is divided into two, 2014–2018 and 2019–2023. Data on 854 stranded harbour porpoises were analysed from the coasts of the Skagerrak, Kattegat, and Baltic Seas. Both significant spatial and temporal patterns could be identified, with strandings peaking in July to September and with hotspots occurring along most of the Swedish west coast, with the most frequent hotspots located around Öresund and especially the area around Kullen peninsula. The spatial patterns of strandings found in this study reflect data on porpoise abundance, prey abundance, and gillnet fisheries effort. The latter is known to be one of the primary causes of porpoise mortality. Furthermore, the coverage of the Swedish stranding network is analysed. While coverage of the stranding network overall has increased over the period, some areas still lack sufficient coverage, including the coast of Falkenberg, southern Gothenburg, northern Halmstad and certain areas around Lommabukten, north of Malmö. With this, we conclude that harbour porpoise strandings in Sweden show distinct spatiotemporal patterns that can be used as baselines for management and monitoring of these small cetaceans.

No description available.

L'émergence de mouvements cohérents à grande échelle a été abondamment observée dans les populations animales (nuées d'oiseaux, bancs de poissons, essaims de bactéries...) et plus récemment au sein de systèmes artificiels. De tels ensembles d'individus auto-propulsés, susceptibles d'aligner leurs vitesses, présentent des propriétés physiques singulières. Cette thèse théorique étudie divers aspects de ces systèmes actifs polaires.Dans un premier temps, nous avons modélisé une population de colloïdes auto-propulsés. En étroite association avec les travaux expérimentaux, nous avons décrit la dynamique du niveau individuel à l'échelle macroscopique. Les résultats théoriques expliquent l'émergence et la structure de motifs cohérents : (i) transition vers le mouvement collectif, (ii) propagation de structures spatiales polarisées, (iii) amortissement des fluctuations de densité dans un liquide polaire, (iv) vortex hétérogène dans des géométries confinées.D'un point de vue plus fondamental, nous avons ensuite étudié les excitations non linéaires qui se propagent dans les systèmes actifs polaires. L'analyse des théories hydrodynamiques de la matière active, à l'aide d'outils issus des systèmes dynamiques, a permis de rationaliser les observations expérimentales et numériques reportées jusqu'ici.Enfin, nous avons proposé une approche complémentaire pour caractériser les populations actives. Associant étude numérique et résultats analytiques, nous avons étudié les propriétés géométriques des trajectoires individuelles, ainsi que leur enchevêtrement au sein de groupes tridimensionnels. Ces observables pourraient permettre de sonder efficacement la dynamique de populations animales. / The emergence of coherent motion at large scale has been widely observed in animal populations (bird flocks, fish schools, bacterial swarms...) and more recently in artificial systems. Such ensembles of self-propelled individuals, capable of aligning their velocities, are commonly referred to as polar active materials. They display unique physical properties, which we investigate in this theoretical thesis.We first describe a population of self-propelled colloids. In strong connection with the experiments, we model the dynamics from the individual level to the macroscopic scale. The theoretical results account for the emergence and the structure of coherent patterns: (i)~transition to collective motion, (ii)~propagation of polar spatial structures, (iii)~damping of density fluctuations in a polar liquid, (iv)~heterogeneous vortex in confined geometries.We then follow a more formal perspective, and study the non-linear excitations which propagate in polar active systems. We analyze the hydrodynamic theories of active matter using a dynamical-system framework. This approach makes it possible to rationalize the experimental and numerical observations reported so far.Finally, we propose a complementary approach to characterize active populations. Combining numerical and analytical results, we study the geometric properties of the individual trajectories and their entanglement within three-dimensional flocks. We suggest that these observables should provide powerful tools to describe animal flocks in the wild.

This thesis is a contribution to the formalisation of the notion of an agent within the class of finite multivariate Markov chains. In accordance with the literature agents are are seen as entities that act, perceive, and are goaldirected. We present a new measure that can be used to identify entities (called i-entities). The intuition behind this is that entities are spatiotemporal patterns for which every part makes every other part more probable. The measure, complete local integration (CLI), is formally investigated within the more general setting of Bayesian networks. It is based on the specific local integration (SLI) which is measured with respect to a partition. CLI is the minimum value of SLI over all partitions. Upper bounds are constructively proven and a possible lower bound is proposed. We also prove a theorem that shows that completely locally integrated spatiotemporal patterns occur as blocks in specific partitions of the global trajectory. Conversely we can identify partitions of global trajectories for which every block is completely locally integrated. These global partitions are the finest partitions that achieve a SLI less or equal to their own SLI. We also establish the transformation behaviour of SLI under permutations of the nodes in the Bayesian network. We then go on to present three conditions on general definitions of entities. These are most prominently not fulfilled by sets of random variables i.e. the perception-action loop, which is often used to model agents, is too restrictive a setting. We instead propose that any general entity definition should in effect specify a subset of the set of all spatiotemporal patterns of a given multivariate Markov chain. Any such definition will then define what we call an entity set. The set of all completely locally integrated spatiotemporal patterns is one example of such a set. Importantly the perception-action loop also naturally induces such an entity set. We then propose formal definitions of actions and perceptions for arbitrary entity sets. We show that these are generalisations of notions defined for the perception-action loop by plugging the entity-set of the perception-action loop into our definitions. We also clearly state the properties that general entity-sets have but the perception-action loop entity set does not. This elucidates in what way we are generalising the perception-action loop. Finally we look at some very simple examples of bivariate Markov chains. We present the disintegration hierarchy, explain it via symmetries, and calculate the i-entities. Then we apply our definitions of perception and action to these i-entities.

