Le contrôle de stabilité est un sujet essentiel dans les systèmes avancés d’aide à la conduite développés par les constructeurs et équipementiers automobiles. Les systèmes de sécurité actifs sont devenus un standard dans les véhicules particuliers, tels que : le contrôle électronique de la stabilité (ESC) et le système de contrôle de traction (TCS). La description du comportement dynamique du véhicule pendant le mouvement, est fondamental dans le fonctionnement des nouveaux systèmes de sécurité active. Certains systèmes actifs sont déjà implémentés dans des véhicules standards comme des options supplémentaires, pour améliorer la sécurité sur la route ou pour le confort du conducteur et des passagers. Cependant, ces systèmes ont besoin d’informations sur la dynamique de véhicule, qui représente les caractéristiques de mouvement du véhicule sur la route. L’accès à ces informations est souvent difficile, pour des raisons technologiques ou économiques. De ce fait, nous développons des algorithmes, basés sur la technique d’observation d’état, pour estimer une partie de ces variables notamment, les efforts dynamiques du contact pneumatique/chaussée et l’angle de dérive dans son environnement. En revanche, ces systèmes sont conçus pour faire face à l’état actuel du véhicule où la situation de danger a toujours eu lieu, la capacité de ces systèmes est limitée à minimiser les effets de danger. L’objectif ultime est de prévoir et d’éviter efficacement un accident avant qu’il se produise. Par conséquent, ce travail est dédié aussi à développer une méthode de prédiction des risques pour rappeler au conducteur la vitesse de sécurité pour négocier les virages à venir. Dans un premier temps, nous développons dans ce mémoire une nouvelle approche pour estimer la répartition de la charge verticale sur chaque roue dans un environnement réel. L’influence de l’angle de pente est considérée dans la phase de reconstruction du modèle du véhicule. Les forces verticales sont estimées en utilisant un filtre de Kalman. Afin d’estimer la force latérale du pneu, un filtre de Kalman entendu et un filtre Particulaire ont appliqués pour tenir compte des non-linéarités du modèle de véhicule. Deux techniques différentes d’observateurs sont proposées et comparées avec des données expérimentales. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étendons, à l’instant futur, la prise en compte de l’évaluation de risque d’accidents. La prédiction des paramètres de la dynamique du véhicule, l’évaluation du risque potentiel ainsi que la détermination d’une vitesse d’alerte à l’approche des virages, sont introduites pour réduire le risque potentiel d’accident dans les virages. Enfin, la dernière partie du mémoire est consacrée à l’application en temps réel, sur un véhicule démonstrateur, du processus d’observation d’état développé précédemment. Les résultats expérimentaux sont réalisés pour démontrer la performance des estimateurs intégrés en temps réel. / Nowadays, a variety of advanced driving assistance systems are being developed by research centers and automobile manufactures. Stability control is an essential topic in the modern industrial automobile society. Driving safety is widely concerned in the passenger cars to prevent potential risks. More and more electronic active safety systems are fitted out as a standard option, such as Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Traction Control System (TCS). These safety systems are efficient in helping the driver maintain control of the car and also are considered highly cost-effective. However, for the future development trend of these systems, a more complex and integrated control unit requires more information about the vehicle dynamics. Some fundamental parameters such as tire road forces and sideslip angle are effective in describing vehicle dynamics. Nevertheless, it is lacking an effective and low-cost sensor to measure directly. Therefore, this study presents amethod to estimate these parameters using observer technologies and low-cost sensors which are available on the passenger cars in real environment. In addition, these systems are designed for dealing with vehicle current state where danger situation has always occurred, the capacity of these systems is limited to minimize the effects. We were wondering whether shall we predict and effectively avoid a crash before it occurred. Therefore, this work is also addressed to develop a risk prediction method for proposing driver a safe speed to negotiate the upcoming curves. First, this dissertation develops a new approach to estimate the vertical load distribution in real environment. The influence of bank angle is considered in the phase of reconstruction of vehicle model. The vertical tire force on banked road is estimated by using Kalman filter. In order to estimate the lateral tire force, two nonlinear observers are addressed to solve the nonlinearity of vehicle model. The Extended Kalman filter is widely discussed in the previous literature, while we firstly use a Particle filter to estimate the vehicle dynamics parameters. Two different observer technologies are proposed and compared using the experimental data. Second, extending the consideration of road safety to the future instant. Prediction of vehicle dynamics parameters, evaluation of potential risk as well as establishment of advisory speed on curves are introduced to reduce the possibility of crash occurrence on curves. Last but not least, the real-time sampling and process system is presented, the estimator with EKF and PF has been developed as a real-time application. Experimental results are performed to demonstrate the performance of these integrated systems in real-time.

