Propose of this thesis is designing production technology of reducing part of tube. The production of requested part is designed on the base of calculations and simulation in one operation. This operation contains widening and squeezing. There is designed on the base of calculations a tool fixed in hydraulic press ZHW 40 for the production. To prepare a semi-product is used cutting by slitting saw.

La détection de l’intrication est une étape indispensable dans le contexte de l’information et du calcul quantique. Cette tâche importante s’est avérée difficile pour les systèmes quantiques de grandes dimensions supérieures à 2 × 3, auquel cas il existe des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes bien établies.Notre approche consiste à réduire la dimensionalité du problème. Pour ce faire, on transforme, localement, chaque sous-système en un qubit sans créer de l’intrication. Le mapping est exprimé en fonction des valeurs moyennes de trois opérateurs arbitraires dans l’état original. Nous donnons des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour que cette transformation soit valide d'un point de vue physique. Nous exploitons ce formalisme pour dériver des critères d’intrication pour des systèmes bipartites ou multipartites sur la base des critères existants pour les qubits.En transformant localement chaque sous-système, l’application de critères d’intrication connus pour les qubits à l’état résultant induit automatiquement des critères d’intrication en fonction d’opérateurs utilisés pour réaliser le mapping.Pour le cas multipartite, on s’intéresse aux inégalités de compression de spin. Cependant, lorsqu’on applique notre formalisme à ce cas, il est possible d’obtenir une superposition cohérente d’états avec un nombre de particules différent. Par conséquent, pour obtenir de meilleurs critères, nous avons dû prendre en compte les fluctuations quantiques et/ou classiques que l’opérateur du nombre de particules peut présenter. Nous avons dérivé une forme généralisée des inégalités de spin squeezing pour un nombre de particules fluctuant et opérateurs collectifs arbitraires. Nous avons appliqué nos résultats à un système d’atomes de chrome ultrafroids piégés dans un réseau optique, en collaboration avec l’équipe Gazes Dipolaires Quantiques du Laboratoire LPL de l’Université Paris Nord 13. Nous avons montré, dans une simulation numérique, que nos inégalités généralisées sont capables de détecter l’intrication à l’aide d’opérateurs collectifs mesurables en utilisant des techniques accessibles dans dans ce type de dispositif. / Entanglement detection is crucial and a necessity in the context of quantum information and quantum computation. This important task has proved to be quite hard for quantum systems of dimensions higher than 2×3, in which case, there exists well established necessary and sufficient conditions like Peres-Horodecki criterion.To tackle this challenge for bipartite systems, we introduce a mathematical framework to reduce the problem to entanglement in a two qubit system. This is done by mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit without increasing entanglement. The mapping is expressed in terms of expectation values of three arbitrary operators in the original state. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such mapping to be valid from physical point of view, providing thence a versatile tool for dimension reduction in various applications.Our main use of this formalism is as a gate way to derive entanglement criteria for bipartite or multi-partite systemas based on existing ones derived for qubit systems. By mapping each subsystem locally into a qubit, applying entanglement criteria known for qubits on the resulting state automatically gives us entanglement criteria in terms of the chosen operators used to implement the mapping.For the multi-partite case, we focus on spin squeezing inequalities for qubits to derive entanglement criteria for general systems. However, when applying our formalism to this case, an interesting situation arises where one is able to obtain coherent superposition of multi-partite qubit states with different particle number. Hence, to derive better entanglement criteria, we had to consider quantum and/or classical fluctuationsthat may be exhibited by the particle number operator. We derive generalized form of Sørensen-Mølmer’s criterion and of spin squeezing inequalities for fluctuating particle number in terms of arbitrary collective operators. We applied our results to study entanglement in a system of ultra-cold Chromium atoms with spin s = 3 trapped in a bi-dimensional optical lattice incollaboration with Quantum Dipolar Gazes team in Laboratoire de Physique de Laser at Paris Nord 13 university. We showed, in a numerical simulation, that our generalized inequalities are able to detect entanglement in their system using collective operators. Moreover, we show that such observables can be measured using available techniques.

