This thesis investigates the dynamical evolution of systems orbiting within deeper potentials. Initially we use a simple satellite-halo interaction to study the dynamical processes that act on orbiting systems and we compare these results to analytical theory. Deep images of the Centaurus cluster reveal a spectacular arc of diffuse light that stretches for over 100 kpc and yet is just a few kpc wide. We use numerical simulations to show that this feature can be produced by the tidal debris of a spiral galaxy that has been disrupted by the potential of one of the central cD galaxies of the cluster. The evolution of sub-halos is then studied in a cosmological context using high resolution N-body simulations of galactic mass halos that form in a cold dark matter (CDM) simulation. CDM halos form via a complex series of mergers, accretion events and violent relaxation. Halos are non-spherical, have steep singular density profiles and contain many thousands of surviving dark matter substructure clumps. This will lead to several unique signatures for experiments that aim to detect dark matter either indirectly, through particle annihilation, or directly in a laboratory. For the first time it is possible to construct maps of the gamma-ray sky that result from the annihilation of dark matter particles within simulated dark matter halo distributions.

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国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, March 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 390-402).

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

Two-dimensional information on the kinematics and spatial distribution of gas in spiral galaxies is encoded in radio observations of their one-dimensional 21-cm neutral hydrogen (HI) line profiles. More than ten thousand HI profiles have been published and are publicly available. In order to explore the parameter space mapped out by the 21-cm neutral hydrogen line pro file, we have modified and run a FORTRAN-based computer simulation code. We have identified 7 control parameters that define the morphology of the modelled galaxy: they describe the neutral hydrogen gas distribution (density and spatial location of the gas), characteristics of its rotation curve, warps, asymmetries, and finally, the viewing angle. All except the last of these parameters tell us significant physical information about the galaxy but a determination of them is not immediately apparent from the two-dimensional 21-cm line profile. Hence, the goal of this exploration is to find meaningful correlations between the observed 21-cm line profile features and the underlying physical parameters.