A crescente demanda por produtos poliméricos com propriedades cada vez mais estritas tem forçado o desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitoramento em linha cada vez mais precisas e robustas. Infelizmente, grande parte das principais propriedades poliméricas não são quantificáveis em linha a partir das metodologias analíticas atualmente disponíveis e, portanto, na prática, as propriedades finais dos látices poliméricos são obtidas através da caracterização off line de amostras discretas coletadas do processo, resultando em um tempo de análise longo e indesejado para qualquer algoritmo de controle em tempo real. Por outro lado, como as reações de polimerização são altamente exotérmicas é possível quantificar continuamente a taxa de calor gerado pela reação a partir das medidas de temperatura e do balanço de energia que, por sua vez, pode ser usada para obter importantes informações acerca do estado do processo. Entretanto, esta técnica requer a atualização contínua do coeficiente global de troca térmica ao longo da reação, uma vez que este parâmetro está sujeito a variações temporais significativas. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade da aplicação conjunta dos conceitos da calorimetria e dos observadores não-lineares para a estimação dos estados de um processo químico. Para isso, serão analisadas duas reações químicas distintas: a) uma reação de hidrólise de anidrido acético, b) uma reação copolimerização em emulsão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que essa metodologia é extremamente dependente dos parâmetros de sintonia do observador de estado, inviabilizando o seu uso para o monitoramento em linha de um processo químico. Por outro lado, a aplicação direta do balanço de energia para estimação do calor gerado pela reação, mostrou-se uma forma alternativa simples e viável para a estimação em tempo real dos estados de uma reação de polimerização. / The increasing demand for the production of polymers with more tight properties has placed great emphasis on the development of accurate and robust online monitoring techniques of polymerization reactions. Unfortunately, most of the main characteristics are not measurable online from analytical methodologies currently available and, therefore, in practice, the final properties of polymer latexes are obtained through off line characterization of discrete samples collected from the process, resulting in measurement delay which is undesirable for real-time control. On the other hand, since most of the polymerization reactions are highly exothermic, it is possible to quantify continuously the heat release rate based on temperature measurements and energy balance equations that, in turn, can be used to infer valuable information about the state of process. However, this approach requires up-dating the value of the global heat exchange coefficient through reaction, once this parameter is subject to significant time variations. Therefore, this work aims to examine the feasibility of joint implementation of the concepts of reaction calorimetry and nonlinear state observers for estimation of the states of a chemical process. In order to do that, two distinct chemical reactions will be considered: a) a hydrolysis of acetic anhydride reaction, b) an emulsion copolymerization reaction. The results showed that this approach shows a strong dependence of the tuning parameters, preventing its use for online monitoring of a chemical process. On the other hand, applying the heat balance it is possible to infer continuously the heat release rate and the states of polymerization reactions.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um sistema de posicionamento dinâmico para uma pequena embarcação baseado em controle a estrutura variável com realimentação por visão computacional. Foram investigadas, na literatura, diversas técnicas desenvolvidas e escolheu-se o controle a estrutura variável devido, principalmente, ao modo de acionamento dos propulsores presentes no barco utilizado para os experimentos. Somando-se a isto, foi considerada importante a robustez que a técnica de controle escolhida apresenta, pois o modelo utilizado conta com incerteza em sua dinâmica. É apresentado ainda o projeto da superfície de deslizamento para realizar o controle a estrutura variável. Como instrumento de medição optou-se por utilizar técnicas de visão computacional em imagens capturadas a partir de uma webcam. A escolha por este tipo de sistema deve-se a alta precisão das medições aliada ao seu baixo custo. São apresentadas simulações e experimentos com controle a estrutura variável em tempo discreto utilizando a integral do erro da posição visando eliminar o erro em regime. Para realizar o