Dans une expérience classique de résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE), le couplage entre les spins et leur environnement électromagnétique est faible, limitant considérablement la sensibilité de la mesure. Grâce à l’utilisation combinée d'un amplificateur paramétrique Josephson et de micro-résonateurs supraconductuers de hauts facteurs de qualité refroidis à quelques millikelvins, ce travail rapporte la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un spectromètre RPE dont la sensibilité de détection est limitée par les fluctuations quantiques du champ électromagnétique au lieu d’un bruit d’origine thermique ou technique. Des mesures de RPE pulsée sur un ensemble de doneurs Bismuth dans le silicium permettent de démontrer une sensibilité de 1700 spins détectés par écho de Hahn avec un signal-sur-bruit unitaire. La sensibilité est encore améliorée en générant un état de vide comprimé dans le guide d'onde de détection, ce qui réduit les fluctuations quantiques au-delà de la limite quantique. Les hauts facteurs de qualité et le petit volume de mode du résonateur supraconducteur développés pour une sensibilité accrue accroit également le couplage spin-résonateur jusqu'au point où les fluctuations quantiques ont un effet dramatique sur la dynamique des spins. En effet, l’émission spontanée de photons dans le résonateur micro-onde est considérablement renforcée par l'effet Purcell, ce qui en fait le mécanisme de relaxation de spin dominant. Le taux de relaxation est augmenté de trois ordres de grandeur lorsque les spins sont accordés à résonance, démontrant que la relaxation de spin peut-être contrôlée sur demande. Nos résultats fournissent une méthode nouvelle et universelle pour initialiser des systèmes de spin dans leur état fondamental, avec des applications en résonance magnétique et en information quantique. / In usual electron-spin resonance (ESR) experiments, the coupling between spins and their electromagnetic environment is quite weak, severely limiting the sensitivity of the measurements. Using a Josephson parametric microwave amplifier combined with high-quality factor superconducting micro-resonators cooled at millikelvin temperatures, this work reports the design and implementation of an ESR setup where the detection sensitivity is limited by quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field instead of thermal or technical noise. Pulsed ESR measurements on an ensemble of Bismuth donors in Silicon spins demonstrate a sensitivity of 1700 spins within a single Hahn echo with unit signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The sensitivity of the setup is improved one step further by generating squeezed vacuum in the detection waveguide, reducing the amount of noise beyond the quantum limit. The high-quality factors and small mode volume superconducting microwave ESR resonator developed for enhanced sensitivity also enhances the spin-resonator coupling up to the point where quantum fluctuations have a dramatic effect on the spin dynamics. As a consequence, the spin spontaneous emission of microwave photons in the resonator is dramatically enhanced by the Purcell effect, making it the dominant spin relaxation mechanism. The relaxation rate is increased by three orders of magnitude when the spins are tuned to resonance, showing that spin relaxation can be engineered and controlled on-demand. Our results provide a novel and general way to initialize spin systems into their ground state, with applications in magnetic resonance and quantum information processing.

Direct detection of dark matter remains an important outstanding problem since abundant astrophysical evidence points towards its existence, but no experiment has succeeded in detecting it. Axions and axion-like-particles are some of the most compelling candidates for dark matter given their appearance in many theories of physics beyond the Standard Model and their relatively unexplored parameter space compared to other candidates. Recently, the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment-Electric (CASPEr-e) has used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to search for effective magnetic fields created by axionic dark matter. By decreasing technical noise sources, CASPEr-e is projected to reach the standard quantum limit where spin projection noise is the dominant noise source limiting sensitivity. However, some axion models predict axion couplings to normal matter that would be too small for even a quantum limited CASPEr-e experiment to detect. This creates a need for surpassing the spin projection noise limit in NMR dark matter searches. In this thesis, I explore the prospects for surpassing the quantum limit in NMR by using spin squeezed states, entangled states with variance in one projection reduced below the standard quantum limit. First, I propose an experimental scheme for generating squeezed states by coupling the spins to an off-resonant circuit to create a One-Axis-Twist Hamiltonian. Then, using exact results and numerical simulations, I determine the amount of squeezing that can be achieved given decoherence and noise. Next, I perform modeling to show that squeezing can accelerate dark matter searches despite earlier results that argued squeezing cannot improve experimental sensitivity when subject to decoherence. Finally, I apply these results to the CASPEr-e experiment and show that at axion frequencies near 100MHz, squeezing can speed up the experiment by a factor of up to 30, corresponding to a sensitivity improvement by a factor of over 5.