Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Interdisciplinary Studies. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-150). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11917

One of the consequences of British rule in Ceylon was the gradual disintegration of the traditional social order with its structure of authority and influence. In the traditional social system, power and prestige were derived from caste and kinship. The caste system restricted the life chances of individuals to very narrow limits, and the authority of the traditional elite, comprising of 'high caste' royal officials, was theoretically inviolable. But British rule changed all this. The administrative and economic changes introduced in the 19th century, together with English education, offered the individual new avenues for social advancement. Since English was the language of administration, proficiency in English became indispensible for government employment. The English educated 'colonial elite' of government servants (and in the course of time, professional men) acted as intermediaries between the small cadre of British officials who represented the raj in Ceylon and the masses. This new elite who owed their social position mainly to western education, came to eclipse in power and prestige the old nobility. This process of change in native leadership developed gradually but steadily in the 19th century and by the turn of this century the western educated community had emerged as an important element of Ceylonese society. This study shows their development in the period, 1910-1931, primarily, in terms of their growing involvement in public life and the increasing access to political power. In 1910 the western educated had little political influence, but they were considered sufficiently important and distinct to be given separate representation in the Legislative Council. After 1931, with universal franchise, the masses also participated in political activity. But the years in between saw the political scene dominated almost exclusively by the new elite. This period was chosen for study because it was in these two decades that the western educated elite developed into a position of undisputed leadership in the Ceylonese community.

The present thesis attempts to critically examine the rise, decline and effects of Coḷa rule over the northern half of Ceylon during the first three quarters of the eleventh century. The short introduction explains the need for a comprehensive investigation into many of the more important aspects of those critical years. It also stresses the need for a closer examination of the motives "behind the sudden expansion of Coḷa power outside India. This is followed by a chapter (i) on the Sources pertaining to our study. The main study begins with Chapter II with an account of the relations between Ceylon and South India up to the tenth century. Chapter III traces the rise of the Coḷa Vijayalaya line in South India and its impact on Ceylon. This becomes evident with the accession of Parantaka I (906-955 A.C.). But in spite of his attempt to conquer Ceylon the position remained unchanged till the accession of Rajaraja I (985-955 A.C.). There is also a conflicting account of an Indian invasion of the north of Ceylon in the time of Mahinda IV (956-972 A.C.). Chapter IV is devoted to the Coḷa occupation of Rajarattha in the time of Rajaraja I, and the consolidation of their power during the reigns Rajendra I and Rajadhiraja I. Chapter V covers the vital phase of the struggle between the Sinhalese and the Coḷas. Taking advantage of the difficulties of the Coḷas following the death of Virara-jendra the Sinhalese under the leadership of Vijayabahu I were able to overthrow the power of the Coḷas in Ceylon. Thus their power in Ceylon came to an end, but the relations between the Sinhalese and the Coḷas continued to be unfriendly for over another hundred years. Chapter VI is devoted to a study of the administration of Rajaratha (Anuradhapura kingdom) and its economic conditions under the Coḷas. What we have undertaken here is the first serious survey of its kind. The last chapter (VII) discusses the effect of the Coḷa occupation on the society and religion in Ceylon. The more important results of our investigations are summarised in a Conclusion.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia. Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. / Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-03-06T21:44:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_DesenvolvimentoPadrõesZircão.pdf: 4105967 bytes, checksum: f9570fa7c57893cda674d290585752f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-03-10T13:54:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_DesenvolvimentoPadrõesZircão.pdf: 4105967 bytes, checksum: f9570fa7c57893cda674d290585752f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T13:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_DesenvolvimentoPadrõesZircão.pdf: 4105967 bytes, checksum: f9570fa7c57893cda674d290585752f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A crescente demanda de medidas isotópicas U-Pb e de Hf por meio da técnica laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) tem resultado