controle que demanda o estado completo, são comparados quatro estimadores de estado realizados em tempo discreto: derivador aproximado; observador assintótico com uma frequência de amostragem igual a da câmera; observador assintótico com uma frequência de amostragem maior que a da câmera; e filtro de Kalman. / The design of a dynamic positioning system for a small boat based on variable strutucture control and visual-servoing is presented. Many control tecniques have been investigated and the variable structure control was chosen, mainly, due the operation mode of the motor drivers installed on the boat applied in the experiments. The robustness of this control technique was also considered since the available dynamic model of the boat is uncertain. The design of the sliding surface is shown as well. Computer vision techniques were used to measure the position of the boat from images taken with a webcam, this kind of measure system was chosen due to its high accuracy and low cost. Simulation and experimental results of discrete time variable structure control with integral action of the boats postion, included in order to eliminate steady state error, are shown. To develop this controller four state estimators, in discrete time, are compared: derivative of position; asymptotic observer at a high sampling rate; asymptotic observer at webcams sampling rate; and Kalman filter.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um sistema de posicionamento dinâmico para uma pequena embarcação baseado em controle a estrutura variável com realimentação por visão computacional. Foram investigadas, na literatura, diversas técnicas desenvolvidas e escolheu-se o controle a estrutura variável devido, principalmente, ao modo de acionamento dos propulsores presentes no barco utilizado para os experimentos. Somando-se a isto, foi considerada importante a robustez que a técnica de controle escolhida apresenta, pois o modelo utilizado conta com incerteza em sua dinâmica. É apresentado ainda o projeto da superfície de deslizamento para realizar o controle a estrutura variável. Como instrumento de medição optou-se por utilizar técnicas de visão computacional em imagens capturadas a partir de uma webcam. A escolha por este tipo de sistema deve-se a alta precisão das medições aliada ao seu baixo custo. São apresentadas simulações e experimentos com controle a estrutura variável em tempo discreto utilizando a integral do erro da posição visando eliminar o erro em regime. Para realizar o controle que demanda o estado completo, são comparados quatro estimadores de estado realizados em tempo discreto: derivador aproximado; observador assintótico com uma frequência de amostragem igual a da câmera; observador assintótico com uma frequência de amostragem maior que a da câmera; e filtro de Kalman. / The design of a dynamic positioning system for a small boat based on variable strutucture control and visual-servoing is presented. Many control tecniques have been investigated and the variable structure control was chosen, mainly, due the operation mode of the motor drivers installed on the boat applied in the experiments. The robustness of this control technique was also considered since the available dynamic model of the boat is uncertain. The design of the sliding surface is shown as well. Computer vision techniques were used to measure the position of the boat from images taken with a webcam, this kind of measure system was chosen due to its high accuracy and low cost. Simulation and experimental results of discrete time variable structure control with integral action of the boats postion, included in order to eliminate steady state error, are shown. To develop this controller four state estimators, in discrete time, are compared: derivative of position; asymptotic observer at a high sampling rate; asymptotic observer at webcams sampling rate; and Kalman filter.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 watanabe_l_me_ilha.pdf: 2840433 bytes, checksum: dfba204f1b82da88aa2da2eca31e1d20 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nos últimos anos, tem havido um grande interesse das indústrias no desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de detecção e localização de falhas, pois se preocupam cada vez mais com a segurança, havendo assim, a necessidade de supervisão e monitoramento dos sistemas para que as falhas sejam evitadas ou sanadas o mais rápido possível. Determinados parâmetros em sistemas reais como massa, rigidez e amortecimento, podem variar devido ao aparecimento de falhas ou ao próprio desgaste natural dos componentes. Um aparecimento de trincas pode provocar perdas econômicas ou até conduzir a situações perigosas com paradas abruptas das máquinas e/ou