Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse au sujet de la normalisation dans le champ de la formation à distance. Parmi les multiples propositions de normalisation, notre intérêt porte plus particulièrement sur l’enrichissement du dernier standard de fait IMS-LD. Nous souhaitons de ce fait introduire la notion de pertinence de la normalisation qui signifie la capacité d’IMS-LD de prescrire des scénarios pédagogiques qui répondent réellement à certains principes pédagogiques. Pour notre recherche, nous nous sommes intéressés à une des composantes essentielles de l’apprentissage (Leontiev, 1981), il s’agit de la motivation à apprendre. Ce travail nous a permis d’obtenir trois principaux résultats qui ont été validés en effectuant des études de cas: il s’agit d’abord d’une démarche de scénarisation à posteriori fondée sur les théories de l’activité ; Elle décrit, à partir des traces, le déroulement effectif d’une activité d’apprentissage. Le deuxième résultat est une taxonomie fondée sur la théorie des actes de langage ; Elle permet de traduire quelques composantes de la motivation en un ensemble d’actes de langage observables dans une trace de discussion par « Chat ». Quant au troisième résultat, il s’agit d’un modèle descriptif de la motivation qui rend compte, à partir des traces, des perceptions et ses origines. Ce modèle se sert de notre taxonomie et repose sur le concept des paires adjacentes issu de l’analyse conversationnelle. Enfin, nos conclusions exposent de plus des résultats secondaires et ouvrent des perspectives pour la poursuite de notre question sur la pertinence des normes. / This thesis focuses on standardization in the field of distance learning. Among the many proposed standards, our interest focuses on the enrichment of latest standard proposal, which is the IMS-LD standard. We would therefore introduce the standardization relevance notion which means the ability of IMS-LD prescribes learning scenarios that actually meet certain educational principles. For our research, we focused on an essential component of learning (Leontiev, 1981), it is the motivation to learn. From this thesis, we obtained three main results validated by conducting case studies: first, is an activity theories’ posteriori design based approach; It describes, from traces, the actual learning activity scenario taking into account its human factors. The second result is a taxonomy based on the speech acts theory; it allowed us to translate some motivation components as a set of speech acts observed in « Chat » discussion. The third result is a motivation descriptive model that reflects, from the traces, the perceptions and their origins. This model uses our taxonomy and is based on the adjacency pairs concept derived from conversational analysis. Finally, our conclusions explain further, our secondary results and provide opportunities for continuing our question about standards relevance.

The master thesis is called Indirect Speech Acts in series Vyprávěj and according to the title, it refers to indirect speech acts in the particular Czech series. The master thesis is based on Speech Act Theory by J. Austin, P. Grice and R. Searle. The most interesting thing on this issue is that words themselves are not so important as the meaning and intention which are hidden behind them. The master thesis would like to prove that indirect speech act is a part of illocution, the aim of a speaker in making an utterance, and stands hierarchical higher than a direct speech act.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 424461 bytes, checksum: 9feddfc13a59d913e7778232e859e680 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research considers the investigation of the argumentative strategies used by a nurse to persuade the patient and it s a study of qualitative nature with a descriptive approach, aiming to investigate the semantic-discursive function(s) of the direct and indirect speech acts used by the nurse to persuade the patient to follow the recommended behaviors. To reach this objective, the research had the following stages: description of the direct and indirect acts, according to the Speech Acts Theory, used by the nurse to persuade the patient; survey of the recurrent speech acts and inquiry of the argumentative function(s) of the identified acts. The research was based on the Speech Acts Theory of Austin and Searle, that studies the accomplishment of the speech acts as a way to describe what is explicitly said or not said in the linguistic interaction between nurse-patient, identifying which acts predominate (direct or indirect); and, later, in Perelman s Argument Theory, analyzing as these speech acts are used to persuade the patient, with emphasis in the analysis of the relation between nurse and patient, and of how one convinces the other to do the recommended behaviors. The corpus was composed of nursing consultations, recorded in Units of Family Health in the town of Olinda, and it was exclusively analyzed the speech act of the nurse. In the analysis of the corpus one perceives that, during the consultations, three strong moments in the interaction exist. At the beginning of the nursing consultation, there the nurse investigates the patient s health condition to be able to define the clinical picture, the diagnosis, and later the orientation of the behavior to be adopted to solve the detected health problems. These acts are defined as macro-acts of INVESTIGATING, DIAGNOSING, and GUIDING witch are direct speech acts. It was concluded that the direct macro-act of GUIDING is predominant in the nursing consultation, permeating all of the nurse s talks in the interaction with the patient, and it constitutes one of the main attributes of the nursing profession, and the main purpose of the nursing consultation. Also, it was perceived that these acts occur according to the interlocutor, that is, the nurse adjusts the speech according to the particular audience: the patient, trying to adapt it to his/her values, consistent with the context where it was inserted. Therefore, in the analysis of the corpus, it is noted that the nurse uses sentences in the form of direct speech acts to, through argumentation, reach the goal to direct speech acts and persuade the patient, provoking changes of habits and behaviors. / Esta pesquisa investiga as estratégias