La maladie de Lyme est une problématique d’actualité au Québec. Son émergence depuis la dernière décennie est vraisemblablement associée à des facteurs environnementaux et anthropiques qui favorisent la survie d’Ixodes scapularis et augmentent les risques d’exposition à ce vecteur de la maladie de Lyme. L’objectif de ce mémoire était d’estimer la vitesse et la direction de l’émergence de la maladie de Lyme au Québec et d’identifier les risques spatiotemporels. Une analyse de surface de tendance a été effectuée pour estimer la vitesse et la direction de son émergence en tenant compte du premier cas déclaré de maladie de Lyme pour chaque municipalité depuis 2004. Une analyse d’agrégats a aussi été effectuée pour identifier les régions à risque dans l’espace et le temps. Ces analyses ont été réalisées à la fois pour la date du début des symptômes et la date de déclaration de chaque cas de maladie de Lyme. Il est estimé que la maladie de Lyme se propage vers le nord du Québec à une vitesse variant entre 16 et 32 km/année selon la date de déclaration et la date de début des symptômes, respectivement. Un taux élevé de risque de maladie a été identifié dans sept agrégats au sud-ouest du Québec dans les régions sociosanitaires de la Montérégie et de l’Estrie. Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude amélioreront notre compréhension des patrons spatiotemporels de la maladie de Lyme au Québec, et pourront être utilisés dans des interventions proactives et ciblées par les autorités cliniques et de la santé publique. / Lyme disease is a current public health threat in Quebec. Its emergence over the last decade is likely caused by environmental and anthropological factors that favour the survival of Ixodes scapularis and increase the risk of exposure to this Lyme disease vector. The objective of this thesis was to estimate the speed and direction of Lyme disease emergence in Quebec and to identify spatiotemporal risk. A surface trend analysis was conducted to estimate the speed and direction of its emergence based upon the first detected case of Lyme disease in each municipality since 2004. A cluster analysis was also conducted to identify at-risk regions across space and time. These analyses were reproduced for the date of disease onset and date of notification for each case of Lyme disease. It was estimated that Lyme disease is spreading northward in Quebec at a speed varying between 16 and 32 km/year according to the date of notification and the date of disease onset, respectively. A high rate of disease risk was found in seven clusters identified in the south-west of Quebec in the sociosanitary regions of Montérégie and Estrie. The results obtained in this study improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of Lyme disease in Quebec, that can be used for proactive, targeted interventions by public and clinical health authorities.

Tous les réseaux de neurones immatures génèrent une activité dite « spontanée »qui persiste même en l’absence de toute afférence et est impliquée dans de nombreux processus développementaux. Cette activité apparaît in vitro sous formes de vagues calciques ou électriques pouvant se propager sur de grandes distances et embraser toute la préparation. Toutefois, sa dynamique a été assez peu étudiée jusqu’à présent. En vue de combler quelque peu cette lacune, nous avons utilisé des matrices de microélectrodes (MEA) pour caractériser l’activité rythmique spontanée dans la moelle épinière embryonnaire de souris, sur des préparations aigues et en culture incluant également le tronc cérébral.Les enregistrements MEA produisent des volumes de données très importants qui nécessitent des outils d’analyse performants et adaptés à l’information que l’on souhaite extraire. Nous avons donc développé des méthodes pour la détection, la classification et la cartographie des patrons spatiotemporels d’activité dans les données multicanaux. Notre approche cartographique utilise l’interpolation par splines et est orientée vers la production de cartes multimodales combinant l’activité électrique et des données anatomiques ou biochimiques (marquages). Ces méthodes d’analyse nous ont permis de décrire très précisément l’évolution de l’activité spontanée aux stades précoces (E12.5–E15.5). Nous avons également montré que, à E14.5, l’activité est initiée dans le bulbe, plus précisément dans une région riche en neurones 5-HT, suggérant un nouveau rôle des voies sérotoninergiques descendantes dans la maturation des réseaux spinaux.Enfin, nous avons analysé les mouvements embryonnaires à E14.5 et avons découvert des caractéristiques analogues à la dynamiques spatiotemporelle des activités intraspinales. / Immature neural networks generate a peculiar type of activity that persists even in the absence of electrical inputs and was termed for this reason “endogenous”or “spontaneous”. This activity is ubiquitous and was found involved in a wide range of developmental events. In vitro, it can be observed as calcium or electrical waves propagating over great distances, often invading the whole preparation,but its dynamics remain poorly described. In order to somewhat fill this gap,we used multielectrode arrays (MEAs) to characterise the spontaneous rhythmic activity in the mouse developing spinal cord, in both acute and cultured isolated hindbrain-spinal cord preparations.To extract relevant information from the massive amounts of data yielded by MEA recordings, adapted analysis tools are needed. Thus, we have developedmethods for the detection, classification and mapping of spatiotemporal patternsof activity in multichannel data. Our mapping approach is based on the thin plates pline interpolation and includes the possibility to combine maps of activity with anatomical or stained data for multimodal imaging.These methods allowed us to analyse in great detail the evolution of spontaneousactivity at early stages (E12.5–E15.5). In addition, we have localised theinitiation site of E14.5 activity in the medulla and shown that it matches a densemidline population of serotoninergic neurons, suggesting a new role for 5-HTpathways in the maturation of spinal networks. Finally, we have recorded andtracked spontaneous limb movements of E14.5 embryos and found that features of motility were consistent with patterns of spinal activity.