equipamentos. Através do auxílio de modelos teóricos bem definidos, métodos de identificação de parâmetros, observadores de estado e auxílio à decisão foi possível desenvolver uma metodologia para detecção e localização de trincas em estruturas reticuladas, dando ênfase às tridimensionais. Foi possível detectar e localizar a trinca já no seu início e acompanhar sua propagação para uma possível parada programada. Foi utilizada a metodologia dos observadores de estado, que pode reconstruir os estados não medidos ou os valores provenientes de pontos de difícil acesso no sistema. Foi construída uma estrutura reticulada no Laboratório para validação da metodologia desenvolvida e os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios / In recent years there has been a great interest of industry in developing new techniques for detection and location of faults, because they worry more about security, so there is the need for supervision and monitoring systems so that failures are avoided or remedied as soon as possible. Certain parameters in real systems such as mass, stiffness and damping can vary due to some failures to own or wear and tear of components. An appearance of cracks can cause economic loss or even lead to dangerous situations with abrupt stopping of machines and/or equipment. Through the aid of well-defined theoretical models, methods of parameter identification, state observers and aid the decision was possible to develop a methodology for detecting and locating cracks in frame structures, emphasizing the three-dimensional. It was possible to detect and locate the crack already in its early stages and monitor its spread to a possible shutdown. Methodology was applied for observer status, which can reconstruct the unmeasured states or values from points of difficult access in the system. A reticulated structure was built at the Laboratory for validation of the methodology and the results were very satisfactory

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloRBGV_TESE.pdf: 4018928 bytes, checksum: 7940c018115fd94c74a5dbbd7d3f7fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / The industries are getting more and more rigorous, when security is in question, no matter is to avoid financial damages due to accidents and low productivity, or when it s related to the environment protection. It was thinking about great world accidents around the world involving aircrafts and industrial process (nuclear, petrochemical and so on) that we decided to invest in systems that could detect fault and diagnosis (FDD) them. The FDD systems can avoid eventual fault helping man on the maintenance and exchange of defective equipments. Nowadays, the issues that involve detection, isolation, diagnose and the controlling of tolerance fault are gathering strength in the academic and industrial environment. It is based on this fact, in this work, we discuss the importance of techniques that can assist in the development of systems for Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) and propose a hybrid method for FDD in dynamic systems. We present a brief history to contextualize the techniques used in working environments. The detection of fault in the proposed system is based on state observers in conjunction with other statistical techniques. The principal idea is to use the observer himself, in addition to serving as an analytical redundancy, in allowing the creation of a residue. This residue is used in FDD. A signature database assists in the identification of system faults, which based on the signatures derived from trend analysis of the residue signal and its difference, performs the classification of the faults based purely on a decision tree. This FDD system is tested and validated in two plants: a simulated plant with coupled tanks and didactic plant with industrial instrumentation. All collected results of those tests will be discussed / As ind?strias est?o cada vez mais rigorosas quando o assunto ? seguran?a, tanto para evitar preju?zos financeiros com acidentes e baixa produtividade, quanto para preservar o meio ambiente. Diante dos grandes acidentes em todo o mundo envolvendo aeronaves e processos industriais (nucleares, petroqu?micos etc) procurou-se investir em sistemas que pudessem detectar e diagnosticar falhas (FDD-Fault Detection and Diagnosis). Os sistemas FDD podem evitar eventuais falhas auxiliando o homem na manuten??o e troca de equipamentos defeituosos. Nos dias de hoje os assuntos que envolvem detec??o, isolamento, identifica??o e diagn?stico de falhas est?o ganhando for?a no meio acad?mico e industrial. Diante deste impulso, neste trabalho ser? discutido a import?ncia do estudo de t?cnicas que possam auxiliar o desenvolvimento de