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Broadcasting is a fundamental primitive in local area networks (LANs).Operations of many data link protocols, for example, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), must rely on this LAN primitive. To develop the broadcasting service in mobile ad hoc wireless LANs (WLANs) is a challenge. This is because a mobile ad hoc WLAN is a multi-hop wireless network in which messages may travel along several links from the source to the destination via a certain path. Additionally, there is no fixed network topology because of host moving. Furthermore, the broadcast nature of a radio channel makes a packet be transmitted by a node to be able to reach all neighbors. Therefore, the total number of transmissions (forward nodes) is generally used as the cost criterion for broadcasting. The problem of finding the minimum number of forward nodes in a static radio network is NP-complete. Almost all previous works, therefore, for broadcasting in the WLAN are focusing on finding approximation approaches in a, rather than, environment. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed protocol in WLANs to significantly reduce or eliminate the communication overhead in addition to maintaining positions of neighboring nodes. The important features of our proposed protocol are the adaptability to dynamic network topology change and the utilization of the existing routing protocol. The reduction in communication overhead for broadcasting operation is measured experimentally. From the simulation results, our protocol not only has the similar performance as the approximation approaches in the static network, but also outperforms existing ones in the adaptability to host moving.

This thesis seeks to examine the effective convective heat exchange of sand as a heat exchange medium. The goal of this exploratory research is to quantify the heat transfer coefficient of sand in a proposed Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system which intends to complement solar thermal power generation. Standard concentrator solar thermal power plants typically employ a heat transfer fluid (HTF) that is heated in the collector field then routed to the power generators or TES unit. A fairly clear option for a TES system would be to utilize the existing HTF as the working storage medium. However, the use of conventional HTF systems may be too expensive. These fluids are quite costly as the quantity needed for storage is high and for some fluids their associated high vapor pressures require expensive highly reinforced containment vessels. The proposed storage system seeks to use sand as the storage medium; greatly reducing the expenses involved for both medium and storage costs. Most prior TES designs using sand or other solids employed them in a fixed bed for thermal exchange. The proposed TES system will instead move the sand to drive a counter flow thermal exchange. This counter flow design allows for a much closer temperature of approach when compared to a fixed bed. As cost and performance are the primary goals to tackle of the proposed system, the evaluation of the sandâ s thermal exchange effectiveness in a flowing state is necessary. Experiments will be conducted to measure the effective heat transfer coefficient between the sand and representative solid surfaces used as the heat transfer conduits. Additional experiments that will be looked at are wear caused by the sand as a consideration for long term design viability as well as angle of repose of the sand and its effect on scoop design for improved materials handling. Key investigational aspects of these experiments involve the sand grain size as well as shape of the heat exchanger surfaces. The thesis will evaluate the resulting convective heat transfer coefficient of the sand as related to these features. The data will then be compared and verified with available literature of previously studied characteristic thermal properties of sand. The measured and confirmed data will then be used to further aid in a design model for the proposed TES system.

In mass spectrometry an electrospray is commonly used as an ion source. At high sample flow rates a sheath co-flow of gas around the electrospray emitter is employed. The co-flow of gas reduces contamination and increases signal sensitivity in the mass spectrometer’s results. This work characterizes the operation of an electrospray with co-flowing air for various operating conditions. It is found that a co-flowing air has a negligible effect on droplet size for the spindle and cone jet modes while it only reduces the droplet size marginally in the unstable mode. In the high flow rate unstable mode, the addition of air seems to have no real effect on droplet size. In summary, the electrospray with co-flowing air produces a denser and more focused spray with similar droplet size and distribution than that of the un-nebulized spray. This explains why using co-flowing air in mass spectrometry applications improves the signal quality, since it allows for the focusing of droplets produced into the inlet and also aids in the breakup of larger droplets.

