The major focus of this thesis involves a new approach to spin-crossover (SCO) in iron(II) dinuclear complexes. In order to acquire SCO properties, a series of novel ligands (L1M, L2M, L3M, L4M), together with the corresponding iron(II) and/or nickel(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized. Beyond the successful synthesis and characterization of these ligands, some interesting aspects of their synthesis are discussed. The reported ligands are methyl-derivatives from ligands previously studied in the group. The methyl group in the position 6 of the pyridine group is introduced to induce steric hindrance in the complexes and decrease the ligand field strength. As a result, the influence of the methyl group may induce SCO in low spin (LS) complexes, or tune the SCO properties (such as transition hysteresis or transition temperature) in complexes with SCO. Ligands were divided into three different types according to their spacers: a ligand with an aromatic spacer (L1M), ligands with aliphatic spacer (L2M, L3M) and a ligand with no spacer (L4M). The difference between their structures helped us to better understand the coordination chemistry of the corresponding complexes. The nickel(II) complexes formed provided useful background information on the coordination chemistry of iron(II), such as the crystal field stabilization energy (10Dq) value. An approximation of 10Dq value of iron(II) was calculated based on the 10Dq value of analogous nickel(II) complexes using an empirical rule, to provide a prediction of SCO property. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-20 10:34:02.756

Molecules with functional properties, especially ones that display spin crossover behaviour, are becoming increasingly well researched due to their potential applications as the active components in molecular memory, optical displays or sensors.1,2 To this end, a series of Fe(II) coordination compounds utilising imidazolylimine and pyridylimine based ligands have been synthesised and their spin crossover behaviour analysed through a variety of techniques including variable temperature X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility, surface reflectivity and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping (LIESST) effects have also been analysed via photomagnetic measurements. Particular attention was paid to the supramolecular interactions present within the solid-state and the effect that these interactions may have on spin crossover behaviour. Subtle changes to the complexes through counter-anion exchange, solvent effects and ligand design were explored and careful structural analysis completed. This study was separated into two distinct categories. The first describes the synthesis, structural characterisation and spin crossover behaviour of Fe(II) dinuclear triple helicates. Four dinuclear triple helicates have been synthesised, three of which display spin crossover behaviour. Weak LIESST effects were observed in two of these examples. Variation in the ligand field strength between the complexes was achieved through modification of the coordinating “head group” and differences between the flexibility of the ligand backbone were also explored. The latter part of this study describes the synthesis, structural characterisation and spin crossover behaviour of novel Fe(II) mononuclear complexes. A series of related ligands which differ in the p-substituent have been synthesised and their coordination chemistry with Fe(II) metal ions examined. Subtle changes to the counter-anion and crystallised solvent molecules were also explored during this study. Five mononuclear Fe(II) complexes were shown to undergo spin crossover and the structural changes associated with the spin-state conversion have been analysed via variable temperature X-ray crystallography and compared with magnetic susceptibility measurements. Two complexes were also analysed for LIESST behaviour and these complexes showed full photo-excitation into the high-spin state at 10 K.

The present dissertation focuses on the synthesis of iron(II) complexes and the study of their SCO behavior. The equilibrium between the HS and the LS states gives to the SCO systems large potential applications for molecular electronics. However, today there is not a single molecular device from SCO compounds in the market. This is due to the fact that the SCO systems discovered up to now were unable (e.g. TLIESST « 300 K) for these applications. The aim of this thesis is to synthesize new SCO compounds with sustainable properties for applications. In the beginning of the thesis, [Fe(rac-22a))]2+∙2[BF4]- and [Fe(rac-22b)]2+∙2[BF4]- employing rigid hexadentate ligands were described. In contrast to the expectation, the N-methylation of the amines shifts the equilibrium towards the LS