The potential of static pressure reset (SPR) control to save fan energy in variable air volume HVAC systems has been well documented. Current research has focused on the creation of reset strategies depending on specific system features. As the commissioning process has begun to require the prediction of savings, knowledge of the extent to which various SPR control strategies impact fan energy has become increasingly important. This research aims to document existing SPR control strategies and utilize building data and simulation to estimate fan energy use. A comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to SPR control was performed and the results were organized into a top-down flow chart tool. Based on the type of feedback available from a particular system, or lack thereof, this tool will facilitate the selection of a SPR control strategy. A field experiment was conducted on a single duct variable air volume system with fixed discharge air temperature and static pressure setpoints. Finally, an air-side model of the experimental system was created using detailed building design information and calibrated using field measurements. This model was used to estimate the fan energy required to supply the trended airflow data using fixed static pressure (FSP) and SPR control based on zone demand, system demand, and outside air temperature. While utilizing trend data from November 1, 2008 to February 12, 2009, the FSP control of the experimental system was used as the baseline for ranking the energy savings potential of nine different forms of duct static pressure control. The highest savings (73-74%) were achieved using zonal demand based SPR control. System demand based SPR control yielded savings ranging from 59 to 76%, which increased when the duct sensor was positioned near the fan discharge and under similar zone load conditions. The outside air temperature based SPR control yielded savings of 65% since the experimental system supplied primarily perimeter zones. Finally, increasing the FSP setpoint from 2 to 3 inWG increased fan energy by 45%, while decreasing the setpoint from 2 to 1 inWG decreased fan energy by 41%.

In this thesis, LMI approach is employed to design a static output feedback controller so that all poles of the considered closed-loop continuous-time system are located within a prescribed LMI region, named D region. Based on the coordinate transformation, an analysis about the derived LMI-based sufficient condition is also established. The result is, moreover, extended to treat pole placement in the generalized LMI region, denoted by DR region. In addition to the requirement on pole location, two commonly exploited system performances in robust control, i.e. the H2 and Hinf designs, are also considered so that the multiobjective control by static output feedback is investigated in this thesis. To address robustness issue of the designed controllers, three different uncertainty descriptions, i.e. norm bounded uncertainty, positive real uncertainty, and polytopic uncertainty, are considered and LMI conditions for quadratic D stabilization by static output feedback have been derived. The bounded realness and positive realness with respect to an LMI D region are studied as well. Numerical examples are provided in the end of chapters 3, 4, and 5 to illustrate the obtained results there.

The SRAM memory generator in this thesis is divided into four parts: row decoder, storage cell, column decoder, and sense amplifier & write controller. The row decoder is designed using pass-transistors logic with better area and regularity compared with conventional NAND based decoders. Two different column decoders, tree structure and NOR based predecoder, are provided in current version. Although only SRAM is implemented in this thesis, the memory generator platform is complete with all the necessary models required in the embedded design. In the future, other memories, such as cache, shift register, FIFO, stacks, ROM, register files, and content addressable memory, can be integrated in this memory generator platform.

¡@¡@This study provides static and dynamic analysis of three-wheel stroller which is marketed. The model of stroller is built by computer- aided design software SolidWorks for perform static analysis on finite element analysis software ANSYS and mechanism¡¦s dynamic analysis on directed computer-aided mechanism analysis software COSMOSMotion. ¡@¡@It is important of stroller safety because it carry tender babies. The stroller should be examined carefully with three-wheel stroller always used on outdoor. CNS 6263 provides the standard for the safety test on the structure of the stroller, which includes a static analysis. In order to offer absolute safety for stroller, CNS uses a high standard to test the sample. For the market permission, the stroller needs to pass the CNS test, company always let stroller too strong to pass the test, and that will let the volume and weight too large to burden with cost. In this thesis, the researcher discussed the different on stroller between the traditional design and the CNS standard design. He also made an assumption the check if the stroller is overdesign. ¡@¡@A three-wheel stroller is a jogging stroller, and it is usually used on high velocity. Manufacturer should consider its steady, especially when the mass center of three-wheel stroller is usually too high. Dynamic analysis in this study will discuss the effect on the stroller when the forces of user are applied on the stroller. By the rollover formula of the three-wheel car, this study modified the program for three-wheel stroller in order to consider the influence of the force on the stroller. Comparing the results between the simulation of software and the calculation of the rollover function of three-wheel stroller, this study provides models for designers to prevent the rollover from the stroller.

Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--University of Michigan, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 49). Also available online.

The behaviour of gas-liquid foams has been the subject of extensive research in the past century because of the usefulness of liquid foams in industry. In this work we present new experimental and theoretical developments concerning flow and drainage behaviour of surfactant based liquid foams and films. The flow of free films and foam was studied in vertical tubes for different liquid properties. Measurements of the thickness of the lubricating layer on the wall and CFD simulation shows a relationship between the liquid thickness, liquid viscosity and pressure drop for the flow of free films. For foam flow, friction factors were determined for all systems and data lied remarkably on a unique line on the friction factor-Reynolds number plot and has a practical significance in that pressure drop can be calculated using a constant friction factor along a pipe of a constant cross section in any flow regime. An improved ER technique has been developed for accurate measurements of foam resistance, which includes the liquid layer at the wall. Traditional ER-methods for characterising the drainage of a wall-confined static foams do not take into consideration the effects of a substantial liquid layer established on the wall during drainage which transports a substantial amount of liquid. A method is proposed for the estimation of temporal as well axial variations of the wall liquid thickness inferred from the measurements of the local liquid holdup. A theoretical model is proposed for foam drainage based on the analogy of liquid flow through a packed bed of solid particles. A good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment on the basis of judicious estimations of foam cell size and shape factor.

Current textual studies of Finnegans Wake have identified sigla chiefly as notebook shorthand, but this thesis argues that this interpretation has enforced limitations on future research, owing to the lack of significance mere abbreviation has within literary analysis. The thesis aims to free sigla research from this restrictive critical viewpoint and overturn its present state of neglect in Joyce studies. The research studies the James Joyce Archive and uses a genetic approach. However, instead of its analytical focus being on the notebooks (where the majority of sigla are located), it contains case studies of diagrams from the chapter drafts which are designed using sigla shapes. I have shown the functions of three types of sigla: the first are 'static' (which are shown isolated and not in a relationship to any other characters, which would imply movement); the 'kinetic' status of sigla is a different actualisation of static sigla wherein they are presented in relationships with other sigla or in diagrams which imply their movement within a certain space; and finally the 'three dimensional' sigla are sigla which are brought to the status of a diagram on the basis of parallels between the siglum and meanings of the same shape in the tradition of knowledge. To analyse the narrating quality of a siglum, the minimal condition is that at least one character is in the final version of Finnegans Wake and in a draft drawing. This is the starting point wherein comparisons can be made or symmetries can be established. This process of analysis reveals plotlines and shows how sigla can move within the drawing's space. In conclusion, sigla function as elementary plot units, which develop the plot of Finnegans Wake.

Software maintenance is a significant phase of a software life-cycle. Once a system is developed the main focus shifts to maintenance to keep the system up to date. A system may be changed for various reasons such as fulfilling customer requirements, fixing bugs or optimizing existing code. Code needs to be studied and understood before any modification is done to it. Understanding code is a time intensive and often complicated part of software maintenance that is supported by documentation and various tools such as profilers, debuggers and source code analysis techniques. However, most of the tools fail to assist in locating the portions of the code that implement the functionality the software developer is focusing. Mining execution traces can help developers identify parts of the source code specific to the functionality of interest and at the same time help them understand the behaviour of the code. We propose a use-driven hybrid framework of static and dynamic analyses to mine and manage execution traces to support software developers in understanding how the system's functionality is implemented through feature analysis. We express a system's use as a set of tests. In our approach, we develop a set of uses that represents how a system is used or how a user uses some specific functionality. Each use set describes a user's interaction with the system. To manage large and complex traces we organize them by system use and segment them by user interface events. The segmented traces are also clustered based on internal and external method types. The clusters are further categorized into groups based on application programming interfaces and active clones. To further support comprehension we propose a taxonomy of metrics which are used to quantify the trace. To validate the framework we built a tool called TrAM that implements trace mining and provides visualization features. It can quantify the trace method information, mine similar code fragments called active clones, cluster methods based on types, categorise them based on groups and quantify their behavioural aspects using a set of metrics. The tool also lets the users visualize the design and implementation of a system using images, filtering, grouping, event and system use, and present them with values calculated using trace, group, clone and method metrics. We also conducted a case study on five different subject systems using the tool to determine the dynamic properties of the source code clones at runtime and answer three research questions using our findings. We compared our tool with trace mining tools and profilers in terms of features, and scenarios. Finally, we evaluated TrAM by conducting a user study on its effectiveness, usability and information management.