sistemas de detec??o e diagn?stico de falhas e proposto um m?todo h?brido para a detec??o e diagn?stico de falhas em sistemas din?micos. Um breve hist?rico ? apresentado de forma a contextualizar as t?cnicas utilizadas no trabalho. A detec??o de falhas pelo sistema proposto ? baseada em observadores de estado juntamente com outras t?cnicas estat?sticas. A ideia principal ? utilizar o pr?prio observador, para al?m de servir como redund?ncia anal?tica, permitir a cria??o de um res?duo que ser? utilizado na detec??o da falha e tamb?m no seu diagn?stico. Um banco de assinaturas auxiliar? o sistema de identifica??o de falhas, que, baseado nas assinaturas oriundas das an?lises de tend?ncia do sinal do res?duo e sua derivada, ir? realizar a classifica??o das falhas baseada em uma ?rvore de decis?o. Este sistema FDD ser? submetido a alguns testes e valida??es em duas plantas: uma planta simulada de tanques acoplados e em uma planta did?tica com instrumenta??o industrial. Os resultados colhidos desses ensaios se mostraram satisfat?rios para um grupo de falhas testadas e ser?o discutidos no decorrer do trabalho

A crescente demanda por produtos poliméricos com propriedades cada vez mais estritas tem forçado o desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitoramento em linha cada vez mais precisas e robustas. Infelizmente, grande parte das principais propriedades poliméricas não são quantificáveis em linha a partir das metodologias analíticas atualmente disponíveis e, portanto, na prática, as propriedades finais dos látices poliméricos são obtidas através da caracterização off line de amostras discretas coletadas do processo, resultando em um tempo de análise longo e indesejado para qualquer algoritmo de controle em tempo real. Por outro lado, como as reações de polimerização são altamente exotérmicas é possível quantificar continuamente a taxa de calor gerado pela reação a partir das medidas de temperatura e do balanço de energia que, por sua vez, pode ser usada para obter importantes informações acerca do estado do processo. Entretanto, esta técnica requer a atualização contínua do coeficiente global de troca térmica ao longo da reação, uma vez que este parâmetro está sujeito a variações temporais significativas. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade da aplicação conjunta dos conceitos da calorimetria e dos observadores não-lineares para a estimação dos estados de um processo químico. Para isso, serão analisadas duas reações químicas distintas: a) uma reação de hidrólise de anidrido acético, b) uma reação copolimerização em emulsão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que essa metodologia é extremamente dependente dos parâmetros de sintonia do observador de estado, inviabilizando o seu uso para o monitoramento em linha de um processo químico. Por outro lado, a aplicação direta do balanço de energia para estimação do calor gerado pela reação, mostrou-se uma forma alternativa simples e viável para a estimação em tempo real dos estados de uma reação de polimerização. / The increasing demand for the production of polymers with more tight properties has placed great emphasis on the development of accurate and robust online monitoring techniques of polymerization reactions. Unfortunately, most of the main characteristics are not measurable online from analytical methodologies currently available and, therefore, in practice, the final properties of polymer latexes are obtained through off line characterization of discrete samples collected from the process, resulting in measurement delay which is undesirable for real-time control. On the other hand, since most of the polymerization reactions are highly exothermic, it is possible to quantify continuously the heat release rate based on temperature measurements and energy balance equations that, in turn, can be used to infer valuable information about the state of process. However, this approach requires up-dating the value of the global heat exchange coefficient through reaction, once this parameter is subject to significant time variations. Therefore, this work aims to examine the feasibility of joint implementation of the concepts of reaction calorimetry and nonlinear state observers for estimation of the states of a chemical process. In order to do that, two distinct chemical reactions will be considered: a) a hydrolysis of acetic anhydride reaction, b) an emulsion copolymerization reaction. The results showed that this approach shows a strong dependence of the tuning parameters, preventing its use for online monitoring of a chemical process. On the other hand, applying the heat balance it is possible to infer continuously the heat release rate and the states of polymerization reactions.