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-03-13T21:29:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) André Gustavo de Oliveira.pdf: 22922599 bytes, checksum: 2b3b9c7fe5748930111b8a3585d9a410 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T21:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) André Gustavo de Oliveira.pdf: 22922599 bytes, checksum: 2b3b9c7fe5748930111b8a3585d9a410 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Neste trabalho são analisados os efeitos da adição de um termo de acoplamento baseado na interação dipolar entre núcleos quadrupolares em RMN na produção de spin squeezing através de Hamiltonianos de One-Axis Twisting. Diversos regimes de acoplamento são abordados para o caso de subsistemas com momento angular I=7/2 e J=3/2. Verifica-se através das dinâmicas abordadas e pelos valores mínimos do parâmetro de spin squeezing _S^2 em função da intensidade do acoplamento D que, apesar de mudanças significativas nas dinâmicas, estados spin squeezed ainda são encontrados durante as evoluções / In this work, are analyzed the effects of the addition of a coupling term based on the dipole interaction between quadrupolar nuclei in NMR in the production of spin squeezing through One-Axis Twisting Hamiltonians. Several coupling regimes are addressed in the case of subsystems with angular momentum I = 7/2 and J = 3/2. It is verified through the dynamics addressed and by the minimum values of the spin squeezing parameter _S^2 as a function of the coupling intensity D that, despite significant changes in the dynamics, spin squeezed states are still encountered during the evolutions

Part I of this thesis is concerned with cavity optomechanical systems subject to periodic driving. We develop a Floquet approach to solve time-periodic quantum Langevin equations in the steady state, show that two-time correlation functions of system operators can be expanded in a Fourier series, and derive a generalized Wiener-Khinchin theorem that relates the Fourier transform of the autocorrelator to the noise spectrum. Weapply our framework to optomechanical systems driven with two tones. In a setting used to prepare mechanical resonators in quantum squeezed states, we nd and study the general solution in the rotating-wave approximation. In the following chapter, we show that our technique reveals an exact analytical solution of the explicitly time-periodic quantum Langevin equation describing the dual-tone backaction-evading measurement of a single mechanical oscillator quadrature due to Braginsky, Vorontsov, and Thorne [Science 209, 547 (1980)] beyond the commonly used rotating-wave approximation and show that our solution can be generalized to a wide class of systems, including to dissipatively or parametrically squeezed oscillators, as well as recent two-mode backaction-evading measurements. In Part II, we study nonreciprocal optomechanical systems with several optical and mechanical modes. We show that an optomechanical plaquette with two cavity modes coupled to two mechanical modes is a versatile system in which isolators, quantum-limited phase-preserving, and phase-sensitive directional ampliers for microwave signals can be realized. We discuss the noise added by such devices, and derive isolation bandwidth, gain bandwidth, and gain-bandwidth product, paving the way toward exible, integrated nonreciprocal microwave ampliers. Finally, we show that similar techniques can be exploited for current rectication in double quantum dots, thereby introducing fermionic reservoir engineering. We verify our prediction with a weak-coupling quantum master equation and the exact solution. Directionality is attained through the interference of coherent and dissipative coupling. The relative phase is tuned with an external magnetic eld, such that directionality can be reversed, as well as turned on and off dynamically.

This thesis contains several theoretical studies on optomechanical systems, i.e. physical devices where mechanical degrees of freedom are coupled with optical cavity modes. This optomechanical interaction, mediated by radiation pressure, can be exploited for cooling and controlling mechanical resonators in a quantum regime. The goal of this thesis is to propose several new ideas for preparing meso- scopic mechanical systems (of the order of 10^15 atoms) into highly non-classical states. In particular we have shown new methods for preparing optomechani-cal pure states, squeezed states and entangled states. At the same time, proce-dures for experimentally detecting these quantum effects have been proposed. In particular, a quantitative measure of non classicality has been defined in terms of the negativity of phase space quasi-distributions. An operational al- gorithm for experimentally estimating the non-classicality of quantum states has been proposed and successfully applied in a quantum optics experiment. The research has been performed with relatively advanced mathematical tools related to differential equations with periodic coefficients, classical and quantum Bochner’s theorems and semidefinite programming. Nevertheless the physics of the problems and the experimental feasibility of the results have been the main priorities. / Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus verschiedenen theoretischen Untersuchungen von optomechanischen Systemen, das heißt physikalische Bauteile bei denen mechanische Freiheitsgrade mit Lichtmoden in optischen Kavitäten gekoppelt sind. Diese optimechanischen Wechselwirkungen, die über den Strahlungsdruck vermittelt werden, lassen sich zur Kühlung und Kontrolle von mechanischen Resonatoren im Quantenregime verwenden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, verschiedene neue Ideen für Methoden vorzuschlagen, mit denen sich mesoskopische mechanische Systeme (bestehend aus etwa 10^15 Atomen) in sehr nicht-klassischen Zuständen präparieren lassen. Außerdem werden Techniken beschrieben, mit denen sich diese Quateneffekte experimentell beobachten lassen. Insbesondere wird ein quantitatives Maß für Nichtklassizität auf der Basis von Quasiwahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen im Phasenraum definiert und ein operationeller Algorithmus zu dessen experimenteller Beschrieben, der bereits erfolgreich in einem quantenoptischen Experiment eingesetzt wurde.

