Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regiane Aparecida.pdf: 1187901 bytes, checksum: b637bcaefc952d1ee86519999fc34121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-25 / The implementation of processes of Quantum Computation as well as the transmission and quantum information control in realistic physical systems, must take in account the effects of the coupling of the systems with the environment, represented by thermal reservoirs. In this work it is considered the study of the effects of the environment in the quantum properties of each modes in a system of weakly coupled bosonics ones (the electromagnetic modes in the coupled cavities). It is applied an alternative method, based on effective non Hermitian Quadratic Hamiltonian, in order to understand how to determine the time evolution of the Wigner function of the system under study; the technique of Wigner funtion propagator and a specific solution is presented. In addition, the time evolution of the non symmetric second moments is exactly determined for the special case of initial general Gaussian states for both modes, in the presence of thermal reservoir. It is analyzed as the squeezing and the purity of each mode as well as the entanglement among them evolve in time under dissipation, compared to the case of reservoir absence. For this purpose, it is briey considered some techniques applied the study of the quantum information and measures of quantum correlations for quantum multipartite systems, here only applied to a bipartite system. This work is concluded with some numerical analysis of the quantum properties in terms of initial state parameters and gives some future perspective in order to generalize our results. / A implementação de processos em Computação Quantica bem como a transmissãoo e controle de informação quantica em sistemas fisicos realistas, precisam levar em consideração os efeitos do acoplamento do sistema com o ambiente, representado por reservatórios térmicos. Neste trabalho considera-se o estudo do efeito do ambiente nas propriedades quânticas de cada modo em um sistema de modos bosônicos fracamente acoplados (os modos eletro-magnéticos na cavidade acoplada). É aplicado um méetodo alternativo, baseado no Hamil-toniano Quadrático efetivo não Hermitiano, afim de compreender como determinar a evolução temporal da função de Wigner do sistema sob estudo; é apresentada a técnica do propagador da função de Wigner e a solução especifica. Além disso, a evolução temporal dos segundos momentos não-simetrizados é determinada exatamente para o caso especial de estados iniciais gerais Gaussianos para ambos os modos, na presença do reservatório térmico. Analisa-se como a compressão e a pureza de cada modo bem como o emaranhamento entre eles evoluem no tempo sob dissipação, comparado ao caso da ausência de reservatório. Para esse propósito, são brevemente consideradas algumas técnicas aplicadas ao estudo da informação quântica e medidas de correlação quântica para sistemas quânticos de muitas partes, sendo aqui somente aplicado a sistemas de duas partes. Este trabalho é concluido com uma análise numérica das propriedades quânticas em termos dos parâmetros do estado inicial e algumas perspectivas futuras são apresentadas afim de generalizar estes resultados.

This dissertation aims to investigate systems in which several optical and mechanical degrees of freedom are coupled through optomechanical interactions. Multimode optomechanics creates the prospect of integrated functional devices and it allows us to explore new types of optomechanical interactions which account for collective dynamics and optically mediated mechanical interactions. Owing to the development of fabrication techniques for micro- and nano-sized mechanical elements, macroscopic mechanical oscillators can be cooled to the deep quantum regime via optomechanical interaction. Based on the possibility to control the motion of mechanical oscillators at the quantum level, we design several schemes involving mechanical systems of macroscopic length and mass scales and we explore the nonlinear dynamics of mechanical oscillators. The first scheme includes a quantum cantilever coupled to a classical tuning fork via magnetic dipole-dipole interaction and also coupled to a single optical field mode via optomechanical interaction. We investigate the generation of nonclassical squeezed states in the quantum cantilever and their detection by transferring them to the optical field. The second scheme involves a quantum membrane coupled to two optical modes via optomechanical interaction. We explore dynamic stabilization of an unstable position of a quantum mechanical oscillator via modulation of the optical fields. We then develop a general formalism to fully describe cavity mediated mechanical interactions. We explore a rather general configuration in which multiple mechanical oscillators interact with a single cavity field mode. We specifically consider the situation in which the cavity dissipation is the dominant source of damping so that the cavity field follows the dynamics of the mechanical modes. In particular, we study two limiting regimes with specific applications: the weak-coupling regime and single-photon strong-coupling regime. In the weak-coupling regime, we build a protocol for quantum state transfer between mechanical modes. In the single-photon coupling regime, we investigate the nonlinear nature of the mechanical system which generates bistability and bifurcation in the classical analysis and we also explore how these features manifest themselves in interference, entanglement, and correlation in the quantum theory.

No description available.