argumentativas utilizadas pelo enfermeiro para a persuasão do paciente e se constitui de um estudo de natureza qualitativa de abordagem descritiva com o objetivo de investigar a(s) função(ões) semântico-discursiva(s) dos atos de fala diretos e indiretos utilizados pelo enfermeiro para persuadir o paciente a seguir as condutas recomendadas. Para atingir este objetivo, a pesquisa teve as seguintes etapas: descrição dos atos diretos e indiretos, à luz da Teoria dos Atos da Fala, utilizados pelo enfermeiro para persuadir o paciente; levantamento dos atos de fala recorrentes e investigação da(s) função(ões) argumentativa(s) dos atos identificados. A pesquisa foi embasada na Teoria dos Atos da Fala de Austin e Searle, que se preocupa com a realização dos atos de fala, subsídio para descrever o que é explicitamente dito, ou não dito, na interação linguística entre enfermeiro-paciente, identificando quais os atos que predominam (diretos ou indiretos); e, posteriormente, na Teoria da Argumentação de Perelman, analisando como esses atos da fala são utilizados para persuadir o paciente, com ênfase na análise da relação entre enfermeiro e paciente, e de como aquele convence este para a adesão às condutas recomendadas. O corpus foi composto por consultas de enfermagem, gravadas em Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Olinda, e foi analisado exclusivamente o ato de fala do enfermeiro.Na analise do corpus, percebeu-se que, durante a consulta, existem três momentos fortes na interação. No início da consulta de enfermagem, em que a enfermeira procura investigar a condição de saúde do paciente para poder definir o quadro clínico, o diagnóstico e, posteriormente, a orientação da conduta a ser a adotada para resolver os problemas de saúde detectados. Esses atos foram definidos como macro-atos de INVESTIGAR, DIAGNOSTICAR e ORIENTAR e são atos diretos de fala. Concluiu-se que o macro-ato direto de ORIENTAR é predominante na consulta de enfermagem, permeando toda a fala do enfermeiro na sua interação com o paciente e que constitui numa das principais atribuições da profissão do enfermeiro e objetivo principal da consulta de enfermagem. Também percebeu-se que esses atos ocorrem em função do interlocutor, ou seja, o locutor adapta seu discurso em função do seu auditório particular: o paciente, procurando adaptar-se aos seus valores, com base no contexto em que ele está inserido. Portanto, na análise do corpus, percebeu-se que o enfermeiro utiliza enunciados na forma de atos de fala diretos para atingir argumentativamente o objetivo de orientar o paciente e conseguir sua persuasão, provocando mudanças de hábitos e comportamentos.

The thesis aspires to convey a comprehensive and methodologically well-grounded image of the ideological dimension of political interaction between the EU and Russia. The research is based on the linguistic analysis of four key foreign policy documents, conceived as a continuous dialogue between the EU and Russia, and covering the period between 1994 and 2007. A model comprising several methods used in the study of international relations is applied to the aforementioned documents. The methods in question focus on discourse analysis. The methodological basis of the thesis incorporates the theoretical concepts of social constructivism, speech acts theory and dialogic analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding the expectations and objectives of actors, the analysis of explicit and implicit messages in the dialogue, the definition of the actors' understanding of self, other and the third party. The thesis also tries to describe and explain the actors' changes in behavior towards each other.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlaubertMO.pdf: 1302305 bytes, checksum: 70deed1c33addd18a3a2b105a8db8623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The dialogue between philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein s notions and Pierre Bourdieu s sociological concepts related to social practice of language shows that the philosophy of language has an important influence on contemporary social theory. When we compare the ideas of these authors we discover that beyond the direct influences from the philosopher that the sociologist recognizes there are great parallelisms of thought. That is, Wittgenstein s pragmatic thought of the use of language does not concern only language, but also every socially built behavior. When we notice that the social and linguistic behavior are borne by the individual in a tacit way, that leads us to theorize about the prereflective dimension that builds human actions and even the habits of thought. The same processes allow the uses of language to build wider social practices. Besides, John Austin, one of Wittgenstein s disciples, and his speech acts theory, contribute with a way to reflecting on how language ressembles a concrete action. Finally, the linguistc therapy that Wittgenstein means to be his philosophical proposal is assimilated by Bourdieu, who takes it as one of the necessary topics of the sociological work / O di?logo entre as no??es do fil?sofo Ludwig Wittgenstein e os conceitos sociol?gicos relacionados ? pr?tica social da linguagem de Pierre Bourdieu mostra que a influ?ncia da filosofia da linguagem deixou marcas importantes na teoria social contempor?nea. Do confronto entre as id?ias dos autores descobre-se que, al?m das influ?ncias diretas do fil?sofo que o soci?logo reconhece, existem grandes paralelismos de pensamento. Ou seja, o pensamento pragm?tico do uso da linguagem que Wittgenstein realiza n?o diz respeito apenas ? linguagem, mas a todo comportamento socialmente constitu?do. Quando se constata que o comportamento social e ling??stico se instala no indiv?duo de forma t?cita, isso nos leva a teorizar sobre a dimens?o pr?-reflexiva que molda as a??es humanas e mesmo os h?bitos de pensamento. Os mesmos processos permitem que os usos da linguagem moldem as pr?ticas sociais mais amplas. Al?m disso, um dos seguidores de Wittgenstein, John Austin, fornece o fio condutor para reflex?es sobre como a linguagem se assemelha a uma a??o concreta atrav?s de sua teoria dos atos de fala. Finalmente, a terapia ling??stica que Wittgenstein reconhece como a sua proposta filos?fica ? assimilada por Bourdieu como um dos t?picos necess?rios para o trabalho sociol?gico