Santrauka Temos aktualumas. Populiariausias Lietuvoje naudojamas būdas stipruminėms grunto savybėms nustatyti yra statinis zondavimas. Tuo tarpu dinaminis zondavimas naudojamas labai retai, dažniausiai tik ten kur neįmanoma atlikti.statinio zondavimo. Tokia situacija susidarė dėl to, kad Lietuvoje nėra metodikos pamatų skaičiavimams pagal qd (dinaminio zondavimo) reikšmes ir projektuotojai nelabai supranta dinaminio zondavimo privalumų. Esant tokiai padėčiai dauguma inžinerinių geologinių tyrimų įmonių qd reikšmes verčia į statinio zondavimo reikšmes qc, nors perėjimo koeficientų iš qd į qc nėra nurodyta jokiuose inžinerinių tyrinėjimų bei statybos reglamentuose ir žininuose. Dėl to inžinerinės geologijos specialistai dažniausiai naudoja savo pačių išvestus koeficientus. Taigi šiame darbe, atliktų tyrimų dėka, bus bandoma pritaikyti optimaliausius perėjimo koeficientus iš qd ir qc. Norint nustatyti šiuos koeficientus, buvo gilintasi į perėjimo iš dinaminio zondavimo rezultatų į statinio zondavim rezultatus problemas. Darbo tikslas – suteikti informaciją inžinieriams geologams apie dviejų inžinerinių geologinių lauko tyrimų metodų efektyvumą. Uždaviniai: - išbandyti statinį ir dinaminį zondavimą konkrečioje teritorijoje, - palyginti gautus rezultatus, - surasti perėjimo koeficientus iš qd į qc. Pirmoje darbo dalyje autorius aprašo tyrimo objekto inžinerinės geologinės sąlygas Antroje dalyje STATINIO IR DINAMINIO ZONDAVIMO REZULTATŲ GRUNTŲ ANALIZĖ Trečioje dalyje gautų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Relevance of the topic. The most popular method of the determination of soil resistance is the static probing test. Meanwhile, the dynamic probing test is applied very rarely, mainly in places where the static probing test may not be used. Such situation has occurred because of the lack of methodology base for calculations according to qd (dynamic probing) values in Lithuania, while the designers do not perceive the advantages of dynamic probing. In the present situation, most of the engineering geology testing companies translate qd values into static probing values qc, though coefficients of conversion from qd to qc are not given in any engineering survey or construction regulations or references. Therefore, experts of engineering geology mostly use their own derived coefficients. Thus, through performed tests, the most optimal coefficients of conversion from qd to qc shall be applied in this paper. In order to determine these coefficients, problems of conversion from dynamic probing results to static probing results were analysed. The goal of the paper is to provide information for engineers geologists on the efficiency of two methods of engineering geologic field tests. Tasks: - Testing of static and dynamic probing in a specific territory; - Comparison of received results; - Finding of coefficients of conversion from qd to qc. The first part of the paper describes the engineering geologic conditions of the testing object. The second part analyses the results of... [to full text]

I investigate the self-force acting on static scalar and electric charges in Schwarzschild-de Sitter and Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter spacetimes. The self-force occurs when a charged particle's field interacts with the curvature of spacetime so that the particle interacts with its own field. Because the field of a point particle is singular at the location of the particle, it is necessary to decompose the field into a regular part responsible for the self-force and a singular part that does not contribute to the self-force. To do this, I use the mode-sum regularization scheme introduced by Barack and Ori, in which the field is decomposed into a sum over modes, and the singular part is removed from each mode using so-called regularization parameters. I find that the electrostatic self-force in Schwarzschild-de Sitter and Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter behaves similarly to Schwarzschild self-force near the black hole, but can deviate strongly at larger distances. This is especially true in Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter, where the self-force is seen to increase linearly with distance. I provide an explanation for this behaviour using conformal transformations. A particular feature evident in Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter is that the self-force can become negative (attractive) at small distances when the Schwarzschild radius and the cosmological length scale are of a similar order. I find that the scalar self-force in Schwarzschild-de Sitter can not actually be computed, and in Schwarzschild-Anti-de Sitter the asymptotic behaviour is similar to its electrostatic counterpart.