This thesis investigates thermalisation, correlations and entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates. Bose-Einstein condensates are ultra-cold collections of identical bosonic atoms which accumulate in a single quantum state, forming a mesoscopic quantum object. They are clean and controllable quantum many-body systems that permit an unprecedented degree of experimental flexibility compared to other physical systems. Further, a tractable microscopic theory exists which allows a direct and powerful comparison between theory and experiment, propelling the field of quantum atom optics forward at an incredible pace. Here we explore some of the fundamental frontiers of the field, examining how non-classical correlations and entanglement can be created and measured, as well as how non-classical effects can lead to the rapid heating of atom clouds. We first investigate correlations between two weakly coupled condensates, a system analogous to a superconducting Josephson junction. The ground state of this system contains non-classical number correlation arising from the repulsion between the atoms. Such states are of interest because they may lead to more precise measurement devices such as atomic gyroscopes. Unfortunately thermal fluctuations can destroy these correlations, and great care is needed to experimentally observe non-classical effects. We show that adiabatic evolution can drive the isolated quantum system out of thermal equilibrium and decrease thermal noise, in agreement with a recent experiment [Esteve et al. Nature 455, 1216 (2008)]. This technique may be valuable for observing and using quantum correlated states in the future. Next, we analyse the rapid heating that occurs when a condensate is placed in a moving periodic potential. The dynamical instability responsible for the heating was the subject of much uncertainty, which we suggest was due to the inability of the mean-field approximation to account for important spontaneous scattering processes. We show that a model including non-classical spontaneous scattering can describe dynamical instabilities correctly in each of the regimes where they have been observed, and in particular we compare our simulations to an experiment performed at the University of Otago deep inside the spontaneous scattering regime. Finally, we proposed a method to create and detect entangled atomic wave-packets. Entangled atoms are interesting from a fundamental perspective, and may prove useful in future quantum information and precision measurement technologies. Entanglement is generated by interactions, such as atomic collisions in Bose-Einstein condensates. We analyse the type of entanglement generated via atomic collisions and introduce an abstract scheme for detecting entanglement and demonstrating the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox with ultra-cold atoms. We further this result by proposing an experiment where entangled wave-packets are created and detected. The entanglement is generated by the pairwise scattering that causes the instabilities in moving periodic potentials mentioned above. By careful arrangement, the instability process can be controlled to to produce two well-defined atomic wave-packets. The presence of entanglement can be proven by applying a series of laser pulses to interfere the wave-packets and then measuring the output populations. Realising this experiment is feasible with current technology.

No description available.

This thesis investigates thermalisation, correlations and entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates. Bose-Einstein condensates are ultra-cold collections of identical bosonic atoms which accumulate in a single quantum state, forming a mesoscopic quantum object. They are clean and controllable quantum many-body systems that permit an unprecedented degree of experimental flexibility compared to other physical systems. Further, a tractable microscopic theory exists which allows a direct and powerful comparison between theory and experiment, propelling the field of quantum atom optics forward at an incredible pace. Here we explore some of the fundamental frontiers of the field, examining how non-classical correlations and entanglement can be created and measured, as well as how non-classical effects can lead to the rapid heating of atom clouds. We first investigate correlations between two weakly coupled condensates, a system analogous to a superconducting Josephson junction. The ground state of this system contains non-classical number correlation arising from the repulsion between the atoms. Such states are of interest because they may lead to more precise measurement devices such as atomic gyroscopes. Unfortunately thermal fluctuations can destroy these correlations, and great care is needed to experimentally observe non-classical effects. We show that adiabatic evolution can drive the isolated quantum system out of thermal equilibrium and decrease thermal noise, in agreement with a recent experiment [Esteve et al. Nature 455, 1216 (2008)]. This technique may be valuable for observing and using quantum correlated states in the future. Next, we analyse the rapid heating that occurs when a condensate is placed in a moving periodic potential. The dynamical instability responsible for the heating was the subject of much uncertainty, which we suggest was due to the inability of the mean-field approximation to account for important spontaneous scattering processes. We show that a model including non-classical spontaneous scattering can describe dynamical instabilities correctly in each of the regimes where they have been observed, and in particular we compare our simulations to an experiment performed at the University of Otago deep inside the spontaneous scattering regime. Finally, we proposed a method to create and detect entangled atomic wave-packets. Entangled atoms are interesting from a fundamental perspective, and may prove useful in future quantum information and precision measurement technologies. Entanglement is generated by interactions, such as atomic collisions in Bose-Einstein condensates. We analyse the type of entanglement generated via atomic collisions and introduce an abstract scheme for detecting entanglement and demonstrating the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox with ultra-cold atoms. We further this result by proposing an experiment where entangled wave-packets are created and detected. The entanglement is generated by the pairwise scattering that causes the instabilities in moving periodic potentials mentioned above. By careful arrangement, the instability process can be controlled to to produce two well-defined atomic wave-packets. The presence of entanglement can be proven by applying a series of laser pulses to interfere the wave-packets and then measuring the output populations. Realising this experiment is feasible with current technology.