In order to reduce the cost of the current switched resonant power converters, a state observer is introduced to provide the controller with the required information for the effective switching of the converter without the need of expensive sensory inputs from the resonant circuit. This Master's thesis investigates the usage of Matlab/Simulink and Xilinx System Generator as an implementation tool for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development of the Observer Model. The main aim is to keep the model size to a minimum while keeping the error within a reasonable range, allowing the observer to converge.

Le développement des systèmes intelligents pour contrôler la stabilité du véhicule et éviter les accidents routier est au cœur de la recherche automobile. L'expansion de ces systèmes intelligents à l'application réelle exige une estimation précise de la dynamique du véhicule dans des environnements diverses (dévers et pente). Cette exigence implique principalement trois problèmes : ⅰ), extraire des informations non mesurées à partir des capteurs faible coût; ⅱ), rester robuste et précis face aux les perturbations incertaines causées par les erreurs de mesure ou de la méconnaissance de l'environnement; ⅲ), estimer l'état du véhicule et prévoir le risque d'accident en temps réel. L’originalité de cette thèse par rapport à l’existant, consiste dans le développement des nouveaux algorithmes, basés sur des nouveaux modèles du véhicule et des différentes techniques d'observation d'état, pour estimer des variables ou des paramètres incertains de la dynamique du véhicule en temps réel. La première étape de notre étude est le développement de nouveaux modèles pour mieux décrire le comportement du véhicule dans des différentes situations. Pour minimiser les erreurs de modèle, un système d'estimation composé de quatre observateurs est proposé pour estimer les forces verticales, longitudinales et latérales par pneu, ainsi que l'angle de dérive. Trois techniques d'observation non linéaires (EKF, UKF et PF) sont appliquées pour tenir compte des non-linéarités du modèle. Pour valider la performance de nos observateurs, nous avons implémenté en C++ des modules temps-réel qui, embarqué sur le véhicule, estiment la dynamique du véhicule pendant le mouvement. / Enhancing road safety by developing active safety system is the general purpose of this thesis. A challenging task in the development of active safety system is to get accurate information about immeasurable vehicle dynamics states. More specifically, we need to estimate the vertical load, the lateral frictional force and longitudinal frictional force at each wheel, and also the sideslip angle at center of gravity. These states are the key parameters that could optimize the control of vehicle's stability. The estimation of vertical load at each tire enables the evaluation of the risk of rollover. Estimation of tire lateral forces could help the control system reduce the lateral slip and prevent the situation like spinning and drift out. Tire longitudinal forces can also greatly influence the performance of vehicle. The sideslip angle is one of the most important parameter to control the lateral dynamics of vehicle. However, in the current market, very few safety systems are based on tire forces, due to the lack of cost-effective method to get these information. For all the above reasons, we would like to develop a perception system to monitor these vehicle dynamics states by using only low-cost sensor. In order to achieve this objective, we propose to develop novel observers to estimate unmeasured states. However, construction of an observer which could provide satisfactory performance at all condition is never simple. It requires : 1, accurate and efficient models; 2, a robust estimation algorithm; 3, considering the parameter variation and sensor errors. As motivated by these requirements, this dissertation is organized to present our contribution in three aspects : vehicle dynamics modelization, observer design and adaptive estimation. In the aspect of modeling, we propose several new models to describe vehicle dynamics. The existent models are obtained by simplifying the vehicle motion as a planar motion. In the proposed models, we described the vehicle motion as a 3D motion and considered the effects of road inclination. Then for the vertical dynamics, we propose to incorporate the suspension deflection to calculate the transfer of vertical load. For the lateral dynamics, we propose the model of transfer of lateral forces to describe the interaction between left wheel and right wheel. With this new model, the lateral force at each tire can be calculated without sideslip angle. Similarly, for longitudinal dynamics, we also propose the model of transfer of longitudinal forces to calculate the longitudinal force at each tire. In the aspect of observer design, we propose a novel observation system, which is consisted of four individual observers connected in a cascaded way. The four observers are developed for the estimation of vertical tire force, lateral tire force and longitudinal tire force and sideslip angle respectively. For the linear system, the Kalman filter is employed. While for the nonlinear system, the EKF, UKF and PF are applied to minimize the estimation errors. In the aspect of adaptive estimation, we propose the algorithms to improve sensor measurement and estimate vehicle parameters in order to stay robust in presence of parameter variation and sensor errors. Furthermore, we also propose to incorporate the digital map to enhance the estimation accuracy. The utilization of digital map could also enable the prediction of vehicle dynamics states and prevent the road accidents. Finally, we implement our algorithm in the experimental vehicle to realize real-time estimation. Experimental data has validated the proposed algorithm.