state. [Fe(rac-22b)2+∙2[BF4]- shows a T1/2 higher at 74 K and 52 K than the non methylated [Fe(rac-22a)2+∙2[BF4]- respectively in nitrobenzene and acetonitrile. The T1/2 are solvent-dependent for these complexes. After that, ligand series 9-R2-2-(6-R1-pyridin-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline 25b (R2 = Me), 25f (R2 = Ph), 25d (R2 = C(O)H), 25c (R1 = Ph), 25l (R1 = oxylphenyl-4-oxymethylene), 25m (R1 = oxymesitylene) and 25j (R1 = pyrol-1-yl) were synthesized. It was observed that the size of the substituent influences the SCO properties (T1/2). In addition, the influence of the counterion was shown with [Fe(25c)2]2+∙2[BF4]- and [Fe(25c)2]2+∙2[B(Ph)4]-. The B(Ph)4- conterions bring π∙∙∙π interactions in the molecular cell which shift the T1/2 parameter to a high temperature (200 K) compared to the complex with BF4- ions (175 K). Moreover the substituents R1 on the terminal position of the pyridine effect on T1/2 more than the substituents R2 on the terminal position of the phenanthroline. For example, [Fe(25f)]2+∙2[BF4]- (R1 = Ph) is a pure HS complex while the complex [Fe(25c)]2+∙2[BF4]- (R2 = Ph) is a SCO system (T1/2 = 175 K). The expansion of the coordination mode from N6 to N8 was investigated by the synthesis of the tetradentate ligands. This expansion shows an unexpected coordination mode, [Fe(25i)2]2+∙2[BF4]- (R2 = pyrazol-1-yl) forms a distorted square antiprism coordination geometry (HS iron(II)-complex) and does not show any Fe-N bond breaking over the application of the temperature as expected. / Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt die Synthese von Eisen(II)-Komplexen und ihr spin crossover (SCO)-Verhalten. Das Gleichgewicht zwischen high-spin (HS)- und low-spin (LS)-Zustand verleiht den SCO-Systemen eine großes Anwendungspotential im Bereich der molekularen Elektronik. Dennoch existiert bis heute kein SCO-basiertes molekulares Bauteil auf dem Markt. Hauptgrund hierfür ist, dass die bislang bekannten SCO-Systeme keine hinreichenden Eigenschaften (z.B. TLIESST « 300 K) aufweisen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese neuer SCO-Verbindungen mit geeigneten Eigenschaften für die Anwendung. Zu Beginn der Arbeit werden die Komplexe [Fe(rac-22a)]2+∙2[BF4]– und [Fe(rac-22b)]2+ ∙2[BF4]– mit starren hexadentaten Liganden beschrieben. Entgegen der Erwartung verschiebt die N-Methylierung der Amine das Gleichgewicht in Richtung des LS-Zustandes. Verglichen mit dem nicht-methylierten Komplex Fe(rac-22b)]2+∙2[BF4]– zeigt Fe(rac-22a)]2+∙2[BF4]– eine höhere Übergangstemperatur T1/2, welche in Nitrobenzen 74 K und in Acetonitril 52 K beträgt. Für die Komplexe ist T1/2 lösungsmittelabhängig. Im Folgenden wurde die Ligandenserie 9-R2-2-(6-R1-pyridin-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthrolin mit den Vertretern 25b (R2= Me), 25f (R2 = Ph), 25d (R2 = C(O)H, 25c (R1 = Ph), 25l (R1 = oxyphenyl-4-oxymethylen), 25m (R1 = oxymesitylen) und 25j (R1 = pyrol-1-yl) hergestellt. Es wurde beobachtet, dass die Größe des Substituenten das SCO-Verhalten (T1/2) beeinflusst. Ergänzend wurde der Einfluss des Gegenions anhand der Komplexe [Fe(25c)]2+∙2[BF4]– und [Fe(25c)]2+∙2[B(Ph)4]– untersucht. Das Gegenion B(Ph)4– ermöglicht intra- und intermolekulare π···π-Wechselwirkungen in der Zelle, welche die Übergangstemperature T1/2 (200 K) gegenüber dem BF4–-Komplex (175 K) erhöhen. Des Weiteren beeinflussen die Substituenten R1 an der Pyridin-Einheit die ubergangskomplexes T1/2 stärker als die Substituenten R2 an der Phenanthrolin-Einheit. So ist [Fe(25f)]2+∙2[BF4]– (R1 = Ph) ein reiner HS-Komplex, während der Komplex [Fe(25c)]2+∙2[BF4]– (R2 = Ph) ein SCO-System ist (T1/2 = 175 K). Die Erhöhung der Koordinationszahl von N6 auf N8 wurde über die Synthese von tetradentaten Liganden untersucht. Diese Erhöhung führt zu einem unerwarteten Koordinationsmodus. So bildet [Fe(25i)]2+∙2[BF4]– (R2 = pyrazol-1-yl) eine quadratisch-antiprismatische Koordinationssphäre (HS Eisen(II)-Komplex) und zeigt, wie erwartet, über den untersuchten Temperaturbereich keine Fe–N-Bindungsspaltung.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Thermal constraints and the quantum limit will soon put a boundary on the scale of new micro and nano magnetoelectronic devices. This necessitates a push into the limits of harnessable natural phenomena to facilitate a post-Moore’s era of design. Requirements for thermodynamic stability at room temperature, fast (Ghz) switching, and low energy cost narrow the list of candidates. Here we show voltage controllable, room temperature, stable locking of the spin state, and the corresponding conductivity change, when molecular spin crossover thin films are deposited on a ferroelectric substrate. This opens the door to the creation of a non-volatile, room temperature, molecular multiferroic gated voltage controlled device.