As disturbance frequencies, intensities, and types have changed and continue to change in response to changing climate and land-use patterns, coastal communities undergo shifts in both species composition and dominant vegetation type. Over the past 100 years, fire suppression throughout the Northern Gulf of Mexico coast has resulted in shifts towards woody species dominance at the expense of marsh cover. Over the next 100 years, sea levels will rise and tropical storm activity is projected to increase; resultant changes in salinity could reduce cover of salt-intolerant fresh marsh species. Together, the effects of fire suppression upslope and rising salinities downslope could "squeeze" fresh marsh species, reducing cover and potentially threatening persistence. To mitigate the effects of fire suppression, the use of prescribed fire as a management tool to mimic historic conditions is becoming increasingly widespread and will likely gain further popularity during the 21st century. Ecological shifts that will result from changing disturbance regimes are unknown. It was hypothesized that two recent hurricanes, Ivan and Katrina in 2004 and 2005, respectively, and a prescribed fire, in 2010, differentially affected species along the estuarine gradient and drove overall shifts away from woody dominance. Overall community composition did not change significantly in the intermediate and fresh marsh zones. However, significant changes occurred in the salt and brackish marshes and in the woody-dominated fresh marsh-scrub ecotone zones. Relative to 2004, woody species abundance decreased significantly in all zones in 2006, following Hurricanes Ivan and Katrina, and 2012, following the hurricanes and fire, though woody species regeneration in the marsh-scrub ecotone had begun to occur by 2012. It is hypothesized that interacting changes in fire and tropical storm regimes could release upslope areas from coastal squeezing.

Nesta dissertação, descreveremos as primeiras medidas de ruído quântico em um oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) bombeado em 780 nm, construído no nosso laboratório. Esse OPO servirá de fonte de estados não clássicos da luz para interação com átomos de rubídio. Faremos uma revisão da teoria clássica do OPO: o bombeamento de um cristal não linear inserido dentro de uma cavidade ótica, produzindo dois feixes intensos de luz (sinal e complementar) com cores distintas. Calcularemos as expressões para o limiar de oscilação, potências de saída dos feixes convertidos e compararemos as principais diferenças entre OPOs com cristais do tipo I e tipo II. Analisaremos a descrição quântica do OPO, calcularemos os espectros de ruído para as quadraturas do bombeio refletido e para as quadraturas dos feixes gêmeos. Veremos que o OPO gera feixes com correlações quânticas, como o emaranhamento tripartido, entres os três feixes envolvidos no processo não linear. O cristal não linear utilizado no nosso experimento é um PPKTP tipo I. Ajustando a temperatura do cristal, podemos gerar feixes próximos da degenerescência até uma diferença de comprimentos de onda de aproximadamente 350 nm. A compressão de ruído quântico observado na diferença das amplitudes dos feixes sinal e complementar é 44%(-2.5 dB). O próximo passo é a implementação da técnica da rotação da elipse de ruído por cavidades óticas, para medir os ruídos de fase dos três campos . Fazendo a verificação do emaranhamento tripartido e determinando a sua dependência com o ruído de fônons inserido pelo cristal, a caracterização do OPO estará completa. A caracterização deste OPO é um passo importante nos objetivos do LMCAL, que é realizar a troca de informação entre luz e átomos em uma rede quântica. / In this dissertation, we will describe the first measurements of quantum noise in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped at 780 nm, built at our laboratory. This OPO will be the source of nonclassical states of light to interact with rubidium atoms. We will review the classical OPO theory: the pumping of a nonlinear crystal inside a cavity producing two bright light beams (signal and idler) with different colors. We will calculate the power threshold, output power of the converted beams and compare the main differences between type-I and type-II OPO.We will analyze the quantum description of the OPO, and calculate the noise spectrum of the reflected pump quadratures and for the twin beams quadratures. We will observe that the OPO generates beams with quantum correlations, for example, the tripartite entanglement among the three fields involved in the nonlinear phenomena. The nonlinear crystal used in our experiment is a PPKTP type-I. By adjusting the temperature of the crystal, we can generate beams from close to degenerate regime to a difference between them of 350 nm. The squeezing of quantum noise measured in the amplitude quadratures subtraction for signal and idler is 44%(-2.5 dB). The next step is to implement the method of ellipse noise rotation by an optical cavity, to be able to measure phase quadratures of the three different fields. By verifying the tripartite entanglement and determining the phonon noise due to the crystal, our source characterization will be complete. The characterization of this OPO is an important step in LMCAL goals, which is to realize exchange of information between light and atoms in a quantum network.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luciano Soares da Cruz / Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Matinelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Santo André, 2018. / Estados da luz com propriedades não-clássicas são ferramentas essenciais para o desenvolvimento de diversas áreas, como Informação Quântica, Metrologia, Computação Quântica etc. Neste trabalho geramos e medimos estados com compressão de ruído de polarização. Para isto, utilizamos como fonte de estados coerentes um laser de Titânio-Sa?ra, que equipamos com um sistema de controle ativo de modo e frequência. Com este sistema, podemos sintonizar o laser às transições da estrutura hiper?na do Rubídio e, através da interação do feixe com vapor atômico de Rb, promover a autorrotação de polarização. Este fenômeno não-linear faz com que a elipse de polarização do feixe gire, alterando assim as propriedades do seu ruído, podendo inclusive gerar compressão. Investigamos a dependência de parâmetros como ângulo relativo entre campo e oscilador local, potência incidiente no vapor atômico e frequência de análise na geração de compressão na linhaD1 do isótopo 87 do Rubídio sobre o operador de Stokes ¿S2. Medimos (2.7 ± 0.2) dB de compressão na transição 2?2 e (5.0± 0.1) dB na 2?1. / Light states with non-classical properties are essential tools for the development of several areas, such as Quantum Information, Metrology, Quantum Computation etc. In this work, we generated and measured squeezed polarization states. For this purpose, we used a Titanium-Sapphire laser, which we built an active control system for mode and frequency. It can access the transitions of the hyperfine structure of Rubidium and promote polarization self rotation from the interaction between laser beam and vapour atomic of Rb. This non-linear phenomenon rotates the beam polarization ellipse, changing the properties of its noise and may generating squeezing. We investigated the squeezing generation dependence on parameters as relative angle between field and local oscillator, light power on atomic vapour cell and analysis frequency. We looked for line D1 of the isotope 87 of the rubidium on the operator of Stokes ¿S2 and found (2.7± 0.2) dB at the transition 2 ? 2 and (5.0± 0.1) dB at the 2? 1.

