En el presente trabajo se realizó el estudio farmacognóstico y la determinación de la actividad antituberculosa de la raíz de Spergularia media (L.) Griseb (Choquetacarpo) nativa de la provincia de Paucartambo, departamento del Cusco utilizada por sus propiedades contra afecciones respiratorias y hemoptisis, entre otras. Al realizar la búsqueda bibliográfica se comprueba que no existe investigación científica sobre Spergularia media (L.) Griseb “Choquetacarpo” que evidencie sus propiedades terapéuticas, sus constituyentes químicos e inocuidad. Inicialmente se verifica la sistemática, características morfológicas e histológicas. En el Estudio Farmacognóstico se identificaron carbohidratos, alcaloides, esteroides, glicósidos y principalmente saponinas. Se realizó una extracción hidroalcohólica para saponinas, su posterior hidrólisis y se obtuvieron sapogeninas triterpénicas, las cuales fueron identificadas por reacciones de coloración específicas y Cromatografía en Capa Fina. El ensayo toxicológico se desarrrolló siguiendo el método de Toxicidad Aguda oral OECD 423, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); el cual la clasifica como especie atóxica. La evaluación del efecto antituberculoso se realizó por el método de Proporciones de Canetti, Rist y Grosset utilizando extracto etanólico, de saponinas, de sapogeninas y alcaloides; extraídos de la raíz de Spergularia media (L.) Griseb (Choquetacarpo). Se comprobó la actividad antituberculosa de las saponinas y sapogeninas triterpénicas, presentes en la raíz; frente a las cepas de Micobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. / Presently work was carried out the study pharmacognostic, and the determination of the activity in the treatment the Tuberculosis of the root of Spergularia media (L.) Griseb “Choquetacarpo” native of the county of Paucartambo, department of the Cusco used by its properties against breathing affections and hemoptisis, among others. When carrying out the bibliographical search she is proven that scientific investigation doesn't exist on Spergularia media (L.) Griseb "Choquetacarpo" that evidences its therapeutic properties, its chemical constituents and innocuous. Initially the systematic, characteristic is verified morphological and histological. In the study pharmacognostic carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and mainly saponins were identified. She was carried out an extraction it dilutes alcoholic for saponins, their later hydrolysis and sapogenins triterpenoids, was obtained, which were identified by specific reactions of coloration and Chromatographic in Fine Layer. The toxicological rehearsal you development following the method of oral Sharp Toxicity OECD 423, according to the World Organization of the Health (WHO); which classifies it as species not toxic. The evaluation of the effect in the treatment the tuberculosis was carried out for the method of Proportions of Canetti, Rist and Grosset using I summarize etanolic, of saponins, of sapogenins and alkaloids; extracted of the root of Spergularia media (L.) Griseb “Choquetacarpo”. She was proven the activity in the treatment the Tuberculosis of the saponins and sapogenins triterpenoids, present in the root; in front of the stumps of Micobacterium tuberculosis H37RV.

En el presente trabajo se realizó el estudio farmacognóstico y la determinación de la actividad antituberculosa de la raíz de Spergularia media (L.) Griseb (Choquetacarpo) nativa de la provincia de Paucartambo, departamento del Cusco utilizada por sus propiedades contra afecciones respiratorias y hemoptisis, entre otras. Al realizar la búsqueda bibliográfica se comprueba que no existe investigación científica sobre Spergularia media (L.) Griseb “Choquetacarpo” que evidencie sus propiedades terapéuticas, sus constituyentes químicos e inocuidad. Inicialmente se verifica la sistemática, características morfológicas e histológicas. En el Estudio Farmacognóstico se identificaron carbohidratos, alcaloides, esteroides, glicósidos y principalmente saponinas. Se realizó una extracción hidroalcohólica para saponinas, su posterior hidrólisis y se obtuvieron sapogeninas triterpénicas, las cuales fueron identificadas por reacciones de coloración específicas y Cromatografía en Capa Fina. El ensayo toxicológico se desarrrolló siguiendo el método de Toxicidad Aguda oral OECD 423, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); el cual la clasifica como especie atóxica. La evaluación del efecto antituberculoso se realizó por el método de Proporciones de Canetti, Rist y Grosset utilizando extracto etanólico, de saponinas, de sapogeninas y alcaloides; extraídos de la raíz de Spergularia media (L.) Griseb (Choquetacarpo). Se comprobó la actividad antituberculosa de las saponinas y sapogeninas triterpénicas, presentes en la raíz; frente a las cepas de Micobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. / Presently work was carried out the study pharmacognostic, and the determination of the activity in the treatment the Tuberculosis of the root of Spergularia media (L.) Griseb “Choquetacarpo” native of the county of Paucartambo, department of the Cusco used by its properties against breathing affections and hemoptisis, among others. When carrying out the bibliographical search she is proven that scientific investigation doesn't exist on Spergularia media (L.) Griseb "Choquetacarpo" that evidences its therapeutic properties, its chemical constituents and innocuous. Initially the systematic, characteristic is verified morphological and histological. In the study pharmacognostic carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and mainly saponins were identified. She was carried out an extraction it dilutes alcoholic for saponins, their later hydrolysis and sapogenins triterpenoids, was obtained, which were identified by specific reactions of coloration and Chromatographic in Fine Layer. The toxicological rehearsal you development following the method of oral Sharp Toxicity OECD 423, according to the World Organization of the Health (WHO); which classifies it as species not toxic. The evaluation of the effect in the treatment the tuberculosis was carried out for the method of Proportions of Canetti, Rist and Grosset using I summarize etanolic, of saponins, of sapogenins and alkaloids; extracted of the root of Spergularia media (L.) Griseb “Choquetacarpo”. She was proven the activity in the treatment the Tuberculosis of the saponins and sapogenins triterpenoids, present in the root; in front of the stumps of Micobacterium tuberculosis H37RV.