Neste trabalho exploramos propriedades físicas dos cristais líquidos liotrópicos na sua fase lamelar e dentro desse utilizamos um sistema de spins quadrupolares para a criação e manipulação de estados coerentes de spin nuclear com técnicas de RMN. Os spins nucleares utilizados eram provenientes do núcleo de césio-133, com spin 7/2, presentes em uma molécula de pentadecafluoroctanoato de césio com estrutura líquido-cristalina. Sobre esse núcleo, aplicamos um novo conceito de pulsos fortemente modulados suaves para gerar os estados pseudo-puros correspondentes aos estados coerentes de spin nuclear. Com esses estados pudemos realizar experimentos de compressão de estado coerente, um conceito quântico muito importante quando vinculado ao conceito de emaranhamento. Outro estudo foi a observação de dinâmica clássica e efeitos de bifurcação nesse sistema quântico. Em ambas aplicações se destaca o controle dos spins nucleares no desenvolvimento dos protocolos tanto na implementação do conceito de estado coerente em sistemas de spin nuclear, quanto nas leituras dos estados quânticos via tomografia de estado quântico. / In this work we use a quadrupolar spin system inside a lyotropic liquid crystal in the lamellar phase and explore its physical properties to create and manipulate nuclear spin coherent states with NMR techniques. The nuclear spins come from the cesium-133 nucleus, spin 7/2, contained in the cesium-pentadecafluoroctanoate with liquid crystalline structure. On this nucleus, we apply a new concept of smooth strongly modulating pulses to create the pseudo-pure states corresponding to nuclear spin coherent states. With these coherent states we were able to perform coherent state squeezing, an important concept closely related to entanglement. In another study we observed the classical dynamics and bifurcation on this quantum system. Both applications highlight the quantum control of the nuclear spins in developing the protocols for the creation of nuclear spin coherent states as well as for performing the readout using the quantum state tomography procedure.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucas stori.pdf: 1232711 bytes, checksum: 264a44f2f6fc6eda1fa61e3d9e1d62f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The problem of so-called "quantum teleportation", or a transfer of the state of some quantum system to another quantum system has attracted attention of many authors. The aim of our study is to consider the effect of the quantum parametric excitation on the quantum information exchange between two modes of the electromagnetic field modeled by coupled quantum oscillators, where one of the oscillators has a time dependent frequency, as an extension of the case of two coupled modes considered. In the quantum case, the oscillators exchange not only energies, but also their quantum states and such an exchange can be interpreted as an ideal information transfer. We see that the possibility of quantum state exchange or information transfer can be detected in the most direct way by analyzing the Schrödinger propagator features in the coordinate representation. There are many different schemes of calculating the propagators of coupled oscillators, but the simplest one is that based on the theory of linear time dependent quantum invariants. Considering that the system in study models the coupled modes of the electromagnetic field, the interaction occurs in the domain of the weak interactions; the intensity of the coupling constants are small. Then we can consider the systems of differential equations for the dynamic behavior in the case of weak coupling limit. Starting with this argument, we can reduce the differential equations of first order to the only two groups of second order differential equations for all that ¸’s matrices. With the ¸’s matrices well determined, we can calculate the measured of entanglement, squeezing, purity and other quantum state properties of each mode in a particular case of Gaussian initial states. / O problema conhecido como "teletransporte quântico", ou transferência de estados quânticos, tem atraído a atenção de muitos autores. O objetivo de nosso estudo é considerar o efeito da excitação paramétrica quântica na troca de informação quântica entre dois modos do campo eletromagnético modelados por osciladores quânticos acoplados, onde um dos osciladores tem uma frequência dependente do tempo, sendo considerada o caso de dois modos acoplados. No caso quântico, os osciladores