em uma constante necessidade de desenvolvimento de materiais de referência naturais e bem caracterizados, tanto para correção das análises (padrão primário), quanto para controle de qualidade (padrão secundário). Este estudo apresenta dados isotópicos para um zircão considerado como um potential material de referência para datação U-Pb e medidas isotópicas de Hf via LA-ICP-MS, disponível em um depósito secundário de plácer no Complexo Highland, Sri Lanka. Caracterizou-se um lote de aproximadamente 300 gramas de grãos de zircão, com tamanhos variando entre 0,5 e 1,0 cm. As análises focaram na caracterização cristaloquímica, por meio de imagens de catodoluminescência, espectroscopia Raman e difratometria de raios-x, na caracterização química, a partir de medidas das concentrações de elementos traço, através de análises por LA-ICP-MS, e na caracterização isotópica das amostras, através de análises por LA-ICP-MS e isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) em diversos laboratórios. As análises TIMS e LA-ICP-MS mostraram que a grande maioria das amostras de zircão apresentam uma idade U-Pb concordante, com uma idade 206Pb/238U de 562.58 ± 0.26 Ma (ID-TIMS, 2). No entanto, para um dos fragmentos de zircão, a idade ID-TIMS foi de 556.25 ± 0.70 Ma, sugerindo que a datação U-Pb via ID-TIMS é necessária para todos os grãos individuais de zircão. A média das concentrações de U varia entre 270 e 452 ppm. A razão Th/U para todos os cristais analisados varia entre 0.245 e 0.485. As amostras são composicionalmente homogêneas, como é mostrado pelas medidas das concentrações de elementos traço (via LA-ICP-MS) e pela ausência de texturas internas em imagens de catodoluminescência. A composição isotópica de Hf para todas as amostras analisadas (1.29 - 1.51 wt.% de Hf) é homogênea, tanto dentro quanto entre os grãos, apresentando uma razão 176Hf/177Hf de 0.281674 ± 0.000018 (2 S.D.). O fator alpha fluence de 0.79 x 1018 g-1 corresponde a uma estrutura cristalina do zircão, e encontra-se dentro da tendência de amostras de zircão do Sri Lanka previamente estudadas, o que nos permite concluir que o zircão não teve seu sistema isotópico perturbado desde que se cristalizou. As concentrações relativamente altas de U e Pb, juntamente com sua homogeneidade de elementos traço, idade e de isótopos de Hf, faz do zircão estudado um material de referência ideal para análises via LA-ICP-MS. Ainda foram realizadas comparações com outros zircões do Sri Lanka, que sugeriram uma gênese metamórfica para o zircão estudado. ________________________________________________________________________________ / ABSTRACT: The increasing demand for U-Pb and Hf measurements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique has resulted in a constant need to develop well-characterized natural reference materials, for both calibration of equipment (primary standard) and quality control purposes (secondary standard). This study presents isotopic data for a natural zircon that appears to be a suitable reference material for U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic measurements by laser ablation ICP-MS, that was collected from a secondary placer deposit in the Sri Lankan Highland Complex. We have characterized a batch of about 300 grams zircon grains with sizes ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 cm. The analyses focused on the crystalline structure characterization by means of cathodoluminescence images, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, the chemical characterization, based on measurements of trace elements concentrations by LA-ICP-MS, and the isotopic characterization of the samples by LA-ICP-MS and isotope dilution ionization-thermal mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) analyses in several laboratories. The TIMS and LA-ICP-MS analyses show that nearly all zircon samples have a concordant U-Pb age with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U date of 562.58 ± 0.26 Ma (ID-TIMS, 2). However, for one of the zircon fragments, the ID-TIMS age was 556.25 ± 0.70 Ma, suggesting that the ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of all individual zircons is needed. The average U content varies between 270 and 452 ppm. The Th/U ratio for all crystals analysed averages between 0.245 and 0.485. The BB zircons are compositionally homogeneous, as shown by measured trace elements concentrations (LA-ICP-MS) and by the absence of any internal textures in cathodoluminescence images. Hf isotopic composition of all BB zircons analysed (1.29 - 1.51 wt.% Hf) is homogenous within and between the grains with a mean 176Hf/177Hf value of 0.281674 ± 0.000018 (2 S.D.). The calculated alpha fluence of 0.79 x 1018 g-1 corresponds to a fine zircon structure, and is within the trend of previously studied, untreated zircon samples from Sri Lanka, which enables us to conclude that the zircon has not been annealed since it crystallized. The relatively high U and Pb concentrations of the BB zircon, together with its homogeneity of trace element contents, age and Hf isotopes make it an ideal calibration and reference material for LA-ICP-MS analyses. Comparisons with other Sri Lankan zircons suggest a metamorphic genesis for the BB zircon.

