Les échantillons archivés dans les banques d'échantillons de l’environnement (Environmental Specimen Banks en anglais, ESB) sont, parmi les échantillons disponibles pour effectuer des recherches sur l'environnement, les mieux caractérisés géographiquement et issues de longues séries chronologiques. Le mercure (Hg) est un métal lourd hautement toxique et très répandu qui reste l'un des contaminants majeur de l'environnement; les ESB ont joué un rôle de premier plan dans les recherches effectuées sur ce dernier. Ce travail de thèse résume et discute dans un premier temps les modes d’emplois classiques des ESB pour l'étude du mercure dans les écosystèmes aquatiques. Une étude, issue du projet “Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project” (STAMP), est ainsi présentée pour illustrer comment les œufs d'oiseaux marins peuvent être utilisés pour surveiller les concentrations en Hg environnemental dans les écosystèmes marins subarctique et Arctique. Ce travail présente également un panel d’échantillons archivés dans les ESB du monde entier ; ces échantillons étant estimés comme les plus robustes, fournissent une ressource précieuse pour mener des recherches dans le domaine émergent de la chimie des isotopes stables de mercure. Les signatures isotopiques de fractionnement du mercure sont utilisées pour la répartition des sources et le traçage du cycle biogéochimique du Hg. Ceci est illustré par les résultats de deux études effectuées sur des œufs d'oiseaux marins d’Alaska archivés. Etant donné que les recherches sur les isotopes stables du mercure continuent d'évoluer, les ESB peuvent fournir une source d’échantillons robuste et économique pour élargir et diversifier l'inventaire des mesures des isotopes de Hg, et être utilisées pour développer et tester des hypothèses. Les échantillons archivés dans les ESB sont disponibles à des collaborateurs externes afin d'effectuer des recherches à fort impact, et devraient être pleinement exploités pour répondre aux nouvelles préoccupations environnementales. / The specimens archived in Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) are among the longest time-series, most geographically robust, and highest integrity samples available for performing environmental research. Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic and ubiquitous heavy metal that remains one of the world’s most prominent environmental contaminants, and ESBs have played a prominent role in Hg research. We review and discuss some of the ways in which ESBs have traditionally been used to study Hg in aquatic ecosystems, and show an example of how seabird eggs from the Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) are used for monitoring environmental Hg concentrations in subarctic and Arctic marine ecosystem. We also highlight some of the most robust sample sets archived in ESBs worldwide, which provide a valuable resource for conducting research in the emerging field of Hg stable isotope chemistry. Signatures of Hg isotope fractionation are used for source apportionment and for tracing biogeochemical cycling of Hg. We present results from two additional studies in Alaska that show how banked seabird eggs can be used for each of these purposes. As the research surrounding Hg stable isotopes continues to mature, ESBs can provide a robust and economical sample archive to expand and diversify the inventory of Hg isotope measurements, and be used to develop and test hypotheses. Samples archived in ESBs are available for request by external collaborators in order to perform high impact research, and should be fully utilized to address emerging environmental concerns.

Abstract Previous reports on the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on bryophytes have been equivocal. This study shows that mosses not only respond to enhanced UV-B, but they are affected by changes in ambient radiation. The studies were conducted with two model species common in northern environments; red-stemmed feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) and juniper haircap moss (Polytrichum juniperinum). Both species showed high concentrations of methanol-extractable UV-absorbing compounds (UACs) with high spring-time and early-summer UV, whereas in P. juniperinum, the concentration was affected by early-summer drought. The UACs of P. juniperinum increased again towards autumn suggesting a role in winter hardening. The (spring-time) cell wall-bound UV screen was important to both species. The fundamental adaptation of P. juniperinum to open and exposed environments was reflected in relatively higher concentrations of total UACs compared to P. schreberi. The enhanced UV-B experiments in situ were conducted over two years in Oulu and six years at the FUVIRC site in Sodankylä. Some of the effects of UV-B were seen within the first years of the experiments, or even within hours, while others were observed after several years. Five or six years of enhanced UV-B treatment increased the methanol-extractable UACs of P. schreberi and decreased the green shoot growth of P. juniperinum. The immediate light environment was proposed to have an impact on the varying UAC concentrations. Some mitigating effects of UV-A were observed as well. Off-site measured, reconstructed and modelled UV radiation data was used for comparisons of light environment in situ, or when performing a reconstructive research with historical samples. The environmental sample banks can provide a useful tool to study past environmental conditions, and even reconstruct past radiation levels. It was shown in this study that UACs in P. schreberi and P. juniperinum have fundamental roles as UV-B screens in the cell walls, but there is also a variable response with the soluble fraction that reacts and adapts to the changes in UV radiation. The responses to increasing UV-B radiation vary in magnitude and in time. As P. schreberi and P. juniperinum possess circumboreal and cosmopolitan distributions, the effects of UV-B on these species and consequently on ecosystems has a broad application.