Les interfaces haptiques à retour d’effort sont des dispositifs robotiques capables deproduire des forces à destination de l’utilisateur en téléopération et en réalité virtuelle. L’utilisation d’interface à retour d’effort en Conception Assistée par Ordinateur (CAO) offre de nouvelles perspectives pour la création et la conception de formes 3D grâce à une interactivité à la fois visuelle et kinesthésique. Elles permettent à la fois de visualiser, de manipuler en temps réel des objets virtuels et d’en ressentir les efforts (liés aux contacts, à la déformation, etc.).Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contribuent au développement d’interfaces àretour d’effort pour répondre au mieux aux besoins de la CAO. Dans ce mémoire, l’accent est placé sur la problématique de la stabilité et son exploitation pour la commande de l’interface mais aussi pour la conception électromécanique. L’ensemble des travaux porte sur une interface à un degré de liberté.Dans un premier temps, différents facteurs liés au système mécanique (amortissement, modes vibratoires) et à l’environnement virtuel (échantillonnage, retard. . .) agissant sur la stabilité d’une interface sont mis en évidence à l’aide de critères fréquentiels. Ensuite, la conception d’une interface (choix et dimensionnement des composants) est ramenée sous forme d’un problème d’optimisation incluant une contrainte liée à la stabilité (en termes de domaine d’utilisation) et un critère de maximisation de la transparence (en termesd’inertie du dispositif).Dans un second temps, l’architecture de commande des dispositifs haptiques est étudiée. À l’aide d’une nouvelle condition de stabilité asymptotique pour les systèmes en temps discret à retard variable et en utilisant un observateur d’état augmenté comme alternative à l’utilisation standard de la méthode des différences finies arrières, la synthèse d’une nouvelle architecture de commande est proposée.La dernière partie du mémoire aborde la description du banc d’essai expérimental développé pendant le travail de thèse ainsi que les résultats des tests réalisés. / Force feedback haptic interfaces are robotic devices which are able to produce forces for the user in a teleoperation or virtual reality context. The integration of force feedback haptic interfaces in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems offers new perspectives for modeling and design of 3D objects by combining both visual and kinesthetic interaction. It allows viewing and manipulating virtual objects in real-time with a sense of touch (linked to contact, deformation, etc.).The works presented in this thesis contribute to the development of a force feedbackhaptic device to meet the needs of CAD at the best. In this thesis manuscript, the emphasis is put on the stability issue and its exploitation for the control of the device but also for the electromechanical conception. All the presented works concern an interface with one degree of freedom. First, several factors relative to the mechanic system (physical damping, vibration modes) and to the virtual environment (sampling period, delay-time, etc.) acting on the interface stability are highlighted through frequency domain stability criteria. Then, the interface design (choice and sizing of components) is expressed on the form of an optimization problem including a constraint linked to stability (in terms of application area).In a second part, the control architecture of haptic devices is studied. Using a newstability criterion for systems in discrete time with variable delay and an augmented state observer as an alternative to the standard finite difference scheme, the synthesis of novel control architecture is proposed.The last part of the manuscript deals with the description of the experimental testbench developed during the thesis period together with the results of some realized tests.