This study is aimed to provide an understanding of the spiny lobster fishery of the south coast of Sri Lanka. Most of the spiny lobster fisheries of the world are subjected to heavy exploitation due to the increasing demand. The use of hazardous fishing methods however is known to cause serious problems in the developing countries, including Sri Lanka where considerable percentage of berried females and under sized lobsters are caught each year. The fishery for spiny lobster in the coastal waters of the south coast is carried out by non-mechanized out-rigger small canoes with trammel nets, bottom set gill nets and lobster rings. Around 200mt of lobsters is caught each year in the study area by a fishing fleet of 315 crafts. Around 80% of the lobster production consisted of Panulirus homarus. Lobsters were found to occur all year round, but the fishery is restricted to the non-monsoon period (August-March) due to operational difficulties. The analysis of catch and effort statistics indicated a maximum sustainable yield of 190-200 mt and an optimal daily effort of 300 crafts. The length-based analysis indicated that the resource is over exploited and a reduction in effort by about 20.5% is necessary to put the fishery back to an equilibrium level. Experimental fishing tests revealed that the lobster rings cause the least damage to the population, while the trammel net was the most harmful by including 77% of sub-legal lobsters in catches. This study indicated the possibility of having two spawning and recruitment pulses separated by an interval of 4-5 months. Fecundity estimates ranged between 116,000 - 601,000. Nearly two-third of the total egg production was contributed by lobsters of 60-79mm carapace length range. The fishery is reproductively supported by 3-4 year lobsters. This resource in the study area appears to be overfished with respect to its reproductive potential. The use of trammel nets and free access to the fishery are the two main points which should be carefully controlled. The fishery should be managed by using less harmful fishing gear (eg. lobster rings) and by introducing a proper licensing system to control fishermen entering into the fishery.

This thesis concerns the theoretical issues that arise in the application of the constitutional model known as the plurinational state, developed through the experience of such Western liberal democratic states as Canada, Spain and the United Kingdom, to non-Western contexts of national pluralism through the case study of Sri Lanka. There are two closely intertwined and complementary objectives to the thesis. Firstly, to provide a fresh analytical and prescriptive framework of understanding and potential solutions to the constitutionally unresolved problem of national pluralism in Sri Lanka that has so far only generated protracted conflict. Secondly and more importantly, to contribute in more general terms to the theoretical literature on plurinational constitutionalism by way of the comparative insights generated through applying the model to an empirical context that is fundamentally different in a number of ways to that from which it originally emerged. In this latter, comparative, exercise, there are three key empirical grounds of difference that are identified in the thesis. Firstly, the difference between the sociological character of nationalisms in the two contexts, defined at the most basic level by the civic-ethnic dichotomy; secondly, the different meanings of democratic modernity in the present, determined by colonial modernity and post-colonial ethnocracy; and thirdly, the differences in the substantive content of democracy as between liberal and nonliberal democracies. The thesis argues that the plurinational state may be adapted to have a role and relevance beyond Western conditions, by addressing the theoretical issues that arise from these divergences. In doing so, it seeks to demonstrate that ethnic forms of nationalism are not necessarily inconsistent with the plurinational logic of accommodation; that an exploration of pre-colonial history reveals indigenous forms of the state that are more consistent with plurinational ideals than the classical modernist Westphalian nation-state introduced by nineteenth century colonialism; and that plurinational constitutions may be based on a broader conception of democracy than political liberalism. Building on these discussions, the principal normative contribution of the thesis is the development of a constitutional theory for the accommodation of national pluralism that is based on the norm of asymmetry, as distinct from equality, between multiple nations within the territorial and historical space of the state.

