The Blended-Wing-Body is a conceptual aircraft design with rear-mounted, over wing engines. Turboelectric distributed propulsion system with boundary layer ingestion has been considered for this aircraft. It uses electricity to transmit power from the core turbine to the fans, therefore dramatically increases bypass ratio to reduce fuel consumption and noise. This dissertation presents methods on designing the TeDP system, evaluating effects of boundary layer ingestion, modelling engine performances, and estimating weights of the electric components. The method is first applied to model a turboshaft-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust only by the propulsors array. Results show that by distributing an array of propulsors that ingest a relatively large mass flow directly produces an 8% fuel burn saving relative to the commercial N+2 aircraft (such as the SAX-40 airplane). Ingesting boundary layer achieves a 7-8% fuel saving with a well-designed intake duct and the improved inlet flow control technologies. However, the value is sensitive to the duct losses and fan inlet distortion. Poor inlet performance can offset or even overwhelm this potential advantage. The total weight of the electric system would be around 5,000-7,000 kg. The large mass penalties further diminish benefits of the superconducting distributed propulsion system. The method is then applied to model a turbofan-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust by both the propulsors array and the core-engines. Results show that splitting the thrust between propulsors and core-engines could have a beneficial effect in fuel savings, when installation effects are neglected. The optimised thrust splitting ratio is between 60-90%, the final value depends on the propulsor intake pressure losses and the TeDP system bypass ratio. Moreover, splitting the thrust can reduce the weight of the electric system with the penalty of the increased core-engine weight. In short, if the power density of the superconducting system were high enough, turboshaft-driven TeDP would be preferable to power the N3-X aircraft.

Traffic problems caused by congestion are increasing in cities all over the world. As a traffic management tool traffic predictions can be used in order to make prevention actions against traffic congestion. There is one software for traffic state estimations called Mobile Millennium Stockholm (MMS) that are a part of a project for estimate real-time traffic information.In this thesis a framework for running traffic predictions in the MMS software have been implemented and tested on a stretch north of Stockholm. The thesis is focusing on the implementation and evaluation of traffic prediction by running a cell transmission model (CTM) forward in time.This method gives reliable predictions for a prediction horizon of up to 5 minutes. In order to improve the results for traffic predictions, a framework for dynamic inputs of demand and sink capacity has been implemented in the MMS system. The third part of the master thesis presents a model which adjusts the split ratios in a macroscopic traffic model based on driver behavior during congestion.

The Blended-Wing-Body is a conceptual aircraft design with rear-mounted, over wing engines. Turboelectric distributed propulsion system with boundary layer ingestion has been considered for this aircraft. It uses electricity to transmit power from the core turbine to the fans, therefore dramatically increases bypass ratio to reduce fuel consumption and noise. This dissertation presents methods on designing the TeDP system, evaluating effects of boundary layer ingestion, modelling engine performances, and estimating weights of the electric components. The method is first applied to model a turboshaft-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust only by the propulsors array. Results show that by distributing an array of propulsors that ingest a relatively large mass flow directly produces an 8% fuel burn saving relative to the commercial N+2 aircraft (such as the SAX-40 airplane). Ingesting boundary layer achieves a 7-8% fuel saving with a well-designed intake duct and the improved inlet flow control technologies. However, the value is sensitive to the duct losses and fan inlet distortion. Poor inlet performance can offset or even overwhelm this potential advantage. The total weight of the electric system would be around 5,000-7,000 kg. The large mass penalties further diminish benefits of the superconducting distributed propulsion system. The method is then applied to model a turbofan-driven TeDP system, which produces thrust by both the propulsors array and the core-engines. Results show that splitting the thrust between propulsors and core-engines could have a beneficial effect in fuel savings, when installation effects are neglected. The optimised thrust splitting ratio is between 60-90%, the final value depends on the propulsor intake pressure losses and the TeDP system bypass ratio. Moreover, splitting the thrust can reduce the weight of the electric system with the penalty of the increased core-engine weight. In short, if the power density of the superconducting system were high enough, turboshaft-driven TeDP would be preferable to power the N3-X aircraft

This thesis deals with the most recent passive optical network standard NG-PON2, describes the sublayer model which includes error correction coding during propagation in optical fibres. Assesses the impact of split ratios using the simulation environment created from defined model and compares various scenarios. Discusses possible sources of errors of simulation model in compare to real deployment.

