Title: Historical development of freediving. Objectives: The goal of this thesis is to describe the historical development of freediving. Methods: To achieve the goal, it has been analysed all available information including literature, internet software, materials about diving, descriptions, comparisons and an interview. Results: This thesis shall provide, to those interested in the sport and to general public, a comprehensive and clear description of historical development of freediving from the early beginnings to the present. Keywords: history, sport, diving, swimming, freediving

The dissertation examines how member institutions in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) managed their college football programs during World War II. This time period in college sport history is unique because a few university presidents at SEC institutions believed the war gave them the opportunity to permanently implement reforms such as reducing practice hours and limiting the high salaries of coaches. Previous historiography demonstrates that these reforms did not come to fruition. Why were the university presidents and faculty, who claimed responsibility for governing the SEC, unable to capitalize on the opportunity they believed the war had given them to reform college sport? To examine this question, the author visited university archives of all thirteen institutions that competed in the SEC from its founding in 1933 until the end of World War II in 1945. Sources from these archives included correspondence between university presidents, faculty, trustees, athletic department employees, and other university stakeholders. The author also examined articles from newspapers throughout the Southeast, university publications such as yearbooks, alumni magazines, and student newspapers, trustee board minutes, and SEC meeting minutes. Despite the perceptions of some SEC presidents and faculty that the war provided an opportune moment for reform, how universities ran their athletic departments during World War II suggests that attempts to place less emphasis on college athletics would be temporary and driven only by pragmatics. As institutions began to lose athletes to military service, the SEC’s university presidents suspended academic reforms that existed before the war so that their college football teams could survive, which was necessary since only four of the twelve member institutions formally competed in college football during the 1943 season. Given the primary source evidence, it is clear that since university presidents and faculty were unable to reform college athletics during the war, at a time where they perceived athletics as susceptible to reform, then reforms such as reduced practice time and lower coaching salaries are unlikely to come from these university leaders at any point in the future because practicalities, not principles, were the driving force behind wartime reforms.

Title: The development of Boxing in town Most from its beginnings to the present. Objectives: The main Topic of this thesis is to obtain information about the beginning of boxing in the city Most. Describing of the development of boxing in town Most until now is another task. Methods: It is fundamental to define the main problem and reason of this thesis. It is very important to gather relevant and verified information. The author describes and analyses various situations The methods of dialogs, reading writing materials and electronic resources are used too Verbal material obtained from interviews was recorded in writing and was then analyzed and processed into an easily accessible form. Likewise it was run on with the writing and electronically gathered information. Results: The gathered information was gradually compared, then processed and interpreted by continuous text supplemented by images and attachments. information describe the origin and evolution of the boxing in town Most until now. Most of them was presented by visual demonstration. Keywords: History, Most, boxing, sports, gym, activity

The submitted thesis deals with South Bohemian cycle sport and its transformations between 1948 and 1989. It examines the development of individual clubs in České Budějovice, Tábor and Milevsko with regard to internal and external factors. Beside the club activities, it also focuses on cyclist´s everyday life in socialist Czechoslovakia and analyses the development of cycling equipment, training methods, eating habits and their effect on the performance of the cyclists. Another important factor the thesis investigates is compulsory military service as it played an important part in forming the cycle sport in socialist Czechoslovakia.

This dissertation studies the spread of sports for all in Sweden during the years 1945 to 1981. The purposes of the dissertation are twofold: in part to survey the forms of physical activities which were launched as sports for all after 1945, in part to answer the question: Why have almost all voluntarily organized sports in Sweden been part of one organization since the 1970s? In order to handle the diversities of activities that can fall within the concept of sport, two principal abstractions of the concept are used: one rigorous and one flexible. Which definition one uses influences how physical activities are organized in a society. Earlier research into the history of the Swedish sports movement has concluded that it has had a relatively high degree of autonomy in relation to the state. This finding is questioned in this dissertation. Sveriges Riksidrottsförbund (RF) was the largest Swedish sports organization throughout the 20th century and at same time the organization the government relied on to develop sports policies and distribute the financial contribution from the state to the sports movement. This means that RF has played two roles, as an umbrella organization within the Swedish sports movement and as leader of the organizations within the Swedish sports movement, popular movement and semi-public authority. The dissertation shows that the two roles, that RF played, have caused conflicts of interest within the organization. That is made plain when one studies the spread of sports for all. Most members of the organization just wanted to practise different sports and were not interested in the leading organization’s desire to promote a great many different kinds of physical acitivites according to a flexible concept of sport. These members were not interested in strengthening the organization’s leading position within sports. There are not many conceptions that are so universally and uncritically accepted as the conception of the connection between physical activity and health. Sports for all came to age in a society where more and more people were told to use part of their leisure time to take part in physical activities. A societal consensus prevailed that the population’s health was on the decline due to the increased standard of living, which was creating an inactive and unhealthy population. This has meant that sports for all have been an asset of power for the sports organizations and that they have fought for authority and control over sports for all; a struggle fought over the language and thoughts as much as over sport activities. Since 1945 large campaigns to get the population to become more physically active irrespective of physical ability have been common.

