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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

HACCP Assessment of Virginia Meat and Poultry Processing Plants

Quinn, Brenton Peter 07 December 2001 (has links)
Fifty-eight meat and poultry plants in Virginia were assessed during spring and summer of 2000. These assessments were all conducted in the presence of state inspection and were designed to be non-regulatory. The audit team included N.G. Marriott, M.A. Tolbert and B.P. Quinn. The audits consisted of a tour of the facility and a review of SSOPs and all HACCP related documentation. To assist in these audits, a HACCP check sheet was developed and utilized to indicate suggestions or deficiencies. Most of the plants had an understanding of how to implement HACCP properly. The majority of the suggestions that were noted were not so much about the HACCP concept, but more with regards to the legality of a HACCP document. The most noted deficiency was improper cross-outs. If there is a correction, one line should be drawn through the error and then must be initialed. With respect to the HACCP plan, most deficiencies were related to the hazards and the critical control points. During these audits, two microbial determination methods (Standard Plate Count and Bioluminescence) were used to evaluate processing equipment. Typically, three pieces of equipment were tested at each plant. When the data were collected, the two microbial determination methods were correlated. The "corr" function in SAS resulted in a correlation coefficient of .4478, which is low and indicates a poor correlation. A pass/fail method similar to one done by Illsley et. al. resulted in a 48.9% agreement between the methods in this research. / Master of Science
2

Validação da metodologia de citometria de fluxo para avaliação da contagem bacteriana do leite cru / Evaluation of flow cytometry as a method for total bacterial count of raw milk

Cassoli, Laerte Dagher 16 August 2005 (has links)
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da metodologia de citometria de fluxo na determinação da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) do leite cru. No primeiro estudo foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento, da idade da amostra e do tipo conservante sobre a CBT. Também foi estudada a possibilidade de se utilizar uma única amostra de leite para a realização das análises previstas na Instrução Normativa 51 (IN-51). Foram testadas, três temperaturas de armazenamento (0oC - congelado, 7oC - resfriamento e 24 oC - ambiente), três conservantes (bronopol, azidiol e sem conservante) e quatro tempos entre a coleta e a análise (idade da amostra) (um (D1), três (D3), cinco (D5) e sete (D7) dias). Foi considerado tratamento controle para análise de CBT, amostras refrigeradas, com azidiol e com um dia de idade. Para as análises de composição e CCS, o tratamento controle foram amostras refrigeradas, com bronopol e com um dia de idade. Os resultados indicaram que será necessária a coleta de duas amostras, uma destinada à determinação de CCS e composição, contendo bronopol e, outra, para CBT, contendo azidiol. A amostra para CBT poderá ser analisada em até sete dias após a coleta, desde que mantida sob refrigeração à 7ºC. Deve-se evitar o aquecimento ou o congelamento da amostra para CBT, bem como garantir a adição do azidiol. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a correlação entre os métodos de referência e de citometria de fluxo na determinação da CBT. Amostras coletadas nos meses de junho à setembro (n=155) foram agrupadas considerando-se estação da seca e as coletadas nos meses de novembro e dezembro (n=68), estação das águas. Foram realizadas análises simultâneas pelos métodos de referência (contagem padrão em placas) e de citometria de fluxo (equipamento Bactocount), sendo os resultados expressos em unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) e contagem individual de bactérias (CIB), respectivamente. As equações lineares de correlação entre a CIB e UFC foram semelhantes nas estações, indicando que uma única equação pode ser utilizada ao longo do ano para transformar os resultados de CIB para UFC. A equação linear obtida foi: log(UFC) = log(CIB) x 0,7224 + 1,4617 com coeficiente de correlação de 0,8125. A acurácia do equipamento Bactocount na estimativa do valor de referência, expressa pelo erro padrão (s(y,x)), foi de 0,309 log UFC/mL. Os resultados mostraram que o equipamento Bactocount pode ser calibrado para expressar os resultados em UFC e com isso ser utilizado no monitoramento da qualidade do leite. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of electronic flow cytometry to determine total bacterial count (TBC) of raw milk. In the first experiment, the effect of storage temperature, sample age and milk preservative type on TBC were evaluated. Additionally, the use of a single milk sample to performance regulatory milk analysis under the Normative Instruction 51 (NI-51) was tested. Effects were standardized as: three storage temperatures (0ºC - freezer, 7ºC - refrigerator and 24ºC - room temperature), four sample ages (1 (D1), 3 (D3), 5 (D5) and 7 (D7) days) and three milk preservatives (bronopol, azidiol and no preservative). Control treatment for TBC analysis was defined as refrigerated milk samples containing azidiol with 1 day of storage. For determination of milk components and somatic cell count (SCC), control treatment was defined as refrigerated milk samples containing bronopol with 1 day of storage. Results of the first experiment showed that two milk samples are necessary to performance regulatory milk analysis under the NI-51; one containing bronopol should be used for determination of milk components and SCC, and other containing azidiol for TBC. Milk samples used for TBC can be tested until 7 days after sampling when they are kept at 7ºC. Freezing or heating milk samples for TBC analysis should be avoided and addition of azidiol is always necessary. The second experiment was designed to determine a correlation between two methods of TBC, electronic flow cytometry and standard plate count. Milk samples collected from June to September (n = 155) were named as dry season samples and milk samples collected in November and December (n = 68) were named as rainy season samples. Each milk sample was used to run both methods of TBC. Results were expressed as individual bacterial count (IBC) and colony forming unit (CFU) for electronic flow cytometry (Bactocount) and standard plate count, respectively. The linear equations of correlation between IBC and CFU had similar patterns in both seasons, dry and rainy, indicating that a single equation can be used to transform IBC results in CFU along the year. The linear equation was defined as log(CFU) = 0.7224 x log(IBC) + 1.4617 with coefficient of correlation of 0.8125. The accuracy of Bactocount in estimating reference values, denoted by the standard error (s(y,x)), was 0.309 log CFU/mL. The results showed that Bactocount can be calibrated to express TBC readings in CFU and, consequently, be used to monitor milk quality.
3

Validação da metodologia de citometria de fluxo para avaliação da contagem bacteriana do leite cru / Evaluation of flow cytometry as a method for total bacterial count of raw milk

Laerte Dagher Cassoli 16 August 2005 (has links)
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da metodologia de citometria de fluxo na determinação da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) do leite cru. No primeiro estudo foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento, da idade da amostra e do tipo conservante sobre a CBT. Também foi estudada a possibilidade de se utilizar uma única amostra de leite para a realização das análises previstas na Instrução Normativa 51 (IN-51). Foram testadas, três temperaturas de armazenamento (0oC – congelado, 7oC – resfriamento e 24 oC – ambiente), três conservantes (bronopol, azidiol e sem conservante) e quatro tempos entre a coleta e a análise (idade da amostra) (um (D1), três (D3), cinco (D5) e sete (D7) dias). Foi considerado tratamento controle para análise de CBT, amostras refrigeradas, com azidiol e com um dia de idade. Para as análises de composição e CCS, o tratamento controle foram amostras refrigeradas, com bronopol e com um dia de idade. Os resultados indicaram que será necessária a coleta de duas amostras, uma destinada à determinação de CCS e composição, contendo bronopol e, outra, para CBT, contendo azidiol. A amostra para CBT poderá ser analisada em até sete dias após a coleta, desde que mantida sob refrigeração à 7ºC. Deve-se evitar o aquecimento ou o congelamento da amostra para CBT, bem como garantir a adição do azidiol. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a correlação entre os métodos de referência e de citometria de fluxo na determinação da CBT. Amostras coletadas nos meses de junho à setembro (n=155) foram agrupadas considerando-se estação da seca e as coletadas nos meses de novembro e dezembro (n=68), estação das águas. Foram realizadas análises simultâneas pelos métodos de referência (contagem padrão em placas) e de citometria de fluxo (equipamento Bactocount), sendo os resultados expressos em unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) e contagem individual de bactérias (CIB), respectivamente. As equações lineares de correlação entre a CIB e UFC foram semelhantes nas estações, indicando que uma única equação pode ser utilizada ao longo do ano para transformar os resultados de CIB para UFC. A equação linear obtida foi: log(UFC) = log(CIB) x 0,7224 + 1,4617 com coeficiente de correlação de 0,8125. A acurácia do equipamento Bactocount na estimativa do valor de referência, expressa pelo erro padrão (s(y,x)), foi de 0,309 log UFC/mL. Os resultados mostraram que o equipamento Bactocount pode ser calibrado para expressar os resultados em UFC e com isso ser utilizado no monitoramento da qualidade do leite. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of electronic flow cytometry to determine total bacterial count (TBC) of raw milk. In the first experiment, the effect of storage temperature, sample age and milk preservative type on TBC were evaluated. Additionally, the use of a single milk sample to performance regulatory milk analysis under the Normative Instruction 51 (NI-51) was tested. Effects were standardized as: three storage temperatures (0ºC – freezer, 7ºC – refrigerator and 24ºC – room temperature), four sample ages (1 (D1), 3 (D3), 5 (D5) and 7 (D7) days) and three milk preservatives (bronopol, azidiol and no preservative). Control treatment for TBC analysis was defined as refrigerated milk samples containing azidiol with 1 day of storage. For determination of milk components and somatic cell count (SCC), control treatment was defined as refrigerated milk samples containing bronopol with 1 day of storage. Results of the first experiment showed that two milk samples are necessary to performance regulatory milk analysis under the NI-51; one containing bronopol should be used for determination of milk components and SCC, and other containing azidiol for TBC. Milk samples used for TBC can be tested until 7 days after sampling when they are kept at 7ºC. Freezing or heating milk samples for TBC analysis should be avoided and addition of azidiol is always necessary. The second experiment was designed to determine a correlation between two methods of TBC, electronic flow cytometry and standard plate count. Milk samples collected from June to September (n = 155) were named as dry season samples and milk samples collected in November and December (n = 68) were named as rainy season samples. Each milk sample was used to run both methods of TBC. Results were expressed as individual bacterial count (IBC) and colony forming unit (CFU) for electronic flow cytometry (Bactocount) and standard plate count, respectively. The linear equations of correlation between IBC and CFU had similar patterns in both seasons, dry and rainy, indicating that a single equation can be used to transform IBC results in CFU along the year. The linear equation was defined as log(CFU) = 0.7224 x log(IBC) + 1.4617 with coefficient of correlation of 0.8125. The accuracy of Bactocount in estimating reference values, denoted by the standard error (s(y,x)), was 0.309 log CFU/mL. The results showed that Bactocount can be calibrated to express TBC readings in CFU and, consequently, be used to monitor milk quality.

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