This dissertation is a history of the change in form and location of ballparks that explains why that change happened, when it did, and what this tells us about broader society, about hopes and fears, and about tastes and prejudices. It uses case studies of five important and trend-setting ballparks to understand what it meant to go to a major league game in the twentieth century. I examine the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium in the first half of the twentieth century, what I call the classic ballpark era, Dodger Stadium and the Astrodome from the 1950s through the 1980s, what I call the multi-use ballpark era, and Camden Yards in the retro-chic ballpark era—the 1990s and beyond. I treat baseball as a reflection of larger American culture that sometimes also shaped that culture. I argue that baseball games were a purportedly inclusive space that was actually exclusive and divided, but that the exclusion and division was masked by rhetoric about the game and the relative lack of explicit policies barring anyone. Instead, owners built a system that was economically and socially stratified and increasingly physically removed from lower-class and non-white city residents. Ballparks’ tiers allowed owners to give wealthier fans the option of sitting in the seats closest to home plate where they would not have to interact with poorer fans who owners pushed to the cheaper seats further from the action. That masked exclusion gave middle- and upper-class fans a space that was comfortable and safe because it was anything but truly accessible to all Americans. I also argue that owners had to change the image of the ballpark and tinker with the exclusion there as fans’ tastes and their visions of what a city should look and feel like changed. / History

This study aims to understand how japanese corporal practices were renegotiated in Japanese Colony of Ivoti, Rio Grande do Sul, from the decades of 1980 to 2010. For that, we have used the theoretical perspectives from recognized authors of Cultural History field. Regarding the methodological procedures of this investigation, these were constructed from the collection of information in documentary and imagery sources, in addition to Oral History. The next step consisted in submitting these sources to the analysis, and for each of them a specific technique was adopted, namely: the documentary sources were submitted to documentary analysis, the imagery sources were analyzed and interpreted following the steps of iconographic analysis and the Oral sources in turn followed the technique of content analysis. In dealing with representations of corporal practices in the Japanese Colony of Ivoti, we seek both to describe their historical processes and to discuss how they were conceived and renegotiated in this social space. In the same way we seek to list some of the cultural elements present in each one of them. In according with we have exposed, based on this version of Japanese corporal practices in the Ivoti Colony, it was possible to perceive that the culture of this group of Japanese-Brazilians, although it have faced difficulties in the early days, was not lost with the migratory movement. Otherwise, this group through the cultivation of corporal practices, such as, for example, Gateball, Judo, Odori, Sumo and Undokai, sought to differentiate themselves from other ethnic groups that made up the society in which they were inserted.

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever como ocorreu a trajetória da modalidade hóquei sobre a grama e indoor no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com base nas ações realizadas no primeiro mandato da Federação de Hóquei sobre a Grama e Indoor do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FHERS) entre os anos 2010 e 2014. Esta pesquisa histórico-documental foi feita por meio de revisão bibliográfica e pela análise de documentos e de fontes orais. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas com fundadores e dirigentes do primeiro e segundo mandatos da FHERS. As fontes revelaram que a trajetória da modalidade no estado está vinculada a clubes, escolas, projetos sociais e universidades. Estas instituições foram o alicerce para o desenvolvimento de cursos, oficinas, workshops, vivências e para a realização de atividades permanentes, tais como a prática nas aulas de educação física e em projetos de extensão (escolar e universitário), a criação da disciplina eletiva da modalidade na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e a realização de festivais e campeonatos da modalidade. Em razão de o Brasil sediar os Jogos Pan-Americanos e os Jogos Olímpicos, a FHERS encontrou um ambiente propício para a implantação desse esporte no território sul-rio-grandense, visto que estavam disponíveis recursos financeiros tanto da esfera nacional quanto estadual, além da visibilidade dada ao esporte devido a esses megaeventos. / The study describes how the historical trajectory of the sport Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul through the actions accomplished in the first mandate of the Rio Grande do Sul State Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey Federation (FHERS) between 2010 and 2014. The historical documentary research was carried out through literature review, document analysis and oral sources. Six interviews were conducted with founders and leaders of the first and second mandate of FHERS. The sources revealed that the history of the sport in the state is linked to clubs, schools, social projects and Universities, which were the foundation for the development of courses, workshops, field work and the performance of ongoing activities, such as the practice in Physical Education classes and extension projects (school and University level), the creation of the elective subject at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the organization of festivals and championships. The FHERS found a favorable environment for the implementation of the sport in the Rio Grande do Sul State territory due to the incentive available in the national and state level as the resources and visibility given to the sport due of the Pan American and Olympic Games.

This study aims to understand how japanese corporal practices were renegotiated in Japanese Colony of Ivoti, Rio Grande do Sul, from the decades of 1980 to 2010. For that, we have used the theoretical perspectives from recognized authors of Cultural History field. Regarding the methodological procedures of this investigation, these were constructed from the collection of information in documentary and imagery sources, in addition to Oral History. The next step consisted in submitting these sources to the analysis, and for each of them a specific technique was adopted, namely: the documentary sources were submitted to documentary analysis, the imagery sources were analyzed and interpreted following the steps of iconographic analysis and the Oral sources in turn followed the technique of content analysis. In dealing with representations of corporal practices in the Japanese Colony of Ivoti, we seek both to describe their historical processes and to discuss how they were conceived and renegotiated in this social space. In the same way we seek to list some of the cultural elements present in each one of them. In according with we have exposed, based on this version of Japanese corporal practices in the Ivoti Colony, it was possible to perceive that the culture of this group of Japanese-Brazilians, although it have faced difficulties in the early days, was not lost with the migratory movement. Otherwise, this group through the cultivation of corporal practices, such as, for example, Gateball, Judo, Odori, Sumo and Undokai, sought to differentiate themselves from other ethnic groups that made up the society in which they were inserted.

Este estudo trata de uma abordagem histórico-cultural sobre as práticas corporais e esportivas realizadas nas praças e parques públicos da cidade de Porto Alegre nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Desde o início deste período, as praças e parques públicos se afirmaram enquanto espaços de sociabilidade e lazer dos portoalegrenses. As formas de ocupação destes espaços sociais foram sendo reformuladas em decorrência das transformações urbanas e o advento das novas práticas deflagradas pela modernidade. Nesse contexto, começaram a ser promovidas competições esportivas entre os "clubes" das praças chegando-se até os anos 1940, quando os espaços foram potencializados enquanto palco de demonstrações de Educação Física em eventos com caráter cívico. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender como ocorreu a emergência e difusão das práticas corporais e esportivas nas praças e parques públicos de Porto Alegre nas décadas de 1920 a 1940, identificando quais as primeiras práticas introduzidas nestes espaços públicos; como foram organizadas; e que representações culturais de uma identidade nacional foram construídas. A análise documental de fontes históricas impressas revelou que a utilização das praças e parques públicos, nos mandatos dos prefeitos Otávio Rocha (1924-1928) e Alberto Bins (1928-1937), foi privilegiada no que diz respeito à promoção de práticas corporais e esportivas. Ao traçarmos o panorama das praças e parques na cidade encontramos as denominadas Praças de Desportos, que se constituíram em espaço para as práticas organizadas e dirigidas pelo Serviço de Recreação Pública (SRP) instaurado em 1926. No ano seguinte a criação da SRP evidenciou-se a existência dos clubs da praça, que tinham diretoria estabelecida e registrada, equipes federadas e participação em campeonatos municipais. Com a instauração do Estado Novo, além do controle e organização do espaço público, uma das maneiras encontradas para efetivar o projeto de sociedade controlada com a participação popular e aceitação das idéias nacionalistas, foi acionar o civismo, a educação moral e as práticas corporais e esportivas para forjar uma nova ordem social. As demonstrações de Educação Física e competições esportivas realizadas nas festas cívicas sediadas nas praças e parques públicos foram mecanismos de construção de representações culturais de uma identidade nacional. / This study deals with a historical and cultural approach about the corporal and active sports practices accomplished at the public parks and squares from Porto Alegre City in the decades of 1920 to 1940. Since the beginning of this period, the public parks and squares have asserted as sociable and leisure spaces of the inhabitants from Porto Alegre. The means to occupy theses social spaces have been reformulated in consequence of urban transformations and the coming of new pratices aggravated by modernity. In this context, many sportive competitions have started to be promoted among the clubs of the squares arriving in the 1940s, when the spaces were made possible the creation of a stage for Physical Education demonstrations in civic feature events. The objective of this present study is to understand how it has happened the emergency and diffusion of the corporal and active sports practices in the parks and squares from Porto Alegre during the decades of 1920 and 1940, by identifying the first practices introduced in those public spaces; how they were organized; and what kind of cultural representations of a national identity were created. The documental analysis from printed historical sources have shown the utilization of public parks and squares during the mandates of the Mayors Otávio Rocha (1924-1928) and Alberto Bins (1928-1937), it was privileged concerning the promotion of corporal and sports active practices. By outlining the perspective of parks and squares of the city we find the so called "Praças de Desportos", which have established in spaces to the organized practices and they are ruled by the "Serviço de Recreação Pública" (SRP) set up in 1926. One year later the creation of SRP we could notice the existence of clubs in the squares, which had an established direction and they were registered, with federate teams and the participation in municipal championships. With the establishment of the Estado Novo (New State), besides the control and organization of public space, one of the ways found to put into effect the society project controlled by the popular participation and the acceptance of nationalist ideas it was to set in motion the civism, the moral education and the corporal and active sportive practices to forge a new social order. The Physical Education demonstrations and sportive competitions accomplished in civic festivities done in public squares and parks were mechanisms of construction of cultural representations of a national identity.

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever como ocorreu a trajetória da modalidade hóquei sobre a grama e indoor no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com base nas ações realizadas no primeiro mandato da Federação de Hóquei sobre a Grama e Indoor do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FHERS) entre os anos 2010 e 2014. Esta pesquisa histórico-documental foi feita por meio de revisão bibliográfica e pela análise de documentos e de fontes orais. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas com fundadores e dirigentes do primeiro e segundo mandatos da FHERS. As fontes revelaram que a trajetória da modalidade no estado está vinculada a clubes, escolas, projetos sociais e universidades. Estas instituições foram o alicerce para o desenvolvimento de cursos, oficinas, workshops, vivências e para a realização de atividades permanentes, tais como a prática nas aulas de educação física e em projetos de extensão (escolar e universitário), a criação da disciplina eletiva da modalidade na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e a realização de festivais e campeonatos da modalidade. Em razão de o Brasil sediar os Jogos Pan-Americanos e os Jogos Olímpicos, a FHERS encontrou um ambiente propício para a implantação desse esporte no território sul-rio-grandense, visto que estavam disponíveis recursos financeiros tanto da esfera nacional quanto estadual, além da visibilidade dada ao esporte devido a esses megaeventos. / The study describes how the historical trajectory of the sport Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul through the actions accomplished in the first mandate of the Rio Grande do Sul State Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey Federation (FHERS) between 2010 and 2014. The historical documentary research was carried out through literature review, document analysis and oral sources. Six interviews were conducted with founders and leaders of the first and second mandate of FHERS. The sources revealed that the history of the sport in the state is linked to clubs, schools, social projects and Universities, which were the foundation for the development of courses, workshops, field work and the performance of ongoing activities, such as the practice in Physical Education classes and extension projects (school and University level), the creation of the elective subject at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the organization of festivals and championships. The FHERS found a favorable environment for the implementation of the sport in the Rio Grande do Sul State territory due to the incentive available in the national and state level as the resources and visibility given to the sport due of the Pan American and Olympic Games.

This study aims to understand how japanese corporal practices were renegotiated in Japanese Colony of Ivoti, Rio Grande do Sul, from the decades of 1980 to 2010. For that, we have used the theoretical perspectives from recognized authors of Cultural History field. Regarding the methodological procedures of this investigation, these were constructed from the collection of information in documentary and imagery sources, in addition to Oral History. The next step consisted in submitting these sources to the analysis, and for each of them a specific technique was adopted, namely: the documentary sources were submitted to documentary analysis, the imagery sources were analyzed and interpreted following the steps of iconographic analysis and the Oral sources in turn followed the technique of content analysis. In dealing with representations of corporal practices in the Japanese Colony of Ivoti, we seek both to describe their historical processes and to discuss how they were conceived and renegotiated in this social space. In the same way we seek to list some of the cultural elements present in each one of them. In according with we have exposed, based on this version of Japanese corporal practices in the Ivoti Colony, it was possible to perceive that the culture of this group of Japanese-Brazilians, although it have faced difficulties in the early days, was not lost with the migratory movement. Otherwise, this group through the cultivation of corporal practices, such as, for example, Gateball, Judo, Odori, Sumo and Undokai, sought to differentiate themselves from other ethnic groups that made up the society in which they were inserted.

Este estudo trata de uma abordagem histórico-cultural sobre as práticas corporais e esportivas realizadas nas praças e parques públicos da cidade de Porto Alegre nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Desde o início deste período, as praças e parques públicos se afirmaram enquanto espaços de sociabilidade e lazer dos portoalegrenses. As formas de ocupação destes espaços sociais foram sendo reformuladas em decorrência das transformações urbanas e o advento das novas práticas deflagradas pela modernidade. Nesse contexto, começaram a ser promovidas competições esportivas entre os "clubes" das praças chegando-se até os anos 1940, quando os espaços foram potencializados enquanto palco de demonstrações de Educação Física em eventos com caráter cívico. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender como ocorreu a emergência e difusão das práticas corporais e esportivas nas praças e parques públicos de Porto Alegre nas décadas de 1920 a 1940, identificando quais as primeiras práticas introduzidas nestes espaços públicos; como foram organizadas; e que representações culturais de uma identidade nacional foram construídas. A análise documental de fontes históricas impressas revelou que a utilização das praças e parques públicos, nos mandatos dos prefeitos Otávio Rocha (1924-1928) e Alberto Bins (1928-1937), foi privilegiada no que diz respeito à promoção de práticas corporais e esportivas. Ao traçarmos o panorama das praças e parques na cidade encontramos as denominadas Praças de Desportos, que se constituíram em espaço para as práticas organizadas e dirigidas pelo Serviço de Recreação Pública (SRP) instaurado em 1926. No ano seguinte a criação da SRP evidenciou-se a existência dos clubs da praça, que tinham diretoria estabelecida e registrada, equipes federadas e participação em campeonatos municipais. Com a instauração do Estado Novo, além do controle e organização do espaço público, uma das maneiras encontradas para efetivar o projeto de sociedade controlada com a participação popular e aceitação das idéias nacionalistas, foi acionar o civismo, a educação moral e as práticas corporais e esportivas para forjar uma nova ordem social. As demonstrações de Educação Física e competições esportivas realizadas nas festas cívicas sediadas nas praças e parques públicos foram mecanismos de construção de representações culturais de uma identidade nacional. / This study deals with a historical and cultural approach about the corporal and active sports practices accomplished at the public parks and squares from Porto Alegre City in the decades of 1920 to 1940. Since the beginning of this period, the public parks and squares have asserted as sociable and leisure spaces of the inhabitants from Porto Alegre. The means to occupy theses social spaces have been reformulated in consequence of urban transformations and the coming of new pratices aggravated by modernity. In this context, many sportive competitions have started to be promoted among the clubs of the squares arriving in the 1940s, when the spaces were made possible the creation of a stage for Physical Education demonstrations in civic feature events. The objective of this present study is to understand how it has happened the emergency and diffusion of the corporal and active sports practices in the parks and squares from Porto Alegre during the decades of 1920 and 1940, by identifying the first practices introduced in those public spaces; how they were organized; and what kind of cultural representations of a national identity were created. The documental analysis from printed historical sources have shown the utilization of public parks and squares during the mandates of the Mayors Otávio Rocha (1924-1928) and Alberto Bins (1928-1937), it was privileged concerning the promotion of corporal and sports active practices. By outlining the perspective of parks and squares of the city we find the so called "Praças de Desportos", which have established in spaces to the organized practices and they are ruled by the "Serviço de Recreação Pública" (SRP) set up in 1926. One year later the creation of SRP we could notice the existence of clubs in the squares, which had an established direction and they were registered, with federate teams and the participation in municipal championships. With the establishment of the Estado Novo (New State), besides the control and organization of public space, one of the ways found to put into effect the society project controlled by the popular participation and the acceptance of nationalist ideas it was to set in motion the civism, the moral education and the corporal and active sportive practices to forge a new social order. The Physical Education demonstrations and sportive competitions accomplished in civic festivities done in public squares and parks were mechanisms of construction of cultural representations of a national identity.

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever como ocorreu a trajetória da modalidade hóquei sobre a grama e indoor no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com base nas ações realizadas no primeiro mandato da Federação de Hóquei sobre a Grama e Indoor do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FHERS) entre os anos 2010 e 2014. Esta pesquisa histórico-documental foi feita por meio de revisão bibliográfica e pela análise de documentos e de fontes orais. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas com fundadores e dirigentes do primeiro e segundo mandatos da FHERS. As fontes revelaram que a trajetória da modalidade no estado está vinculada a clubes, escolas, projetos sociais e universidades. Estas instituições foram o alicerce para o desenvolvimento de cursos, oficinas, workshops, vivências e para a realização de atividades permanentes, tais como a prática nas aulas de educação física e em projetos de extensão (escolar e universitário), a criação da disciplina eletiva da modalidade na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e a realização de festivais e campeonatos da modalidade. Em razão de o Brasil sediar os Jogos Pan-Americanos e os Jogos Olímpicos, a FHERS encontrou um ambiente propício para a implantação desse esporte no território sul-rio-grandense, visto que estavam disponíveis recursos financeiros tanto da esfera nacional quanto estadual, além da visibilidade dada ao esporte devido a esses megaeventos. / The study describes how the historical trajectory of the sport Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul through the actions accomplished in the first mandate of the Rio Grande do Sul State Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey Federation (FHERS) between 2010 and 2014. The historical documentary research was carried out through literature review, document analysis and oral sources. Six interviews were conducted with founders and leaders of the first and second mandate of FHERS. The sources revealed that the history of the sport in the state is linked to clubs, schools, social projects and Universities, which were the foundation for the development of courses, workshops, field work and the performance of ongoing activities, such as the practice in Physical Education classes and extension projects (school and University level), the creation of the elective subject at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the organization of festivals and championships. The FHERS found a favorable environment for the implementation of the sport in the Rio Grande do Sul State territory due to the incentive available in the national and state level as the resources and visibility given to the sport due of the Pan American and Olympic Games.

Este estudo trata de uma abordagem histórico-cultural sobre as práticas corporais e esportivas realizadas nas praças e parques públicos da cidade de Porto Alegre nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Desde o início deste período, as praças e parques públicos se afirmaram enquanto espaços de sociabilidade e lazer dos portoalegrenses. As formas de ocupação destes espaços sociais foram sendo reformuladas em decorrência das transformações urbanas e o advento das novas práticas deflagradas pela modernidade. Nesse contexto, começaram a ser promovidas competições esportivas entre os "clubes" das praças chegando-se até os anos 1940, quando os espaços foram potencializados enquanto palco de demonstrações de Educação Física em eventos com caráter cívico. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender como ocorreu a emergência e difusão das práticas corporais e esportivas nas praças e parques públicos de Porto Alegre nas décadas de 1920 a 1940, identificando quais as primeiras práticas introduzidas nestes espaços públicos; como foram organizadas; e que representações culturais de uma identidade nacional foram construídas. A análise documental de fontes históricas impressas revelou que a utilização das praças e parques públicos, nos mandatos dos prefeitos Otávio Rocha (1924-1928) e Alberto Bins (1928-1937), foi privilegiada no que diz respeito à promoção de práticas corporais e esportivas. Ao traçarmos o panorama das praças e parques na cidade encontramos as denominadas Praças de Desportos, que se constituíram em espaço para as práticas organizadas e dirigidas pelo Serviço de Recreação Pública (SRP) instaurado em 1926. No ano seguinte a criação da SRP evidenciou-se a existência dos clubs da praça, que tinham diretoria estabelecida e registrada, equipes federadas e participação em campeonatos municipais. Com a instauração do Estado Novo, além do controle e organização do espaço público, uma das maneiras encontradas para efetivar o projeto de sociedade controlada com a participação popular e aceitação das idéias nacionalistas, foi acionar o civismo, a educação moral e as práticas corporais e esportivas para forjar uma nova ordem social. As demonstrações de Educação Física e competições esportivas realizadas nas festas cívicas sediadas nas praças e parques públicos foram mecanismos de construção de representações culturais de uma identidade nacional. / This study deals with a historical and cultural approach about the corporal and active sports practices accomplished at the public parks and squares from Porto Alegre City in the decades of 1920 to 1940. Since the beginning of this period, the public parks and squares have asserted as sociable and leisure spaces of the inhabitants from Porto Alegre. The means to occupy theses social spaces have been reformulated in consequence of urban transformations and the coming of new pratices aggravated by modernity. In this context, many sportive competitions have started to be promoted among the clubs of the squares arriving in the 1940s, when the spaces were made possible the creation of a stage for Physical Education demonstrations in civic feature events. The objective of this present study is to understand how it has happened the emergency and diffusion of the corporal and active sports practices in the parks and squares from Porto Alegre during the decades of 1920 and 1940, by identifying the first practices introduced in those public spaces; how they were organized; and what kind of cultural representations of a national identity were created. The documental analysis from printed historical sources have shown the utilization of public parks and squares during the mandates of the Mayors Otávio Rocha (1924-1928) and Alberto Bins (1928-1937), it was privileged concerning the promotion of corporal and sports active practices. By outlining the perspective of parks and squares of the city we find the so called "Praças de Desportos", which have established in spaces to the organized practices and they are ruled by the "Serviço de Recreação Pública" (SRP) set up in 1926. One year later the creation of SRP we could notice the existence of clubs in the squares, which had an established direction and they were registered, with federate teams and the participation in municipal championships. With the establishment of the Estado Novo (New State), besides the control and organization of public space, one of the ways found to put into effect the society project controlled by the popular participation and the acceptance of nationalist ideas it was to set in motion the civism, the moral education and the corporal and active sportive practices to forge a new social order. The Physical Education demonstrations and sportive competitions accomplished in civic festivities done in public squares and parks were mechanisms of construction of cultural representations of a national identity.