Orientador: Kenneth Elmer Collins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:06:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amgarten_DioneRodrigues_M.pdf: 671991 bytes, checksum: cf94e99a89e166c1a60e3e1210bee361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A determinação do volume específico de poros (sV) de sílicas cromatográficas do tipo CLAE é importante porque o sV e uma característica fundamental da sílica que se relaciona diretamente aos parâmetros importantes (tamanho de poro e área superficial) para aplicações cromatográficas. A determinação do sV é normalmente feita por aparelhos de adsorção/dessorção de nitrogênio (baixas temperaturas: ~75K)) e de intrusão de mercúrio (alta pressão). A instrumentação usada nestes procedimentos é bastante cara e requer operadores bem treinados. Por isso, o objetivo deste projeto foi desenvolver um procedimento relativamente rápido, confiável, de baixo custo e que pudesse ser realizado, por estudantes e técnicos com um treinamento especial mínimo, em qualquer laboratório. Começando com um procedimento de adsorção volumétrica, publicado na literatura, um novo procedimento de dessorção gravimétrica que usa a mesma amostra várias vezes (reciclagem) para obter determinações estatisticamente confiáveis foi desenvolvido. As influências da umidade e da mudança do líquido volátil utilizado foram avaliadas. Os resultados mostraram que independente do líquido volátil utilizado, o valor de sV é preciso e se encontra bem próximo dos valores obtidos pelos procedimentos instrumentais convencionais. O procedimento requer aproximadamente de 6-8 horas para 1-5 determinações. O procedimento pode ser empregado no próprio ambiente do laboratório sem interferência da umidade do ambiente. Comparações com os outros procedimentos mostram que os valores de sV obtidos são precisos e provavelmente mais exatos do que os fornecidos por estes outros / Abstract: The determination of the specific pore volume (sV) of chromatographic silicas of the type used in HPLC is important because the sV is a fundamental characteristic of the silica which relates directly to parameters (pore size and surface area) important to chromatography applications. The determination of sV is usually made by means of adsorption/desorption of nitrogen at low temperature (~75K) or of intrusion of mercury at high pressure. The instrumentation for these procedures are quite expensive, and require well trained operators. Therefore, the objective this project was to developed a relatively fast and reliable procedure, of low cost that could be accomplished at any laboratory by students or technicians with a minimum of special training. Starting with a volumetric adsorption procedure published in the literature a new gravimetric desorption procedure was developed which uses the same sample several times (recycling) to obtain statistically confident determinations. The influences of the humidity and of the choice of volatile liquid used in the desorption from silica were evaluated. The results show that, independent of the volatile liquid used, the sV value is precise and in close agreement with values obtained by the conventional instrumental procedures. The procedure requires about 6-8 hours to make 1-5 determinations in parallel. The procedure can be employed in a laboratory environment with neglible interference from ambient humidity. Comparisons with the other procedures show thet the sV values obtained are at least as precise and are probably as accurate as they are / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Nanoporous carbons have become a material of interest in many applications such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (supercapacitors). Supercapacitors are being studied for their potential in storing electrical energy storage from intermittent sources and in use as power sources that can be charged rapidly. However, a lack of understanding of the charge storage mechanism within a supercapacitor makes it difficult to optimize them. Two components of this challenge are the difficulties in experimentally characterizing the sub-nanoporous structure of carbon electrode materials and the electrical performance of the supercapacitors. This work provides a means to accurately characterize the porous structure of sub-nanoporus carbon materials and identifies the current limitations in characterizing the electrical performance of a supercapacitor cell. Future work may focus on the relationship between the sub-nano porous structure of the carbon electrode and the capacitance of supercapacitors, and on the elucidation of charge storage mechanisms.

Nanoporous carbons have become a material of interest in many applications such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (supercapacitors). Supercapacitors are being studied for their potential in storing electrical energy storage from intermittent sources and in use as power sources that can be charged rapidly. However, a lack of understanding of the charge storage mechanism within a supercapacitor makes it difficult to optimize them. Two components of this challenge are the difficulties in experimentally characterizing the sub-nanoporous structure of carbon electrode materials and the electrical performance of the supercapacitors. This work provides a means to accurately characterize the porous structure of sub-nanoporus carbon materials and identifies the current limitations in characterizing the electrical performance of a supercapacitor cell. Future work may focus on the relationship between the sub-nano porous structure of the carbon electrode and the capacitance of supercapacitors, and on the elucidation of charge storage mechanisms.

Self-activation is a process that takes advantage of the gases emitted from the pyrolysis process of biomass to activate the converted carbon. The pyrolytic gases from the biomass contain CO2 and H2O, which can be used as activating agents. As two common methods, both of physical activation using CO2 and chemical activation using ZnCl2 introduce additional gas (CO2) or chemical (ZnCl2), in which the CO2 emission from the activation process or the zinc compound removal by acid from the follow-up process will cause environmental concerns. In comparison with these conventional activation processes, the self-activation process could avoid the cost of activating agents and is more environmentally friendly, since the exhaust gases (CO and H2) can be used as fuel or feedstock for the further synthesis in methanol production. In this research, many types of biomass were successfully converted into activated carbon through the self-activation process. An activation model was developed to describe the changes of specific surface area and pore volume during the activation. The relationships between the activating temperature, dwelling time, yield, specific surface area, and specific pore volume were detailed investigated. The highest specific surface area and pore volume of the biomass-derived activated carbon through the self-activation process were up to 2738 m2 g-1 and 2.209 cm3 g-1, respectively. Moreover, the applications of the activated carbons from the self-activation process have been studied, including lithium-ion battery (LIB) manufacturing, water cleaning, oil absorption, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding.