Abstract Study was made of host-guest complexation of neutral crown ethers with five- and six-membered N-heteroaromatic cations and purinium cation. Complexation of tetraphenylborate with selected N-heteroaromatic cations and tropylium cation also was studied. Crown ether complexes were characterized by mass spectrometric and 1H NMR spectrometric methods and by X-ray crystallography. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) was used as a prelimary tool to characterize the complexes and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) was used to confirm the complexation stoichiometry. Crystal structures were determined by X-ray crystallography to study the complexation in solid state, and stability constants were measured in acetonitrile by 1H NMR titration at 30 °C to study the complexation in solution. Mass spectrometric studies indicated preferential 1:1 complexation stoichiometry between crown ethers and N-heteroaromatic cations. Crystal structures of crown ether complexes showed that hydrogen bonding and to a lesser degree cation-π and π-π interactions stabilize the structures in solid state. The values of stability constants for crown ether complexes with N-heteroaromatic cations and purinium cation varied between 10 and 350 M-1. Stability constants were higher for complexes with six-membered N-heteroaromatic cations and purinium cation than for complexes with five-membered cations. The values indicated that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction in solution. Tetraphenylborate formed complexes with four N-heteroaromatic cations and tropylium cation, and reacted with six N-heteroaromatic cations through the displacement of one phenyl group by N-heterocycle to form triphenylboranes. The complexes and displacement products were characterized by 1H NMR spectrometry. Four crystal structures of complexes and three crystal structures of displacement products were resolved. Stability constants of complexes were measured in methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) solution at 30 °C by 1H NMR titration method. The values of stability constants for tetraphenylborate complexes with N-heteroaromatic cations ranged from 10 to 50 M-1. C-H···π and N-H···π interactions were found to stabilize the structures both in solid state and in solution.

O sistema cobalto(II)/tiocianato foi estudado em meio aquoso com o objetivo de se obter dados reais das constantes de formação globais dos complexos. Foram utilizados os métodos potenciométrico indireto e espectrofotométrico em meio de força iônica 2,0 M (NaCl04) a 25,0 &#177; O,l&#176;C. O sistema cádmio(II)/tiocianato foi utilizado como indicador no método potenciométrico indireto com o eletrodo de gota pendente de amálgama de cádmio. As seguintes constantes de equilíbrio foram obtidas para os complexos formados entre o cádmio e o tiocianato, a 25&#176;C e força iônica 2,0 M (NaCl04): &#946;1 = 21,51 &#177; 0,09 M-1, &#946;2 = 123,3 &#177; 1,2 M-2, &#946;3 = 129,9 &#177; 3,1 M-3 e &#946;4 = 173,5 &#177; 1,2 M-4. Valores do número médio de ligantes, &#241;, foram obtidos para várias concentrações de tiocianato, até 2,0 M, pela adição de Co(Cl04)2 (0,1 M) à solução contendo cádmio(II) e tiocianato. A integração da curva de formação e o tratamento das funções de Leden, pelo método dos mínimos quadrados desenvolvido, levou às seguintes constantes de formação globais para o sistema cobalto(II)/tiocianato: &#946;1 = 11,0 M-1, &#946;2 = 22,0 M-2, &#946;3 = 11,2 M-3 e &#946;4 = 1,63 M-4. Um estudo do sistema zinco(II)/tiocianato foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o método potenciométrico indireto, visto que esse sistema foi anteriormente estudado por um método direto confiável. A curva de formação obtida apresenta uma boa concordância até &#241; = 1. Depois desse ponto um desvio negativo é observado, com relação a curva obtida pelo método direto, devido à causas não bem compreendidas. Várias curvas de absortividade molar média, &#949; vs. concentração analítica de ligante foram obtidas em três comprimentos de onda (515, 590 e 615 nm) em tres concentraçoes de cobalto(II) diferentes: 0,01, 0,05 e 0,1 M. A análise com base no método das soluções correspondentes permitiu obter a curva &#241; vs. concentração de tiocianato livre, com as seguintes constantes de equilíbrio: &#946;1 = 6,9 M-1, &#946;2 = 28,9 M-2, &#946;3 = 12,1 M-3</SUP e &#946;>SUB>4 = 1,30 M-4. Ambos os métodos revelaram uma tendência à formaçao de duas espécies e uma diminuição acentuada na afinidade com o ligante para formar os complexos &#8204;Co(SCN)3&#8204;- e &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-. Uma relação linear entre o número médio de ligantes e a absortividade molar média foi observado em 515 nm, o que permitiu obter o valor de &#949;4. Entretanto, em 590 e 615 nm, observou-se somente uma linearidade entre &#949; e o grau de formação calculado, &#945;4, correspondente a espécie &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-, com uma intersecção muito próxima da origem. Isto é uma evidência que &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2- existe virtualmente como uma espécie tetraédrica com absortividade molar relativamente alta. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de &#949;n individuais: a) &#949;o = 4,31, &#949;1 = 22,6, &#949;2 = 26,3, &#949;3 = 42,8 e &#949;4 = 50,3 cm-1.M-1 em 515 nm; b) &#949;o = 0,29, &#949;1 = 1,3, &#949;2 = 3,2, &#949;3 = 3,9 e &#949;4 = 215 cm-1.M-1 em 590 nm; c) &#949;o = 0,20, &#949;1 = 0,90, &#949;2 1,5, &#949;3 = 2,2 e &#949;4 = 294 cm-1.M-1 em 615 nm. Especulações com os dados sugerem que somente 1% das espécies tetraédricas estão em equilíbrio com as espécies octaédricas correspondentes com 1,2 e 3 tiocianatos coordenados. Com o emprego de um computador foi realizado um estudo efetuando uma simulação dos métooos espectrofotométricos da razão molar e das variações contínuas. As Simulações, com sistemas reais e hipotéticos, foram muito úteis para mostrar as conclusões ambíguas que podem ser obtidas, a partir de dados experimentais, para se estimar o número de espécies complexas. / The cobalt (II) /thiocyanate system in aqueous medium was studied with the purpose to obtain reliables data of overall stepwise formation constants to complexes. An indirect potentiometric method and a spectrophotometric one were used at 2,0 M ionic strength (NaCl04), at 25,0 &#177; O,l&#176;oC. The cadmium(II)/thiocyanate system was used as indicator in the indirect potentiometric method with hanging drop electrode with cadmium amalgam. The following equilibrium constants of the cadmium(II)/thiocyanate complexes were obtained at 25&#176;C and 2,O M ionic strenght (NaCl04: &#946;1 = 21.51 &#177; 0.09 M-1, &#946;2 = 123.3 &#177; 1,2 M-2, &#946;3 = 129.9 &#177; 3.1 M-3 and &#946;4 = 173.5 &#177; 1.2 M-4. Average 1igands number data, &#241;, were obtained for several thiocyanate concentrations, up to 2 M, by adding Co(Cl04)2 (0.1 M) to the working solution of cadmium (II)/thiocyanate. The integration of the formation curve and treatment of Leden\'s functions by a self developed least square method, lead to the following overall formation constants of the cobalt(II)/thiocyanate system: &#946;1 = 11.0 M-1, &#946;2 = 22.0 M-2, &#946;3 = 11.2 M-3 and &#946;4 = 1.63 M-4. A study of the zinc(II)/thiocyanate system was performed with the purpose to check the indirect potentiometric method inasmuch as this system was formerly studied by a re1iable direct method. The formation curve presented a good agreement until the average ligand number 1. After this point a negative desviation is observed with regard the direct method by not well understood causes. Severa1 curves of average molar absorbtivity, &#949; vs the analytical ligand concentration were obtained at three wave lengths (515, 590 and 615 nm) and three differents cobalt(II) cation concentrations: 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M. The analysis on base of corresponding solutions permited to obtain &#241; vs free thiocyanate ion concentrations, with the following equilibrium constants: &#946;1 = 6.9 M-1, &#946;2 = 28.9 M-2, &#946;3 = 12.1 M-3</SUP e &#946; = 1.30 M-4. Both methods revealed a tendency to form two species and a marked decrease in affinity with the 1igand to form &#8204;Co(SCN)3&#8204;<SUP- and &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-. A linear relationship between calculated &#241; and &#949; was observed at 515 nm and this permited to obtain &#949;4. However, at 590 and 615 nm linearity of &#949; was achieved only for calculated formation degree, &#945;4, corresponding to specie &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-, with an intercept very close to the origin. This is an evidence that the &#8204;CoO(SCN)4&#8204;2- exists virtually as tetrahedra1 specie with relative1y high molar absorbtivity. The fol1owing individual &#949;n were obtained: a) &#949;0 = 4.31, &#949;1 = 22.6, &#949;2 = 26.3, &#949;3 = 42.8 and &#949;4 = 50.3 cm-1.M-1 at 515 nm; b) &#949;0 = 0.29, &#949;1 = 1.3, &#949;2 = 3.2, &#949;3 3.9 and &#949;4 = 215 cm-1.M-1 at 590 nm; c) &#949;0 = 0.20, &#949;1 = 0.90, &#949;2 1.5, &#949;3 = 2.2 and &#949;4 = 294 cm-1 .m-1 at 615 nm. Speculations with the data suggest that on1y 1% of tetrahedral species are in equi1ibrium with the corresponding octahedral ones with 1, 2 and 3 thiocyanate 1igands. An extension of the study was a computer assisted simulation of the molar ratio spectrophotometric titration as well as the continuous variations method. This simulation study with real and hypothetica1 systems,was very usefu1l to show how ambiguous can be the conclusions, taken from experimental data,when the number of species are to be estimated.

Late transition metal complexes bearing nitrogen-containing ligands have many applications in biotechnology or industrial catalysis. Imidazole is one of the most common biofunctional ligands to play critical roles in meta1loenzymes, since the imidazole moiety of the histidyl residues often constitutes all or part of the binding sites of various transition metal ions. We use the newly synthesized tetradentate ligand containing the imidazolyl and pyridyl functional group to react with zinc, copper, nickel, and iron ions in order to carry out biomimetic studies. We have obtained two crystal structures via different methods of crystallization. One of them is a mononuclear complex while the other is a polymeric structure. The polymeric structure has demonstrated the spontaneous deprotonation on the imidazolyl nitrogen on binding to the metal ion followed by the intermolecular self-assembly process.We believe that the imidazolate -bridged complexes undergo the pH-dependent interconversions between mononuclear (protonated ligand) and self-assembled oligomer (deprotonated ligand). In addition, we have measured the titration curves of the tetradentate ligand and its corresponding metal complexes to determine the preferential binding sites at varying pH. From the titration processes, we got the protonation constant of ligand and stability constants of its corresponding metal complexes.

O sistema cobalto(II)/tiocianato foi estudado em meio aquoso com o objetivo de se obter dados reais das constantes de formação globais dos complexos. Foram utilizados os métodos potenciométrico indireto e espectrofotométrico em meio de força iônica 2,0 M (NaCl04) a 25,0 &#177; O,l&#176;C. O sistema cádmio(II)/tiocianato foi utilizado como indicador no método potenciométrico indireto com o eletrodo de gota pendente de amálgama de cádmio. As seguintes constantes de equilíbrio foram obtidas para os complexos formados entre o cádmio e o tiocianato, a 25&#176;C e força iônica 2,0 M (NaCl04): &#946;1 = 21,51 &#177; 0,09 M-1, &#946;2 = 123,3 &#177; 1,2 M-2, &#946;3 = 129,9 &#177; 3,1 M-3 e &#946;4 = 173,5 &#177; 1,2 M-4. Valores do número médio de ligantes, &#241;, foram obtidos para várias concentrações de tiocianato, até 2,0 M, pela adição de Co(Cl04)2 (0,1 M) à solução contendo cádmio(II) e tiocianato. A integração da curva de formação e o tratamento das funções de Leden, pelo método dos mínimos quadrados desenvolvido, levou às seguintes constantes de formação globais para o sistema cobalto(II)/tiocianato: &#946;1 = 11,0 M-1, &#946;2 = 22,0 M-2, &#946;3 = 11,2 M-3 e &#946;4 = 1,63 M-4. Um estudo do sistema zinco(II)/tiocianato foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o método potenciométrico indireto, visto que esse sistema foi anteriormente estudado por um método direto confiável. A curva de formação obtida apresenta uma boa concordância até &#241; = 1. Depois desse ponto um desvio negativo é observado, com relação a curva obtida pelo método direto, devido à causas não bem compreendidas. Várias curvas de absortividade molar média, &#949; vs. concentração analítica de ligante foram obtidas em três comprimentos de onda (515, 590 e 615 nm) em tres concentraçoes de cobalto(II) diferentes: 0,01, 0,05 e 0,1 M. A análise com base no método das soluções correspondentes permitiu obter a curva &#241; vs. concentração de tiocianato livre, com as seguintes constantes de equilíbrio: &#946;1 = 6,9 M-1, &#946;2 = 28,9 M-2, &#946;3 = 12,1 M-3</SUP e &#946;>SUB>4 = 1,30 M-4. Ambos os métodos revelaram uma tendência à formaçao de duas espécies e uma diminuição acentuada na afinidade com o ligante para formar os complexos &#8204;Co(SCN)3&#8204;- e &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-. Uma relação linear entre o número médio de ligantes e a absortividade molar média foi observado em 515 nm, o que permitiu obter o valor de &#949;4. Entretanto, em 590 e 615 nm, observou-se somente uma linearidade entre &#949; e o grau de formação calculado, &#945;4, correspondente a espécie &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-, com uma intersecção muito próxima da origem. Isto é uma evidência que &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2- existe virtualmente como uma espécie tetraédrica com absortividade molar relativamente alta. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de &#949;n individuais: a) &#949;o = 4,31, &#949;1 = 22,6, &#949;2 = 26,3, &#949;3 = 42,8 e &#949;4 = 50,3 cm-1.M-1 em 515 nm; b) &#949;o = 0,29, &#949;1 = 1,3, &#949;2 = 3,2, &#949;3 = 3,9 e &#949;4 = 215 cm-1.M-1 em 590 nm; c) &#949;o = 0,20, &#949;1 = 0,90, &#949;2 1,5, &#949;3 = 2,2 e &#949;4 = 294 cm-1.M-1 em 615 nm. Especulações com os dados sugerem que somente 1% das espécies tetraédricas estão em equilíbrio com as espécies octaédricas correspondentes com 1,2 e 3 tiocianatos coordenados. Com o emprego de um computador foi realizado um estudo efetuando uma simulação dos métooos espectrofotométricos da razão molar e das variações contínuas. As Simulações, com sistemas reais e hipotéticos, foram muito úteis para mostrar as conclusões ambíguas que podem ser obtidas, a partir de dados experimentais, para se estimar o número de espécies complexas. / The cobalt (II) /thiocyanate system in aqueous medium was studied with the purpose to obtain reliables data of overall stepwise formation constants to complexes. An indirect potentiometric method and a spectrophotometric one were used at 2,0 M ionic strength (NaCl04), at 25,0 &#177; O,l&#176;oC. The cadmium(II)/thiocyanate system was used as indicator in the indirect potentiometric method with hanging drop electrode with cadmium amalgam. The following equilibrium constants of the cadmium(II)/thiocyanate complexes were obtained at 25&#176;C and 2,O M ionic strenght (NaCl04: &#946;1 = 21.51 &#177; 0.09 M-1, &#946;2 = 123.3 &#177; 1,2 M-2, &#946;3 = 129.9 &#177; 3.1 M-3 and &#946;4 = 173.5 &#177; 1.2 M-4. Average 1igands number data, &#241;, were obtained for several thiocyanate concentrations, up to 2 M, by adding Co(Cl04)2 (0.1 M) to the working solution of cadmium (II)/thiocyanate. The integration of the formation curve and treatment of Leden\'s functions by a self developed least square method, lead to the following overall formation constants of the cobalt(II)/thiocyanate system: &#946;1 = 11.0 M-1, &#946;2 = 22.0 M-2, &#946;3 = 11.2 M-3 and &#946;4 = 1.63 M-4. A study of the zinc(II)/thiocyanate system was performed with the purpose to check the indirect potentiometric method inasmuch as this system was formerly studied by a re1iable direct method. The formation curve presented a good agreement until the average ligand number 1. After this point a negative desviation is observed with regard the direct method by not well understood causes. Severa1 curves of average molar absorbtivity, &#949; vs the analytical ligand concentration were obtained at three wave lengths (515, 590 and 615 nm) and three differents cobalt(II) cation concentrations: 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M. The analysis on base of corresponding solutions permited to obtain &#241; vs free thiocyanate ion concentrations, with the following equilibrium constants: &#946;1 = 6.9 M-1, &#946;2 = 28.9 M-2, &#946;3 = 12.1 M-3</SUP e &#946; = 1.30 M-4. Both methods revealed a tendency to form two species and a marked decrease in affinity with the 1igand to form &#8204;Co(SCN)3&#8204;<SUP- and &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-. A linear relationship between calculated &#241; and &#949; was observed at 515 nm and this permited to obtain &#949;4. However, at 590 and 615 nm linearity of &#949; was achieved only for calculated formation degree, &#945;4, corresponding to specie &#8204;Co(SCN)4&#8204;2-, with an intercept very close to the origin. This is an evidence that the &#8204;CoO(SCN)4&#8204;2- exists virtually as tetrahedra1 specie with relative1y high molar absorbtivity. The fol1owing individual &#949;n were obtained: a) &#949;0 = 4.31, &#949;1 = 22.6, &#949;2 = 26.3, &#949;3 = 42.8 and &#949;4 = 50.3 cm-1.M-1 at 515 nm; b) &#949;0 = 0.29, &#949;1 = 1.3, &#949;2 = 3.2, &#949;3 3.9 and &#949;4 = 215 cm-1.M-1 at 590 nm; c) &#949;0 = 0.20, &#949;1 = 0.90, &#949;2 1.5, &#949;3 = 2.2 and &#949;4 = 294 cm-1 .m-1 at 615 nm. Speculations with the data suggest that on1y 1% of tetrahedral species are in equi1ibrium with the corresponding octahedral ones with 1, 2 and 3 thiocyanate 1igands. An extension of the study was a computer assisted simulation of the molar ratio spectrophotometric titration as well as the continuous variations method. This simulation study with real and hypothetica1 systems,was very usefu1l to show how ambiguous can be the conclusions, taken from experimental data,when the number of species are to be estimated.

Partial Filling method (PF) and Flow Induced Dispersion Analysis (FIDA) were used for the determination of stability constants of model system of four profens (R-Flurbiprofen, S-Ibuprofen, S-Ketoprofen and S-Naproxen) complexing with β-cyclodextrin. When using PF method, only a part of capillary is filled with the selector and thus the analyte must migrate through the zone of selector first and then through the neat BGE (it has different mobilities in both zones). Dependency of the differences in migation time on the length of the selector zone is then studied. When FIDA is used, the analyte in pushed through the capillary by external pressure and dependency of the rate of peak dispersion of the analyte on the concentration of selector in capillary is observed. Moreover, PF experiments were theoretically studied by Simul 5 Complex computing programme. Values of stability constants obtained by both methods were compared with values obtained by frequently used Affinity Capillary electrophoresis (ACE) method. The comparison of stability constants values determined by PF method and FIDA shows that both investigated methods grants results comparable with those obtained by the ACE.

Martin Beneš Determination of stability constants of charged cyclodextrin comlexes by capillary electrophoresis Abstract Stability constant characterizes binding interaction between an analyte and complexation agent. These interactions play very important role in separation processes of, in other way undistinguishable, compounds, e.g. enantiomers. The most widely used complexation agents are cyclodextrins. Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) belongs to methods suitable for the determination of stability constants. The stability constant is determined from the dependence of the effective mobility of analyte on the increasing concentration of complexation agent in background electrolyte (BGE). If charged CDs are used, the attention must be paid not only to viscosity of the BGE and to the influence of Joule heating on the temperature in the capillary but also to the increasing ionic strength. The thermodynamic stability constants of R,R- and S,S-hydrobenzoin and R- and S-(3-brom- 2-methyl-1-propanol) with cationic modified β-cyclodextrin: 6-monodeoxy-6-mono(3- hydroxy)propylamino-β-cyclodextrin hydrochlorid (PABCD) were determined by affinity capillary electrophoresis. The average temperature (25řC) of the BGE in the capillary was kept constant. This was achieved by decreasing of the cassette temperature...

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxic compound that threatens the well-being of humans and wildlife. It is formed through the methylation of inorganic mercury (HgII) under suboxic/anoxic conditions in soils, sediment and waters. The chemical speciation of HgII, including specific HgII species in aqueous and solid/adsorbed phases, plays a key role in MeHg formation. Chemical forms of HgII which have been reported to be available for uptake in methylating bacteria include neutral HgII–sulfide complexes, HgII complexes with specific low molecular mass (LMM) thiols, and nanoparticulate HgS(s). Accurate determination of the chemical speciation of HgII is thus crucial when elucidating the mechanism of MeHg formation. The concentration of HgII–LMM thiols complexes is predicted to be extremely low (sub fM range). Current analytical methods do not allow direct quantification of HgII complexes due to the very low concentration of these complexes, and therefore determination rely on thermodynamic modeling. Accurate stability constants for HgII–LMM thiols complexes and quantification of LMM thiol ligands in environments are thus required to precisely determine the concentration of such complexes. In this thesis, a novel analytical method was developed based on online pre-concentration coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of 16 LMM thiols (Paper I). This method was successful in detecting 8 LMM thiols in boreal wetland porewaters, with mercaptoacetic acid and cysteine being the most abundant. The total concentration of individual detected LMM thiols ranged from sub nM (LOD=0.1 nM) to 77 nM. Moreover, the stability constant (β2) for HgII complexes with 15 LMM thiols were directly determined for the first time by competing ligand exchange experiments combined with liquid chromatography ICPMS analysis (Paper II). Values of log β2 for the reaction Hg2+ + 2LMM-RS- = Hg(LMM-RS)2 ranged from 34.6 for. Based on the determined constants of Hg(LMM-RS)2 complexes and state-of-the-art constants from literature for other HgII complexes, we established comprehensive thermodynamic speciation models for MeHg and HgII in boreal wetlands (Paper III). The speciation of HgII was coupled with the HgII methylation rate constant (km) determined with different enriched Hg isotope tracers (Paper IV). There was a good correlation (R2=0.88) between the km determined by a HgII(aq) tracer added as Hg(NO3)2 with high bioavailability and a tracer where HgII was bond to thiol groups in natural organic matter (HgII-NOM(ads)) and has a lower bioavailability. The HgII(aq) tracer was consistently methylated at 5 times higher rate than the HgII-NOM(ads) tracer. A good correlation was observed between the concentration of biologically produced LMM thiols and km in the boreal wetlands. In a mesocosm study of estuarine sediment-brackish water systems, increased concentration of phytoplankton chlorophyll α due to macro nutrient additions led to an increase in HgII methylation rate of the HgII(aq) but not of the HgII-NOM(ads) tracer or ambient HgII species (Paper V). Furthermore, simulated newly deposited HgII species from atmospheric and terrestrial sources were exhibited significantly higher HgII methylation rates when compared with simulated aged sediment HgII pools. Through the development and adoption of novel analytical methods, this thesis reveals the significance of LMM thiols in Hg biogeochemistry by precise determination of HgII–LMM thiol complexes in natural environmental systems.

Orientador: Jose de Alencar Simoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_FlavioAdriano_M.pdf: 679683 bytes, checksum: c6530a5c5d8d2df979a1acb14bdc906f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros termodinâmicos resultantes da interação entre o herbicida Glifosato e os íons calcio, cobre, zinco e alumínio em solução aquosa: DrH, DrS e DrG de formação do complexo Glifosato-metal. Para tanto, usou-se a potenciometria e a calorimetria por titulação isotérmica (ITC). O tratamento dos dados foi realizado pelo Método das tangentes, onde parte-se do princípio que Keq apresenta valores altos, o que faz com que cada adição de um dado reagente em outro (em excesso) transforme-se totalmente em produto. O valor de DrH é determinado pelo do cálculo da tangente da curva, com volume tendendo a zero. Estudos preliminares foram realizados a fim de se descobrir a melhor condição experimental para a determinação dos parâmetros em questão. Os resultados encontrados de variação de entalpia (kJ mol), energia livre de Gibbs (kJ mol) e variação de entropia (J mol K), são, respectivamente, + 0,07±0,01, - 18,8±0,5, + 63,0±2, para o Ca; + 6,24±0,06, - 67,9±0,5, + 249, para o Cu; + 0,25±0,01, - 49,7±0,5, + 167±2, para o íon Zn e + 6,84±0,45, - 78,2±0,5, + 285±2, para o Al / Abstract: In this work were determinate the following resultant thermodynamics parameters to the interaction between the herbicide Glyphosate and the ions Ca, Cu, Zn and Al, in aqueous solution: DrH, DrS and DrG to the metal-Glyphosate complex formation. For that, it have been used the potentiometric and the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The data treatment was done by the ¿Tangent method¿, where it supposed that stability constant is very high and, through the plotting the somatory of experimental values of heat versus the volume of titrant, it calculated the angular coefficient of the straight. Preliminary investigations were made to found out the optimum condition to determinate the parameters in question. The results for enthalpy change (kJ mol), Gibbs free energy (kJ mol) and entropy change (J mol K), were, respectively, + 0,07±0,01, - 18,8±0,5, + 63,0±2, to Ca; + 6,24±0,06, - 67,9±0,5, + 249±2, to Cu; + 0,25±0,01, - 49,7±0,5, + 167±2, to the Zn e + 6,84 ± 0,45, - 78,2±5, + 285±2, to Al / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Capillary zone electrophoresis was used for chiral separation of eleven diquat derivatives. These N-heteroaromatic dications containing structural motif of 2,2'-bipyridine have recently been studied for their interesting electrochemical properties as well as for the axial chirality of their molecules. The combination of these properties could potencially lead to interesting applications in the future. For enantioseparation of diquats (DQ) commercially available randomly sulfated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins with high degree of substitution were used. A succesfull chiral separation was achieved using all of the three sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors (CS). Baseline enantioseparation was achieved for 82 %, 91 % respectively 100 % of the analyzed DQ in the presence of HS-α-CD, HS-β-CD, HS-γ-CD respectively. The highest separation efficiency and resolution were obtained in the backround electrolyte containing 22 mmol/L NaOH, 35 mmol/L H3PO4 (pH2,5) and 6 mmol/L HS-β-CD. Using three available nonracemic DQ an identification of the particular M- and P-enantiomers was done for the three corresponding DQ structures. Apparent stabillity constants of complexes of the DQ derivatives with above mentioned cyclodextrins as CS were determined by means of capillary affinity electrophoresis. The stability...

Evaluating data in capillary zone electrophoresis usually involves many steps that require using several different programmes. Apart from evaluating the electrophoreogram itself, it is usual to process the obtained data in some other way. For example, a suitable model is fit to the data in order to obtain physical and chemical parameters of the separation (e.g. stability constant in case of complexation). It is also important to know the accuracy of the evaluation (the calculation error). In this work, new parts of the Eval programme, originally developed for electrophoreogram evaluation, were implemented. The programme now automatically estimates the Haarhoff-van der Linde function (solution of continuity equation in capillary) parameters for analyte peak. Complexing agents are often used to improve the separation in the capillary zone electrophoresis. Complexation in the capillary can be described by its physical and chemical parameters. A new part was added to the Eval programme that allows the user to fit a rectangular hyperbole function to the obtained data. Thus, the regression parameters of this dependence can be gained. The programme can also draw profile diagrams for these parameters, from which the confidence intervals can be read. An option that allows two dependencies to be fitted at...