The diploma thesis deals with the theoretical definition of passive optical networks, furthermore the description of methods of channel bundling in passive optical networks and the coexistence and migration between standards. The main essence of this work is the XG-PON (10-Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) standard. This standard is generally defined along with a description of the physical layer. The transport layer is detailed analysis. There is a description of conditions, under which the Optical Network Unit pass through, when is activated. Additionally, this diploma thesis focuses on the processes of connecting Optical Network Units to the Passive Optical Networks and the timing relationships between Optical Network Units and Optical Line Terminal. The simulations demonstrate that as the number of simultaneous connections to Optical Network Unit increase, longer wait time for each additional connection becomes. This also solves the collision conditions, that might arise in communication and the equalization delay. Finally, the diploma thesis deals with the influence of a refractive index on timing relationships.

O problema estudado relaciona-se ao planejamento de redes ópticas de acesso TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), tendo como meta prover meios para atender ao consumo crescente de banda e, ao mesmo tempo, associar o mesmo ao menor consumo de energia possível e disponibilizar serviços de qualidade aos usuários da rede. Neste contexto, após a apresentação de uma revisão bibliográfica, alguns trabalhos foram selecionados como referências base para o estudo. Neste, foram analisadas técnicas de gerenciamento do comprimento de onda numa possível migração tecnológica dos equipamentos de acesso à rede pelo lado do usuário, as unidades de rede óptica (ONUs), considerando ser possível aproveitar de forma eficiente a distribuição de ONUs em cada par de comprimentos de onda, e como resultado, desligar interfaces de gerenciamento para economia de energia. Em paralelo a este objetivo, foram agregados métodos de \"registro adaptativo\" para melhorar o desempenho das ONUs que estão migrando e/ou entrando na rede, evitando colisões entre seus sinais e aumentando as chances de registro no terminal de linha óptico (OLT). Além do mais, o trabalho aborda o cumprimento do contrato de serviços (SLA) por parte das operadoras de telecomunicações, bem como oferece meios de estruturar uma rede óptica passiva (PON) para oferecer serviços com garantia de métricas de qualidade (QoS). Diferentes cenários foram tratados ao variar a porcentagem de usuários ativos na rede, e percebeu-se que, quando a PON opera com baixo índice de atividade (média 10% de ONUs ativas), foi possível economizar mais de 80% de energia em interfaces de gerenciamento. Por outro lado, ao envolver cenários mais realistas em redes ópticas (média de 50% de ONUs ativas), o TWDM-PON economizou quase 50% de energia nestas interfaces ao ser configurado com baixo período de migração (5 minutos). Além disso, alcançou um SLA de aproximadamente 100%, um valor considerado acima do usual quando se trata de cumprimento de serviços. Como uma tecnologia emergente, o TWDM-PON destaca-se num cenário que deve ser planejado para ser compatível com tecnologias implantadas, e além de disso, superar o legado de redes PON na economia de energia e qualidade de serviços oferecidos. / The problem studied is related to the planning of optical access networks TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), aiming to provide means to meet the increasing bandwidth consumption and, at the same time, associating it to the lowest possible power consumption and providing quality services to the network users. In this context, following the presentation of a literature review, some studies were selected as a reference basis for the study. In this, some wavelength management techniques were analyzed aiming a possible technological migration of the network access equipment at the user side, the optical network units (ONU), whereas it is possible to use efficiently the ONUs distribution in each pair of wavelength. As a result, it becomes possible to switch off some management interfaces thus assuring a degree of power consumption save. In parallel, methods for providing an \"adaptive record\" of ONUs have been aggregated to improve the performance of those ONUs that are migrating and/or entering the network, avoiding collisions between their signals and increasing the chance of their registration in the optical line terminal (OLT). Furthermore, this work deals with the fulfillment of the service agreement (SLA) signed by telecommunications operators and proposes ways to design a passive optical network (PON) in order to offer services with quality metrics assurance (QoS). Different scenarios were treated to vary the percentage of active users on the network, and it was noticed that when the PON operates with low rate of activity (average 10% of active ONUs), it was possible to save over 80% energy in the management interfaces. Moreover, by involving more realistic scenarios in optical networks (50%, in average, of active ONUs), the TWDM-PON saved almost 50% of energy at the interfaces to be configured with low migration period (5 minutes). Additionally, it reached an SLA of approximately 100%, a value considered above the usual when it comes to compliance services. As an emerging technology, TWDM-PON stands out in a scenario that should be designed to be compatible with deployed technologies, and beyond that, to overcome the legacy of PON networks in energy saving and quality of services offered.