não trocam somente energias, mas também seus estados quânticos e tal troca pode ser interpretada como uma transferência de informação. Vemos que a possibilidade de troca de estados quânticos ou informação quântica pode ser verificadas de muitas maneiras pela análise direta do propagador de Schrödinger na representação das coordenadas. Existem várias maneiras diferentes de calcular o propagador de osciladores acoplados, mas uma maneira simples é baseada na teoria de invariantes quânticos dependentes linearmente do tempo. Considerando que o sistema em estudo é modelado por modos acoplados do campo eletromagnético, a interação ocorre nos domínios das interações fracas; a intensidade das constantes de acoplamentos são pequenas. Então, podemos considerar um sistema de equações diferenciais onde o seu comportameto dinâmico é dado no limite do acoplamento fraco. Iniciando com este argumento, nos reduzimos as equações diferenciais de primeira ordem em um conjunto de equações diferenciais de segunda ordem para as matrizes 0s. Com as matrizes ¸0s determinadas, nos podemos calcular medidadas de emaranhamento, compressão, pureza e outras propriedades de estados quânticos de cada modo em particular no caso de estados Gaussianos iniciais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEduardoKrassinskiSoares.pdf: 1234525 bytes, checksum: 758cda42769aa4bdf65a24c3f1cca4ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / In this dissertation, we study the physical properties of an open system, composed of two interacting bosonic modes (quantum harmonic oscillators) of different frequencies, with a explicitly time dependent coupling. It is assumed that each of the bosonic modes is under the effect of a thermal reservoir and the dynamics of their quantum properties is studied. In the case of quadratic systems and Gaussian initial states, the quantum properties of the coupled modes evolve in time according to the time evolution of the non-symmetrized second order moment which is described in the framework of the non-unitary evolution of quantum quadratic systems. The dynamical properties are determined by solving systems of differential equations for the second moments. These systems of differential equations have time-dependent coefficients and in the limit of weak coupling, the Method of Multiple Scales for constructing and solving differential equations is applied. This approach determines the differential equations solutions in a perturbative series of an appropriate parameter associated with orders of magnitude of the couplings. In this way it is obtained a description of the temporal behavior of the squeezing and the purity for each mode in the particular cases of parametric amplification and conversion. In this context, it is also considered the problem of the quantitative measure of entanglement, analyzing its dynamical behavior for different values of the system parameters and Gaussian initial states configurations. / Nesta dissertação, estudam-se propriedades físicas de um sistema aberto, composto por dois modos bosˆonicos interagentes (osciladores harmônicos quânticos) de frequências distintas, com o acoplamento explicitamente dependente do tempo. Assume-se cada um dos modos bosônicos sob efeito de reservatórios téermicos e analisa-se a dinâmica de suas propriedades quânticas. Em se tratando de sistemas quadraticos e estados iniciais Gaussianos, determina-se a evolução ao temporal das propriedades dos modos acoplados a partir da evolução ao temporal dos momentos de segunda ordem não o simetrizados na formulação de sistemas quadraticos de evolucção não unitária. As propriedades dinamicas são o determinadas solucionando-se sistemas de equacões diferenciais para os segundos momentos não simetrizados. Sendo sistemas de equções diferenciais com coeficientes dependentes do tempo, no limite do acoplamento fraco, aplica-se o Método das Escalas Múltiplas para a construção e a resolução das equações diferenciais, determinando-se suas soluções em séries perturbativas em um parâmetro adequado, associado as ordens de grandeza dos acoplamentos. Dessa maneira, analisa-se a dinâmica da medida de compressão e da pureza para os casos da amplificação e conversão paramétrica para diferentes valores de parâmetros de estados iniciais. Neste contexto, considera-se também o problema da medida quantitativa do emaranhamento, analisando seu comportamento para diferentes conjuntos de parˆametros do sistema e configurações de estados iniciais Gaussianos.