This study examines the conditions of womens´s participation in organized sport. The Swedish Sport Confederation and the two associations with the largest number of female members, the Swedish Gymnastics Federation and the Swedish Football Association, have been studied. Gymnastics is a traditional sport for women and is mainly a fitness sport. Soccer is a competitive sport and a new sport for women. The discussions and decisions of the sports associations regarding women and sport have been analyzed through studies of official documents, minutes and debates. An interview study with female leaders in gymnastics and soccer completes the analysis of the documents. Women represent just over a third of the members of the sports movement. Women participate in fewer sports than men. They only dominate in non-competitive and in aesthetic sports. According to this study there is no female sport or womens´sport - apart from gymnastics - only male sport with female participants. The attitude of the sports movement is that women and men are different but the form and rules of competitive sport are based on equality. The social gender system and thus mens´control over womens´ participation in sport is obvious in the sport movement. Three female counterstrategies have been identified: in the beginning of the 20th century female gymnastics coaches developed a form of gymnastics for women based on the ideology of peculiarity; in the 1970s women claimed equality with men for their breakthrough into soccer; in the 1980s women try to combine the ideologies of equality and peculiarity through male sport behaviour and the accentuation of traditional femininity. Womens´subordinate position in the sports movement is reflected in the lower valuation of womens´sport performances. Sport is an essential part of male character building. The motives of health have always been emphasized for women. The official ideology has in recent years passed on to a general accentuation of the aspects of health, which has facilitated womens´participation in sport. This is contradicted by the development of top-level sport and its manifestations in the form of for example drug-taking. / digitalisering@umu

The central question of this thesis is: How (and why) do we preserve sports legacies? Based on my research and experiences as the project coordinator for the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team Oral History Project at the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports, this thesis examines the social meanings of sports legacies and the rationale behind their preservation. I propose that sports legacies are located at the intersection of culture, memory and history; at the same time, on an individual level, sports legacies are also a form of symbolic immortality. This thesis conceptualizes sports legacies as contested terrain in which individuals and communities engage in continual negotiations on meaning and struggles over representation. Consequently, I propose that public history and oral history are the medium and methodology best suited to sports legacy preservation. Finally, I outline the process by which the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports is preserving the legacy of the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team. This thesis explains how and why we are preserving the legacy of this particular sports team and serves as a blueprint that others may use for preserving sports legacies. / text

Bakalauro darbe nagrinėjama kūno kultūros ir sporto tyrimų gausi užsienio ir lietuvių literatūra, pristatomi sporto, kaip socialinio-kultūrinio reiškinio, istoriografijoje rezultatai, nagrinėjami istorikų, filosofų, žurnalistų, sporto darbuotojų, trenerių įvairaus pobūdžio darbai apie Lietuvos sportą kaip socialinį-kultūrinį reiškinį,jo svarbą asmens, visuomenės ir valstybės raidai. Tyrimo problema charakterizuojama klausimais: Kokie sporto, kaip sociakultūrinio reiškinio aspektai, išryškinami lietuvių istoriografijoje? Kokia jų atspindėjimo specifika? Kokie skirtumai ir panašumai dominuoja tarp užsienio ir lietuvių mokslinės literatūros? Tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti pagrindinius sporto, kaip socialinio-kultūrinio reiškinio, aspektus lietuvių istoriografijoje ir išaiškinti silpniausias tyrinėtojų veiklos puses, į kurias turėtų būti kreipiamos jų pastangos, taip pat nustatyti jų panašumus ir skirtumus su užsienio mokslininkų tyrimais. Tyrimo objektas - sporto kaip sociokultūrinio reiškinio istoriografija. Istoriografinė analizė parodė, kad užsienio mokslininkų tyrimų arealas pasirinkta tema yra kur kas platesnis ir išsamesnis. Pagal moksliškumo lygmenį visus iki šiol Lietuvoje atliktus tyrimus galima skirstyti į tris pagrindines grupes: darbai, analizuojantys teorinius sporto, kaip socialinio-kultūrinio reiškinio, aspektus, sporto istorijos publikacijos, istorikų ir kitų sričių mokslininkų darbuose, populiari mokslinė literatūra apie kūno kultūrą ir sportą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the undergraduate work physical culture and sport research objects are analysed, the results of sport as sociocultural phenomenon in historiography are presented, various works about Lithuanian sport as sociocultural phenomenon of historians, philosophers, sport workers, trainers are analysed from the aspect of importance of sport in personal, social and state development. The problem of the research is characterized by the question: What aspects of sport as sociocultural phenomenon are emphasized in Lithuanian historiography, what is particularity of its reflection? What are the differences and similarities among the dominant foreign and Lithuanian scientific literature? The aim of the research is to analyse and summarise the main aspects of sport as sociocultural phenomenon in Lithuanian historiography and also to identify their similarities and differences in research with foreign scientists. The object is the survey of sport as sociocultural phenomenon in historiography. The historical analysis showed that the range of foreign scientific research on a topic are much broader and more detailed. By scientific level all the researches done to this moment in Lithuania can be divided into the three groups: works in which sport as sociocultural phenomenon is analysed in theoretical aspect, sport history publications, works of historians and scientists from other spheres on this topic, popular scientific literature on physical culture and sport. The problematic of researches... [to full text]

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