Members of the diaspora are conflict actors with an agency that is important to include in conflict theories and analysis of international relationships. Scholarship suggests its origins, and thereafter changes in the conflict cycle effect decision-making and mobilization in the diaspora, but the conditions and mechanisms that inform these processes are undertherorized. The Sri Lankan conflict and its Toronto based diasporas are used to explore processes of diasporization and mobilization in the context a changed political landscape. A series of semi-structured interviews and a short survey asks respondents to assess their motivations for mobilization. The comparative work is within and between ethnic groups. New Institutionalism underscores this project. Butler’s (2001) epistemology, Brinkerhoff’s (2005) identity-mobilization framework, the political process model and insights from the New Social Movement literature are used to situate politicized identities and political activism directed toward the homeland. Attention is paid to factor processes.

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Concerned with the ongoing coloniality within the form and interactions of international relations, this project examines the legacy of colonial mapping practices on contemporary geopolitics. Specifically, I investigate Sri Lankan tourist maps as subversive examples of the politics of vision implicated within the historical formation of island-space under colonial mapping practices (i.e. Portuguese, Dutch, and British), and the contemporary political implications of the island geography as the state, including exclusionary identity politics during the the civil war (1983-2009). Using a mix-analysis approach, including interviews, participatory mapping, and autoethnography, as well as feminist, postcolonial, and critical theoretical lenses, I argue that Sri Lankan tourist maps serve as examples of the historically developed and continued right to space, mobility, representation, and resources between the Global North and South in what I term "cosmopolitan geopolitics." As geopolitics can be identified as the relationship between territories and resources, cosmopolitan geopolitics is concerned with the power relations when such elements as culture, authenticity, history, and religion are marked in places, people, and experiences as valued resources within the international tourist economy, particularly in this project which connects the colonial histories of mapping, travel, and international relations. In order to address the imperial, masculine politics of vision this project is separated into two parts: the first is concerned with the ontology and colonial legacy the map (Chapters 1-3), the second with the politics of the map, including exclusionary politics of the nation state (Chapters 4-6). Chapter 1 investigates the politics of island space as represented on the tourist map, where the state serves as both a "treasure box" and "caged problem." Chapter 2 argues that the cartoon images and icons serve as a resource map for contemporary geopolitics, and Chapter 3 indicates that this map simultaneously acts an invitation to the cosmopolitan, with assumed access and hospitality. Examining the various ways that the exclusionary politics of the Sinhala-Buddhist state are implicated in the representations on the tourist map, Chapters 4-6 look at cultural tourist sites, natural or wildlife sites, and former war zones, respectively. Overall, this is an interdisciplinary examination between postcolonial studies, critical tourism studies, critical geography, and Sri Lankan studies that examines the continued politics of vision and access to space with both international and domestic political-economic implications. / Doctor of Philosophy / This project takes a critical examination of tourist maps, as a cultural artifact in what has been called “coloniality,” or the ongoing colonial relations in contemporary relationships between nation states. I suggest that my taking into account the colonial history and development of mapping practices, tourism, and international relations that tourist maps serve as material intersection to examine such relations. The island state of Sri Lanka is an ideal case study for this project, as not only does it intersect colonial relations between the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, but because after ending nearly 30-year ethnic-religious civil war the country is looking to expand its tourism industry. Therefore, I argue that an understanding of what I term “cosmopolitan geopolitics” helps us to account for the ways in which culture and religious experiences become resources in contemporary geopolitics within the international tourist economy. Using a mix-analysis approach of interviews, participatory mapping, autoethnography, and theoretical perspectives, I organize the project into two main parts. The first questions “what a map is,” and the second questions “who gets to map.” Overall, this interdisciplinary investigation pulls from postcolonial studies, critical tourism studies, critical geography, and Sri Lankan studies in order to question the continued narratives and representations within cultural commodification and travel.