In mass spectrometry an electrospray is commonly used as an ion source. At high sample flow rates a sheath co-flow of gas around the electrospray emitter is employed. The co-flow of gas reduces contamination and increases signal sensitivity in the mass spectrometer’s results. This work characterizes the operation of an electrospray with co-flowing air for various operating conditions. It is found that a co-flowing air has a negligible effect on droplet size for the spindle and cone jet modes while it only reduces the droplet size marginally in the unstable mode. In the high flow rate unstable mode, the addition of air seems to have no real effect on droplet size. In summary, the electrospray with co-flowing air produces a denser and more focused spray with similar droplet size and distribution than that of the un-nebulized spray. This explains why using co-flowing air in mass spectrometry applications improves the signal quality, since it allows for the focusing of droplets produced into the inlet and also aids in the breakup of larger droplets.

La vidange d'un réservoir à travers un orifice a été décrite par Torricelli il y a presque 400 ans. Son modèle ne prévoit aucun effet du mouillage du fluide qui s’écoule sur la plaque percée. Cette thèse montre expérimentalement que pour un orifice de taille comparable à la longueur capillaire, pour des fluides newtoniens peu visqueux, l’effet du mouillage sur le débit est important. Un modèle calculant la variation d'énergie cinétique dans le ménisque à la sortie du trou rend compte des observations expérimentales. Une instabilité, inconnue, du jet en sortie du trou apparaît également ; l'oscillation de la ligne triple du ménisque en est la cause. Les relations de dispersion de la fréquence d’excitation et des fréquences secondaires apparaissant le long du jet ont été établies.Cette étude a été complétée par des écoulements de fluides visqueux et viscoélastiques. Pour les fluides visqueux, le modèle d’écoulement du fluide parfait est corrigé à partir de nos expériences. Pour les fluides viscoélastiques, les expériences montrent qu'il y a compétition entre les dissipations visqueuses et les effets élastiques tout le long de l'écoulement. La prédiction de ces deux effets n'est pas aisée. Nous montrons des situations où les effets élastiques prédominent, permettant à une solution de polymère de couler plus vite que de l'eau.Pour finir, un second système expérimental a été construit permettant l'écrasement de fluides complexes entre deux plaques de verre parallèles. La visualisation, la mesure de la position et de la force normale, permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement de systèmes tels que les mousses, les émulsions, les gels sous une contrainte normale. / The draining of a tank through an orifice was described by Torricelli almost 400 years ago. His model does not provide for any wetting effect of the flowing fluid on the drilled plate. This thesis shows experimentally that the effect of wetting on the flow rate is important for Newtonian fluids with low viscosity in the case of an orifice the size of which is comparable to the capillary length. A model calculating the kinetic energy variation within the meniscus at the outlet of the hole allows us to account for experimental observations. Unknown jet instability also appears at the outlet of the hole; this is the oscillation of the meniscus triple line that is causing it. The relations of dispersion of the excitation frequency as well as that of the secondary frequencies appearing along the jet have been established.This investigation was supplemented by flows of both viscous and viscoelastic fluids. For viscous fluids, the perfect fluid model is corrected based on our experiments. For viscoelastic fluids, experiments show that there is competition between viscous dissipations and elastic effects throughout the flow. The prediction of both effects is challenging. We show situations where elastic effects dominate, allowing a polymer solution to flow faster than water.Finally, a second experimental set-up was build for compressing complex fluids between two parallel glass plates. Visualization, both position and normal force measurements, allow a better understanding of the behavior under normal stress of systems such as foams, emulsions, gels.

Theoretical predictions of behaviour of various parameters governing the free flow of a single, very long, denser-than-liquid carrier, cylindrical capsule in a horizontal pipeline are reported in this dissertation. The study was carried out for average flow velocities of approximately 1 to 10 ft/sec in pipes of diameters 4, 6, 12 and 24 in. with diameter ratios varying from 0.9 to 0.99. While two liquid carriers -- water and oil (µ = 10 cP and sp. gr. = 0.85) were used, the eccentricity of the capsule-pipe system was fixed at 0.999. The theoretical solution was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

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