Zugl.: Kiel, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 2007

RWTH, Diss.--Aachen, 2007.

Det är vanligt att företag genomför omstruktureringar. Spin-offs har blivit ett vanligare sätt för svenska företag att strukturera sig sedan lex ASEA instiftades och sedan dess har det genomförts hundratals spin-offs. Syftet med uppsatsen är att komparativt undersöka tre företag som har genomfört spin-offs mellan 2016-2022 och undersöka förklaringar till resultatet av spin-offs. Utifrån studiens analysmodell identifieras centrala faktorer som påverkar utfallet av en spin-off. Dessa är motiv, process och relation till moderbolag. För att besvara frågeställningen har en komparativ fallstudie baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts. Den insamlade intervjudatan utgör tillsammans med sekundärdata från respektive företag grunden till studiens resultat. Studien finner att det finns likheter och skillnader i hur faktorer påverkar spin-offs resultat bland de undersökta företagen. Tydliga motiv, en välformulerad process för genomförandet och en god relation till moderbolaget har varit avgörande för i vilken utsträckning företag uppnått ett lyckat resultat av en spin-off. Företags kvalitet på affärsstrategi och förståelse för processen samt tidigare erfarenhet av omstrukturering och överföring av en tydlig struktur och påverkan av marknadsförhållanden har vidare identifierats som viktiga komponenter som påverkat resultatet.

Around the world, knowledge and technology transfer have moved to the forefront of attention in economic, social and industrial policy. As the origins of future development increasingly derives from innovation, attention is paid more and more to non-traditional sources that have the potential to become the basis for creation of new businesses or the catalyser for the rejuvenation of old ones. Among those sources, we find university. These last years, academic patents have been one of the emerging phenomena witnessing the growing evolvement of university in the innovation process. The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to analyse the transfer of technology from university to industry through the analysis of patents. This work pursuits a threefold approach. First, it intends to analyse which characteristics determine the propensity of a university to get involved in technology transfer and more specifically to apply for a patent. Second, it disentangles the underlining value determinants of the patents to decode the value of academic patents and to identify the research processes that are leading to the most valuable inventions. Finally, it investigates the relevancy of academic patenting for innovation in general and wonders if on the long run, such practices could put innovation at risk.

Over the years, scholarly interest in the role of business models to unlock the value of latent technology has increased. It is argued that the commercialisation of new technology requires business models that respond to a myriad of challenges and market needs. However, limited attention has been paid to understand how early-stage business models are developed to commercialise new university technology. Specifically, there are limited studies scrutinising the early-stage business models developed by University Spin-Offs (USOs), despite the fact that these are breeding grounds for new technology with commercial potential. Therefore, this thesis examines how USOs develop early-stage business models to commercialise new technology for the cleantech industry. To achieve this, an in-depth case study of four cleantech USOs at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom was performed. Sixty interviews with multiple stakeholders were conducted, and effectual logic and the concept of opportunity creation were adopted to inform the investigation. The findings, presented in a conceptual framework, suggest that USOs develop early-stage business models through three interlocking mechanisms. First, value is created through flow-field control, which is achieved by taking active control over a firm's resources and capabilities. Second, value is captured through pragmatic kinesis, defined as being sensible when moving towards profit. Third, value network is managed through deliberate temperament, which is used to align stakeholders' expectations. Along with these findings, the thesis also advances COPE principles (i.e. take control, create opportunities, forge partnerships and embrace contingencies) as parameters for the development of early-stage business models. The empirical evidence offers a critical logical shift in our understanding of early-stage business models development for commercialising university technology in the cleantech industry. The conceptual framework responds to scholarly inquiries to improve the theoretical grounding and construct clarity of business models. The thesis also informs policymakers about the pitfalls and opportunities associated with new technology commercialisation in the cleantech industry, where uncertainties are ubiquitous.

Summary This research is to discuss the change of the operating performance after the company experiences the spin-off. An international tourism hotel is chosen as the research case. There are 10 items, relating the operating performance objective of the international tourism hotel, as the metric of the company before and after experiencing the company¡¦s spin-off. The purpose of this research is to discuss how the company¡¦s spin-off impacts the operating performance of the international tourism hotel and the example research is a real spin-off case. The findings of this research are as followings: 1. The operation performance is improved after this international tourism hotel spits the Room Division and the Food & Beverage Division off. 2. Focusing operations can improve the operating performance. 3. Through the spin-off process, the reduction of the organization dimension can decrease the management cost. 4. The company¡¦s spin-off can improve the management information quality, and also enhance the resource allocation to increase the corporation value. 5. After the spin-off, the company provides the superior reward strategy which also improves the operating performance. 6. The performance of internal control system and the cost control cannot have the improvement through the company¡¦s spin-off. 7. The performance is more explicitly measured after the company¡¦s spin-off. Key words: International Tourism Hotel, Spin-off, Operating Performance

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2007

Zugl.: Kiel, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

La valorisation de la recherche universitaire, à travers la création d’entreprises de haute technologie, est une nouvelle mission assignée aux universités depuis la promulgation de la loi de 1999, dite Allègre. Pour cela, les incubateurs technologiques, qui sont de nouvelles structures hybrides, sont apparus aux frontières de trois sphères radicalement différentes, que sont les universités, entreprises et les gouvernements. Ils ont pour mission d’accompagner et de faciliter la mise sur marché d’innovations technologiques. Or, le propre d’une innovation est son caractère hypothétique incertain, car elle bouscule les habitudes et les pratiques routinières de l’industrie. L’incubation de entreprises technologiques ne se résume donc pas à l’accès à des ressources matérielles mais aussi processus de négociation pour donner aux inventions une légitimité et pour les faire accepter par marché. Nous montrons que ce processus requiert un accès à des ressources sociales. L’accès de nouveaux entrepreneurs à ces ressources se fait principalement à travers les réseaux sociaux dirigeants de l’incubateur, par un mécanisme de médiation et d’intermédiation. Cette médiation permet aussi un transfert de confiance, de crédibilité et de légitimité. Elle génère, en conséquence, un nouveau réseau pour le porteur de projet et facilite son intégration dans la communauté des entrepreneurs. / The valorisation of university research, through the creation of high technology enterprise, is a new mission assigned to universities since the enactment of the 1999 law, known as Allègre law. Technology incubators, which are new hybrid structures, have appeared at the border of three radically different spheres: universities, businesses and governments. Their mission is to support and facilitate the marketing of technological innovations. However, because of the uncertain and hypothetical nature of innovations, they disrupt habits and routines of the industry. Incubation of these technology companies can not then be summarized to access to material resources but as has to be also considered as a negotiating process which gives legitimacy to inventions in order to be accepted by the market. We show that this process requires also access to social resources. Access of these new entrepreneurs to these resources is done mainly through social networks of the managers of the incubator, through mediation and intermediation. This mediation allows a transfer of trust, credibility and legitimacy. Accordingly, it generates a new network for the entrepreneur and facilitates its integration into the community of entrepreneurs.