Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

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Firefighting is a strenuous occupation requiring high levels of physical fitness. Inadequate levels of fitness can put firefighters and risk of overexertion and injury. Therefore ensuring that firefighters maintain role specific fitness levels throughout their career is critical to both firefighter and public safety. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the minimum cardiorespiratory, strength and muscular endurance demands UK firefighting and to recommend minimum physical employment standards to ensure the operational effectiveness and safety of firefighting personnel working in the UK fire & rescue service. The first study developed a task analysis protocol to identify the minimum acceptable performance requirements of the critical and most physically demanding tasks in UK firefighting, identifying 2 distinct roles (firefighter and incident commander) with 8 critical tasks identified for firefighter and 2 for the incident commander role. The second study investigated the physical demands of performing these critical tasks to the minimum acceptable performance requirement. Cardiorespiratory fitness standards were derived for those undertaking both firefighting and incident command roles. Following this, the validity and reliability of a firefighter simulation test was assessed to determine its appropriateness as a criterion test of operational fitness. Whilst there was a strong inverse correlation between the test completion time and cardiorespiratory fitness and the simulation was highly reliable, the error associated with the simulation suggests that it may not be suitable to use as a standalone fitness test and should be used in conjunction with gym-based cardiorespiratory fitness assessments. The final study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of common and replicable gymbased physical ability tests to predict firefighting performance in order to recommend strength and muscular endurance standards. Each of the gym-based physical ability tests and associated standards were effective at predicting effective firefighting performance.

With the updated leasing standard from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) going into effect, companies will need to understand the basic principles and new definition of a lease, as well as the types of leases. Then they will be able to account for them properly, and more information will be transparent to the users.

Includes bibliographical references : (p. [37]-40) Drawing on qualitative data collected during semi-structured interviews with 36 profit centre managers in manufacturing firms in Victoria, Australia, this study seeks to explore the mechanisms used to manage multiple manufacturing performance dimensions arising from the pursuit of profit centre strategy. Where measures capture potentially conflicting influences on the manufacturing cost function, strategy implementation is facilitated by loosening control reactions to cost variances and through explicit attempts to integrate multiple measures. However, a joint emphasis on performance dimensions relating to manufacturing efficiency and customer responsiveness emerges as problematic. In contrast, a joint emphasis on quality and efficiency is relatively easily managed. It is suggested that in the context of responsiveness strategies, the difficulty of designing complete measures inhibits the relevance of performance measurement systems as a facilitator of strategy implementation.

The purpose of this study is to research the metaevaluation of school evaluation in Kaohsiung City¡¦s elementary schools. The theory based on a lot of documents built the metaevaluation standards of school evaluation in the elementary schools, and then to analyzed the implemented situation in Kaohsiung City¡¦s elementary schools. This was a questionnaire survey study. The population was evaluation committee members and school educators joining Kaohsiung City¡¦s 2004 and 2005 school evaluation. Twenty-seven evaluation committee members conducted questionnaires. According to school scales, the participants were purposive sampled and stratified random sampled. There were 717 educators in Kaohsiung City 45 elementary schools to conduct questionnaires. The data collected from questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. They were also presented by descriptive statistics and examined by t-test and ANOVA. According to the data analysis, the results of the study showed: 1. The theory and connotation of school evaluation and metaevaluation (1) School evaluation is an important process in school and it aimed to ensure the educational quality. (2) School evaluation should regulate concrete and feasible goals and plan complete context. (3) Metaevaluation inspected the primary evaluation programs and checked the evaluation functions. (4) Metaevaluation is critical to determine the evaluation value and implemented by metaevaluation standard approved by professional evaluation members. 2. The degrees that the practice of school evaluation in Kaohsiung City¡¦s elementary schools coped with metaevaluation standard were as followed. (1) As a whole, the situation of implementing school evaluation in Kaohsiung City¡¦s elementary schools was fine, and ¡§utility¡¨ standards were the highest. (2) In ¡§utility¡¨ standards, the evaluator credibility was the highest, but the evaluation context was the lowest. (3) In ¡§feasibility¡¨ standards, the practical procedures were the highest, but the cost effectiveness was the lowest. (4) In ¡§propriety¡¨ standards, the human interactions was the highest, but the result treatment was the lowest. (5) In ¡§accuracy¡¨ standards, the described purposes and procedures was the highest, but the written records about programs and writing of evaluation reports were the lowest. 3. With related to effects in Kaohsiung City¡¦s elementary schools, the different beliefs between elementary school educators and committee members with different backgrounds were concluded as followed. (1) Different genders of elementary school educators had inconsistent beliefs on ¡§utility¡¨, ¡§feasibility¡¨, and ¡§propriety¡¨ levels. (2) Educators with different degrees had different beliefs in ¡§feasibility¡¨ level. Who with above master¡¦s degree were more than those graduated from a teachers college or a teachers university. (3) Educators in different positions had different beliefs. Compared with other participants, principals had significant differences in ¡§utility¡¨, ¡§feasibility¡¨, ¡§propriety¡¨, and ¡§accuracy¡¨ levels. (4) Educators with different working years had different beliefs. Compared with other participants, educators working over 21 years had significant differences in ¡§utility¡¨, ¡§feasibility¡¨, ¡§propriety¡¨, and ¡§accuracy¡¨ levels. (5) Educators in different school scales had no significant differences in school evaluation. (6) Educators in different evaluation school years had no significant differences in school evaluation. (7) Evaluation committee members with different genders had no significant differences in school evaluation. (8) Evaluation committee members with different identifications had no significant differences in school evaluation. Finally, according to the findings and conclusion, the researcher provided concrete suggestions to educational administrators, elementary schools, and future researches.

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Die Sicherheitsphilosophie bei der Entwicklung neuer Arzneimittel besteht in einer individuellen Prüfung der sicherheitsrelevanten Eigenschaften neuer Substanzen und ist durch das Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) geregelt. Nach pharmakologischen und toxikologischen Tests der Substanzen in Tierversuchen wird ihre Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit in klinischen Studien an gesunden Probanden und Patienten geprüft. Die Anzahl an Studienteilnehmern ist bei Arzneimitteln so bemessen, dass akute Risiken mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 0,1 % erfasst werden; seltenere Risiken werden in den Studien vor Zulassung nicht erfasst. Bei Medizingeräten erfolgt eine Konformitätsprüfung in Bezug auf die Einhaltung von Leistungsgrenzen und Sicherheitsstandards nach den Bestimmungen der Medizingeräteverordnung. Hinreichende Langzeitdaten fehlen bei beiden Verfahren zu Beginn der Vermarktung, sodass parallel zur Anwendung Anwendungsrisiken erfasst und bewertet werden müssen. / The safety concepts applied in the development of new drugs are based on individual tests of each new chemical entity. The applicable law is codified in the German Medicines Act (AMG). Alongside animal experimentation (pharmacology and toxicology), efficacy and tolerability are evaluated in clinical trials conducted with healthy human volunteers and patients. The population exposure is calculated in such a way that acute effects with a probability of 0.1 % are displayed; rarer risks are usually not detected in clinical trials prior to the approval of new drugs. Medical devices are tested regarding their conformity with predefined safety standards and power intensities. Adequate long term data are still missing in both cases at the time of market launch. Consequently, it is necessary to report and assess risks during actual use.

Zugl.: Münster (Westfalen), Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Modern synthetic structural adhesives are finding a place in the drive to improve the fuel efficiencyof automobiles through weight reduction of the structure. One of the most important properties ofthe adhesives used in this type of joining is the fracture energy.A literature study is carried out to gain a broader understanding of the methods used for thedetermination of the fracture energy of adhesives. One of the most common experimental methodsrelies on the use of the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test specimen. International standards for theDCB test are studied. Prediction of the fracture energy using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics andthe J-integral approach, a closed form solution and finite element methods are also seen. Differencesin these methods are attributed in part to the nonlinear behaviour of the adhesive being studied. It isdecided to use the results of a non-standard DCB test and the 40% error calculated by a theoreticalstandard method as a point of reference.A comprehensive comparison of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) and BritishStandard Institution (BSI) standards for the determination of the fracture energy of adhesives isundertaken. Limitations and overlaps in the standards are identified. A DCB specimen isrecommended and an experimental procedure that satisfies elements one or both standards issuggested along with several small additions such as using a wire to assist in the application of theadhesive and the use of cameras to track the crack growth. In addition, a new fixture to allow testingof the recommended DCB specimen according to the standards is designed and manufactured.Materials for the preparation of tests specimens are ordered and, based on available laboratorytime, a single DCB test specimen is made for the purposes of testing a rubber-based automotivestructural adhesive. The specimen is tested using the recommended experimental procedure usingthe new fixture. The data produced during the test are collected and interpreted using themethodology proposed in the BSI standard for the calculation of the fracture energy of the selectedrubber-based adhesive. Several challenges found during this process are identified. The fractureenergy determined from the standard-based experiment ranges from 140 J/m2 to 1380 J/m2depending on the methodology used.The values of the fracture energy determined from the standard-based DCB experiment are thencompared to the fracture energy seen with the nonstandard-based experiment and to the standardbasednumerical test seen in the literature. It is shown that when simple beam theory method isused the difference in the results found in the standard-based experiment and nonstandard-basedexperiment can be confirmed to lie within the 40% error observed in the literature.Finally, the contributions of the project are summarized and recommendations for future work aremade. In particular, the lack of information given in the BSI standard when calculating the fractureenergy and the need for multiple test specimens are required by the standard, must be addressed inorder to support the obtained results and conclusions.