O problema estudado relaciona-se ao planejamento de redes ópticas de acesso TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), tendo como meta prover meios para atender ao consumo crescente de banda e, ao mesmo tempo, associar o mesmo ao menor consumo de energia possível e disponibilizar serviços de qualidade aos usuários da rede. Neste contexto, após a apresentação de uma revisão bibliográfica, alguns trabalhos foram selecionados como referências base para o estudo. Neste, foram analisadas técnicas de gerenciamento do comprimento de onda numa possível migração tecnológica dos equipamentos de acesso à rede pelo lado do usuário, as unidades de rede óptica (ONUs), considerando ser possível aproveitar de forma eficiente a distribuição de ONUs em cada par de comprimentos de onda, e como resultado, desligar interfaces de gerenciamento para economia de energia. Em paralelo a este objetivo, foram agregados métodos de \"registro adaptativo\" para melhorar o desempenho das ONUs que estão migrando e/ou entrando na rede, evitando colisões entre seus sinais e aumentando as chances de registro no terminal de linha óptico (OLT). Além do mais, o trabalho aborda o cumprimento do contrato de serviços (SLA) por parte das operadoras de telecomunicações, bem como oferece meios de estruturar uma rede óptica passiva (PON) para oferecer serviços com garantia de métricas de qualidade (QoS). Diferentes cenários foram tratados ao variar a porcentagem de usuários ativos na rede, e percebeu-se que, quando a PON opera com baixo índice de atividade (média 10% de ONUs ativas), foi possível economizar mais de 80% de energia em interfaces de gerenciamento. Por outro lado, ao envolver cenários mais realistas em redes ópticas (média de 50% de ONUs ativas), o TWDM-PON economizou quase 50% de energia nestas interfaces ao ser configurado com baixo período de migração (5 minutos). Além disso, alcançou um SLA de aproximadamente 100%, um valor considerado acima do usual quando se trata de cumprimento de serviços. Como uma tecnologia emergente, o TWDM-PON destaca-se num cenário que deve ser planejado para ser compatível com tecnologias implantadas, e além de disso, superar o legado de redes PON na economia de energia e qualidade de serviços oferecidos. / The problem studied is related to the planning of optical access networks TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), aiming to provide means to meet the increasing bandwidth consumption and, at the same time, associating it to the lowest possible power consumption and providing quality services to the network users. In this context, following the presentation of a literature review, some studies were selected as a reference basis for the study. In this, some wavelength management techniques were analyzed aiming a possible technological migration of the network access equipment at the user side, the optical network units (ONU), whereas it is possible to use efficiently the ONUs distribution in each pair of wavelength. As a result, it becomes possible to switch off some management interfaces thus assuring a degree of power consumption save. In parallel, methods for providing an \"adaptive record\" of ONUs have been aggregated to improve the performance of those ONUs that are migrating and/or entering the network, avoiding collisions between their signals and increasing the chance of their registration in the optical line terminal (OLT). Furthermore, this work deals with the fulfillment of the service agreement (SLA) signed by telecommunications operators and proposes ways to design a passive optical network (PON) in order to offer services with quality metrics assurance (QoS). Different scenarios were treated to vary the percentage of active users on the network, and it was noticed that when the PON operates with low rate of activity (average 10% of active ONUs), it was possible to save over 80% energy in the management interfaces. Moreover, by involving more realistic scenarios in optical networks (50%, in average, of active ONUs), the TWDM-PON saved almost 50% of energy at the interfaces to be configured with low migration period (5 minutes). Additionally, it reached an SLA of approximately 100%, a value considered above the usual when it comes to compliance services. As an emerging technology, TWDM-PON stands out in a scenario that should be designed to be compatible with deployed technologies, and beyond that, to overcome the legacy of PON networks in energy saving and quality of services offered.