Espirais concentradoras têm sido largamente empregadas no beneficiamento de finos de carvão no Brasil. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estudar do beneficiamento de carvão em uma espiral, avaliando a eficiência do beneficiamento do carvão da Camada Barro Branco e caracterizando seus produtos. Ênfase foi dada ao rejeito, avaliando as possibilidades de aproveitamento do material e o seu potencial de geração de acidez. A metodologia do trabalho incluiu a caracterização da alimentação e dos produtos de uma espiral em termos de análise imediata e enxofre; estudo da lavabilidade do carvão de alimentação; avaliação da eficiência do beneficiamento e a caracterização do rejeito em termos ambientais. Em valores médios, a alimentação das espirais apresenta um teor de cinzas de 67,5%, um teor de enxofre de 5,2% e um poder calorífico superior de 2377 cal/g. O concentrado apresentou um teor de cinzas de 50,5%, um teor de enxofre de 1,7% e um poder calorífico superior de 3978 cal/g; enquanto que o rejeito um teor de cinzas 78,2%, um teor de enxofre de 7,5% e um poder calorífico superior de 1364 cal/g. A recuperação mássica de concentrado é de aproximadamente 40%. O concentrado atende as especificações da termoelétrica em relação ao teor de enxofre e matéria volátil, mas não atende as especificações de cinzas e poder calorífico. O concentrado das espirais consegue destinação uma vez que é misturado a carvões de melhor qualidade produzidos pela mesma ou outras mineradoras. Quanto a lavabilidade, na densidade de corte de 2,0, o valor do NGM foi de 15%, caracterizando o material como moderadamente difícil ou de difícil separação. A eficiência do beneficiamento na espiral é baixa. O valor do Desvio Provável Médio (EPM), Imperfeição (I) e a Área de Erro foram, respectivamente, de 0,30, 0,30 e 178,13 cm2. Esses parâmetros apontam que o equipamento não apresenta uma boa precisão de separação. O rejeito de carvão descartado da espiral apresenta um NNP de – 209 kg CaCO3/t, indicando um alto potencial de geração de drenagem ácida. Deve-se somar a isso a baixa granulometria (entre 0,1 e 2,0 mm) e a alta área superficial (41 m2/g) do material, que propiciará taxas mais altas de geração de acidez que o rejeito grosso. Analisando os dados, as espirais, mesmo com a baixa precisão, estão exercendo sua função de forma satisfatória para a empresa no sentido de produção de um carvão energético com teor de S aceitável. / Spiral concentrators have been widely used to process coal fines in Brazil. The aim of this work was to study coal beneficiation in a spiral, evaluating its performance for the “Barro Branco” seam. Emphasis was given to the waste material, evaluating a potential use and the acid generation. The methodology of this project included the characterization of the feed and the products of the spiral in terms of immediate analysis, washability curve of coal, and the equipment efficiency in terms of Tromp Curve. The feed material has an ash content of 67.5%, a sulfur content of 5.2%, and a gross calorific value of 2377 cal/g. The concentrate showed an ash content of 50.5%, a sulfur content of 1.7% and gross calorific value of 3978 cal/g; while the reject one had an ash content of 78.2%, a sulfur content of 7.5%, and a gross calorific value of 1364 cal/g. The recovery of the concentrated weight is approximately 40%. The concentrated meets the thermal specifications related to sulfur content and volatile matter, but it does not meet the specifications of ashes and calorific values. So, it is mixed with coals of better quality to attend the thermoelectric standards. Concerning the wash ability, in the cut density of 2.0, the NGM was 15%, characterizing the material as moderately difficult or difficult to separate. Analyzing the Tromp Curve, the value of the deviation probable medium (EPM), Imperfection (I) and the Error Area were, respectively, 0.30, 0.30 and 178.13 cm2. These parameters indicate that the equipment does not show a good precision of separation. The rejected material on the spiral showed a NNP of - 209 kg CaCO3/t, indicating a high potential for acid drainage generation. It should be considered that the material presented a fine particle size (0.1 to 2.0 mm) and a high surface area (41 m2/g), which certainly will provide high pyrite oxidations rates. Analyzing the data as a whole, spirals, even with the low precision, is exercising their function to provide an energetic coal with an acceptable sulphur content, leaving no doubt about its applicability.

The purpose of this work has been to investigate if responses made through listening in audience can be mapped according to the Swanwick and Tillman Spiral of Musical Development. The first part of chapter one consists of a review of previous studies in the field of musical abilities, aptitudes, musical development and the assessment of listening in audience. The second part of the chapter tries to outline the Spiral Theory of Musical Development, its theoretical background and assessment criteria. Chapter two attempts to critically discuss the developmental adequacy of the Spiral Theory, by employing five general developmental characteristics named as Temporality, Cumulativity, Directionality, New Mode of Organization, and Increased Capacity for Self-Control. The first part of chapter three discusses in a critical way the terms in which musical development has been conceived as being analogical to Piaget's Theory on Play Development in early childhood. The second part of the chapter attempts to extend Swanwick's analogy by offering a critical analysis of the Spiral phases in relation to assimilation and accommodation processes. Finally, the third part discusses the generalization of the analogical psychological process to the remaining activities of performing and listening in audience. Chapter four outlines the method employed to assess listening in audience responses, which consisted of interviewing a total of hundred and five children in two field studie5 by uSlng two kinds of interview - structured and semi-structured. Chapter five offers the results of the pilot Study carried out in Brazil, as well as offering an evaluation of research procedures. The first part of chapter 6 presents a revised research method employed in the final field work that was carried out in England. The second part of the chapter presents the results and interpretation of the field work. Chapter seven presents the conclusion and some implications for the Spiral Theory, research development and music education.