La vidange d'un réservoir à travers un orifice a été décrite par Torricelli il y a presque 400 ans. Son modèle ne prévoit aucun effet du mouillage du fluide qui s’écoule sur la plaque percée. Cette thèse montre expérimentalement que pour un orifice de taille comparable à la longueur capillaire, pour des fluides newtoniens peu visqueux, l’effet du mouillage sur le débit est important. Un modèle calculant la variation d'énergie cinétique dans le ménisque à la sortie du trou rend compte des observations expérimentales. Une instabilité, inconnue, du jet en sortie du trou apparaît également ; l'oscillation de la ligne triple du ménisque en est la cause. Les relations de dispersion de la fréquence d’excitation et des fréquences secondaires apparaissant le long du jet ont été établies.Cette étude a été complétée par des écoulements de fluides visqueux et viscoélastiques. Pour les fluides visqueux, le modèle d’écoulement du fluide parfait est corrigé à partir de nos expériences. Pour les fluides viscoélastiques, les expériences montrent qu'il y a compétition entre les dissipations visqueuses et les effets élastiques tout le long de l'écoulement. La prédiction de ces deux effets n'est pas aisée. Nous montrons des situations où les effets élastiques prédominent, permettant à une solution de polymère de couler plus vite que de l'eau.Pour finir, un second système expérimental a été construit permettant l'écrasement de fluides complexes entre deux plaques de verre parallèles. La visualisation, la mesure de la position et de la force normale, permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement de systèmes tels que les mousses, les émulsions, les gels sous une contrainte normale. / The draining of a tank through an orifice was described by Torricelli almost 400 years ago. His model does not provide for any wetting effect of the flowing fluid on the drilled plate. This thesis shows experimentally that the effect of wetting on the flow rate is important for Newtonian fluids with low viscosity in the case of an orifice the size of which is comparable to the capillary length. A model calculating the kinetic energy variation within the meniscus at the outlet of the hole allows us to account for experimental observations. Unknown jet instability also appears at the outlet of the hole; this is the oscillation of the meniscus triple line that is causing it. The relations of dispersion of the excitation frequency as well as that of the secondary frequencies appearing along the jet have been established.This investigation was supplemented by flows of both viscous and viscoelastic fluids. For viscous fluids, the perfect fluid model is corrected based on our experiments. For viscoelastic fluids, experiments show that there is competition between viscous dissipations and elastic effects throughout the flow. The prediction of both effects is challenging. We show situations where elastic effects dominate, allowing a polymer solution to flow faster than water.Finally, a second experimental set-up was build for compressing complex fluids between two parallel glass plates. Visualization, both position and normal force measurements, allow a better understanding of the behavior under normal stress of systems such as foams, emulsions, gels.