La méthodologie classique pour la synthèse de matériaux à transition de spin a un certain degré d’irréproductibilité du fait de l’imprévisibilité des flux turbulents à l’intérieur du milieu réactionnel contenu dans la verrerie ordinaire de laboratoire. Pour tenter de résoudre ce problème, nous explorons la microfluidique de gouttelettes sans tensioactifs comme une nouvelle méthode d’obtention de matériaux à transition de spin.Après avoir testé divers dispositifs microfluidiques, nous avons synthétisé le MOF de type Hofmann [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] en combinant deux solutions de réactifs dans un canal débouchant immédiatement dans une buse de focalisation de flux. Le produit obtenu présente une réduction drastique de la taille de particule par rapport aux méthodes classiques, et affiche un comportement magnétique consistent avec les nanoparticules rapportées antérieurement.Malheureusement, du fait des hautes concentrations utilisées ici, la réaction se produit très rapidement, et le dispositif peut facilement se boucher si les flux sont modifiés ou perturbés. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode : une substance causant un gonflement du PDMS est mélangée avec l’huile de la phase continue pour obtenir une réduction des dimensions du dispositive, et ainsi réduire le diamètre des gouttes de presque deux ordres de grandeur. / The conventional methodology to synthesize spin-crossover materials has some degree of irreproducibility due to the unpredictability of the turbulent flows in the reaction media contained in ordinary laboratory glassware. To address this issue, we explore surfactant-free droplet microfluidics as a new method to synthesize spin-crossover materials.After probing the use of different microfluidic devices, we synthesized the Hofmann type MOF [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] by combining two solutions with reactants into a channel that immediately reaches a flow-focusing junction. The product obtained displays a strong decrease in its particle size compared with the batch synthesis. The obtained nanoparticles display a magnetic behavior consistent with the nanoparticles reported previously.Unfortunately, under the high concentrations used here, the reaction occurs very quickly, and the device can easily clog when the flow rates are changed. This leads to difficulties when attempting to modulate the dimensions of the droplets without affecting the general performance of the device. To solve this problem, we developed a new method where a swelling agent is combined with the oil used as the continuous phase, resulting in a change in the critical dimensions of the PDMS chip and a change of the diameter of the droplets of almost two orders of magnitude.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19916号 / 理博第4216号 / 新制||理||1605(附属図書館) / 33002 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 島川 祐一, 教授 有賀 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Photovoltaic (PV) technologies are a promising approach to achieve clean, renewable energy production on a global scale. However, the widespread implementation of this technology is limited due to the intricate challenges associated with its complex electrochemical processes. One such challenge is the formation of long-lived charge-separated states (CSSs), a process that directly influences device efficiencies. Viable strategies for increasing CSS lifetimes involve the inhibition of parasitic back-electron transfer pathways. In liquid-junction PVs, electronic recombination is prevented by utilizing redox electrolytes that promote directional electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, where forward electron transfer (i.e. to the electrode) is favored and the corresponding electronic recombination reaction is impeded. To meet this criterion, researchers seek to employ redox electrolytes that undergo a spin-exchange reaction induced by electron transfer. This event, known as charge transfer-induced spin crossover (CTISC), significantly increases the reorganization energy associated with electronic recombination, producing long-lived CSSs and elevated device efficiency. This dissertation describes a suite of manganese-based redox mediators that exhibit CTISC across a tunable range (1.5 V) of formal potentials (E1/2). These complexes are utilized as redox electrolytes in liquid-junction PVs and result in a two-fold enhancement in the device efficiency relative to other CTISC redox species. Photosensitizer regeneration rates are monitored using transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) to discern the optimal E1/2 values in this class of complexes while density functional theory is employed to calculate the reorganization energy of each species. By implementing these promising electrolytes into PV devices, scientists and engineers are armed with new tools to increase the accessibility and efficiency of next-generation PVs, thereby transforming past promises into progress. / Doctor of Philosophy / To realize next-generation renewable fuels, scientists must understand how electron transfer at an interface is controlled. This dissertation highlights one method of forming a chemically useful and long-lived charge separated state. The formation of this charge separated state is achieved through an electronic reorganization that occurs at a metal center after electron transfer. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 investigate the synthesis and characterization of new metal species that possess this electronic reorganization process and provide an advanced understanding of how this process facilitates the formation of long-lived charge separated states. This work is intended to motivate new schools of thought that aid the design of next-generation catalytic materials for light-driven chemical reactions.