Espirais concentradoras têm sido largamente empregadas no beneficiamento de finos de carvão no Brasil. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estudar do beneficiamento de carvão em uma espiral, avaliando a eficiência do beneficiamento do carvão da Camada Barro Branco e caracterizando seus produtos. Ênfase foi dada ao rejeito, avaliando as possibilidades de aproveitamento do material e o seu potencial de geração de acidez. A metodologia do trabalho incluiu a caracterização da alimentação e dos produtos de uma espiral em termos de análise imediata e enxofre; estudo da lavabilidade do carvão de alimentação; avaliação da eficiência do beneficiamento e a caracterização do rejeito em termos ambientais. Em valores médios, a alimentação das espirais apresenta um teor de cinzas de 67,5%, um teor de enxofre de 5,2% e um poder calorífico superior de 2377 cal/g. O concentrado apresentou um teor de cinzas de 50,5%, um teor de enxofre de 1,7% e um poder calorífico superior de 3978 cal/g; enquanto que o rejeito um teor de cinzas 78,2%, um teor de enxofre de 7,5% e um poder calorífico superior de 1364 cal/g. A recuperação mássica de concentrado é de aproximadamente 40%. O concentrado atende as especificações da termoelétrica em relação ao teor de enxofre e matéria volátil, mas não atende as especificações de cinzas e poder calorífico. O concentrado das espirais consegue destinação uma vez que é misturado a carvões de melhor qualidade produzidos pela mesma ou outras mineradoras. Quanto a lavabilidade, na densidade de corte de 2,0, o valor do NGM foi de 15%, caracterizando o material como moderadamente difícil ou de difícil separação. A eficiência do beneficiamento na espiral é baixa. O valor do Desvio Provável Médio (EPM), Imperfeição (I) e a Área de Erro foram, respectivamente, de 0,30, 0,30 e 178,13 cm2. Esses parâmetros apontam que o equipamento não apresenta uma boa precisão de separação. O rejeito de carvão descartado da espiral apresenta um NNP de – 209 kg CaCO3/t, indicando um alto potencial de geração de drenagem ácida. Deve-se somar a isso a baixa granulometria (entre 0,1 e 2,0 mm) e a alta área superficial (41 m2/g) do material, que propiciará taxas mais altas de geração de acidez que o rejeito grosso. Analisando os dados, as espirais, mesmo com a baixa precisão, estão exercendo sua função de forma satisfatória para a empresa no sentido de produção de um carvão energético com teor de S aceitável. / Spiral concentrators have been widely used to process coal fines in Brazil. The aim of this work was to study coal beneficiation in a spiral, evaluating its performance for the “Barro Branco” seam. Emphasis was given to the waste material, evaluating a potential use and the acid generation. The methodology of this project included the characterization of the feed and the products of the spiral in terms of immediate analysis, washability curve of coal, and the equipment efficiency in terms of Tromp Curve. The feed material has an ash content of 67.5%, a sulfur content of 5.2%, and a gross calorific value of 2377 cal/g. The concentrate showed an ash content of 50.5%, a sulfur content of 1.7% and gross calorific value of 3978 cal/g; while the reject one had an ash content of 78.2%, a sulfur content of 7.5%, and a gross calorific value of 1364 cal/g. The recovery of the concentrated weight is approximately 40%. The concentrated meets the thermal specifications related to sulfur content and volatile matter, but it does not meet the specifications of ashes and calorific values. So, it is mixed with coals of better quality to attend the thermoelectric standards. Concerning the wash ability, in the cut density of 2.0, the NGM was 15%, characterizing the material as moderately difficult or difficult to separate. Analyzing the Tromp Curve, the value of the deviation probable medium (EPM), Imperfection (I) and the Error Area were, respectively, 0.30, 0.30 and 178.13 cm2. These parameters indicate that the equipment does not show a good precision of separation. The rejected material on the spiral showed a NNP of - 209 kg CaCO3/t, indicating a high potential for acid drainage generation. It should be considered that the material presented a fine particle size (0.1 to 2.0 mm) and a high surface area (41 m2/g), which certainly will provide high pyrite oxidations rates. Analyzing the data as a whole, spirals, even with the low precision, is exercising their function to provide an energetic coal with an acceptable sulphur content, leaving no doubt about its applicability.