There has been increasing interest in the syntheses of carbohydrates due to their profound role in various biological processes and thus their potential in drug development. Various methods have been developed for the preparation of these oligosaccharides from simpler carbohydrate derivatives both chemically and enzymatically but they must be carefully applied to obtain the desired linkages. The main method that has been used to control the regioselectivity of glycosylations is protecting group chemistry. Unfortunately this requires additional steps lengthening the synthesis sequence. Extensive literature has shown the ability for carbohydrate recognition via organoboron methods through selective binding and their ability to undergo regioselective glycosylation through sugar-derived boronate esters. Exploiting these factors and in extension of previous work done in our laboratory on borinic acid- and boronic acid-catalyzed regioselective glycosylations of carbohydrate derivatives, we proposed a target oriented synthesis of a pentassacharide moiety found in four saponins isolated from Spergularia ramosa.

There has been increasing interest in the syntheses of carbohydrates due to their profound role in various biological processes and thus their potential in drug development. Various methods have been developed for the preparation of these oligosaccharides from simpler carbohydrate derivatives both chemically and enzymatically but they must be carefully applied to obtain the desired linkages. The main method that has been used to control the regioselectivity of glycosylations is protecting group chemistry. Unfortunately this requires additional steps lengthening the synthesis sequence. Extensive literature has shown the ability for carbohydrate recognition via organoboron methods through selective binding and their ability to undergo regioselective glycosylation through sugar-derived boronate esters. Exploiting these factors and in extension of previous work done in our laboratory on borinic acid- and boronic acid-catalyzed regioselective glycosylations of carbohydrate derivatives, we proposed a target oriented synthesis of a pentassacharide moiety found in four saponins isolated from Spergularia ramosa.

Background. Caryophyllaceae is a large and cosmopolitic flowering plant family, however the systematics of many of its basal groups has been unclear, due to a lack of unambiguous morphology. Some members of Caryophyllaceae are used medicinally, e.g. Corrigiola roots in Morocco. Monitoring the trade in medicinal plants is complicated due to the absence of useful identification characters in plant products such as roots, bark, and powders. This thesis aims at elucidating the systematics and the ethnobotany of some of the basal clades in Caryophyllaceae. Methods. A comprehensive sampling from herbarium as well as market and field collected material was used in systematic studies combining morphological investigation, molecular phylogenetic and molecular dating analyses. Results. The data show that Polycarpon is polyphyletic, that Sphaerocoma is sister to Pollichia and shows some intraspecific variation, that Sanctambrosia falls within the genus Spergularia, and that both Spergula and Spergularia are monophyletic. Preliminary data suggest that Polycarpaea is polyphyletic and should be split into three larger and several smaller genera, that the members of Paronychia subgen. Anaplonychia will need to be transferred to Herniaria to maintain monophyly, and that Caryophyllaceae emerged during the Paleocene. All the major extant lineages originated in the Oligocene and diversified later. Using molecular identification it was possible to identify around 50% of the Moroccan medicinal roots to species level and an additional 30% to genus level. Discussion and conclusions. The polyphyletic Polycarpon needs to be split into at least three separate genera, but no name changes were made pending further research. The two species of Sphaerocoma were merged into one species with two subspecies. The San Ambrosio Island endemic Sanctambrosia, the only tree-like plant in Caryophyllaceae, is probably the result of a long distance dispersal event and its woody habit and gynodioecy are probably caused by inbreeding depression. Sanctambrosia manicata is transferred to Spergularia. Molecular identification put into practice on traded medicinal roots has a somewhat lower success rate than most theoretical studies, indicating that a global barcoding database would need to include reference sequences from a broad range of populations for each species.

This thesis is focused on the biosystematic study of the Central-European endemic Spergularia echinosperma. With the combined use of morphometric analyses, genome size measurements and molecular tools, the taxonomic issues associated with this species have been clarified. The existence of S. kurkae, a stable allotetraploid hybrid between diploid S. echinosperma and tetraploid S. rubra, has been proven. Based on several lines of evidence, including distinct morphological separation and frequent occurrence in the absence of the parental species, treating S. kurkae as a separate species is proposed. In addition, two infraspecific taxa within S. echinospermaS. echinosperma subsp. echinosperma and S. echinosperma subsp. albensisdiffering in distributions and ecology have been described. A complete revision of the localities of S. echinosperma, S. kurkae and S. rubra in the Czech Republic is also presented. Furthermore, the development of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci for S. echinosperma is reported.