6 ABSTRACT Tittle: Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching on the Performance of Cadet Category in Competitive Aerobics Objectives: The aim of the work is to find out the type, method and use of static and dynamic stretching in the training of cadet girls in the training of sports aerobics through the opinions of competitive aerobics coaches. The theoretical part consists of research on the issue. In the practical part, a questionnaire survey and an interview are used, conducted in person by the author of the diploma thesis or sent by e-mail, or conducted by telephone or otherwise online. The outputs from this questionnaire + interview are analyzed, compared and evaluated with specific clear outputs. Methods: The work consists of a theoretical and a practical part, while the theoretical part is conceived descriptively. The research part uses the method of qualitative research - a questionnaire. Competitive aerobics coaches are interviewed through a questionnaire and in the form of a guided interview. The interview is conducted in person, according to the prepared questions, and the answers are then logically sorted, evaluated and commented. Descriptive statistics are used for the actual classification and analysis of the obtained data. Results: The results of the work showed the type, method and use of...

Background: Foam rolling (FR) is a promising new trend in the world of resistance training, sports and  athletics. It is often used as a warm up activity as a substitute or addition to  stretching modalities such as static stretching (SS). The proposed benefits behind FR is that it can lead to  both acute and chronic increases in performance and flexibility. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different warm­up intervention protocols  of the hamstrings musculature on: 1) Performance in the bilateral standing long jump 2) Flexibility in a  supine active­knee­extension test. Method: The study consisted of sixteen male participants who were all healthy adult recreational athletes.  The two different interventions were, a) Static Stretching protocol (SS) and b) a Foam Rolling protocol  (FR). These were compared to a baseline warm up (BLWU). The SS consisted of 1 x 30 seconds of active  SS using the lying supine active­knee­extension position after a short warm­up. The FR consisted of 1  bout of 30 seconds of FR of the hamstrings musculature of each leg after a short warm­up. BLWU  consisted of a short warm­up (5 submaximal bilateral standing long jumps). Performance was measured  using a bilateral standing long jump test. Flexibility was measured with a goniometer using a lying supine active ­knee­ extension test. The student’s t­test was used to study differences between and within groups (BLWU, SS, FR). Results: No differences between BLWU and Post­SS (p=0.89) as well as BLWU compared to Post­FR (p=0.86) was detected for performance. However, an increase in flexibility was shown favoring Post­SS over BLWU (p=0.021) as well as Post­FR over BLWU (p=0.045). No significant difference was seen  between changes in the Post­SS and Post­FR groups in either performance or flexibility (p=0.887 and  p=0.944 respectively). Conclusion: It seems that both SS and FR are similarly viable and effective methods for acute increases  in flexibility in the active­knee­extension test without subsequent decreases in performance of the bilateral standing long jump.

Fascial tissues form a continuous whole-body three-dimensional network penetrating all parts of the human body. They include all fibrous connective tissue that significantly contributes both to themaintaining of the integrity of the organism and the functioning of body systems and the somesthetic perception.That is because of the facia is richly populated by proprioceptiveand mechanosensitive nociceptive nerve endings. Although the stretching is a routine method used in sports and rehabilitation, its exact mechanism of influence and effects on the body are not fully understood so far. Stretching exercises affect the mechanical state of the myofascial tissues and also the quality of the nociception and proprioception by alteration of their preload. There is evidence about some differences of the mechanical properties of the tissuesboth between thesexes and hypermobile individuals. The theses assesses the effect of static stretching m. QF on the somesthetic perception by measuring pressure pain threshold (PPT) using pressure algometry and the quality of propcioception bygoniometric measurement considering the interindividual variance in quality of the connective tissues. Our research includes testing of 29 healthy subjects (14 women and 15 men) and it has proved significant impact of the intervention on the...

Title Influence of dynamic and static warm-up on muscle strength in climbers. Objective The aim of the thesis is to assess the influence of dynamic warm-up with Thera-Band and static stretching on maximal muscle strength and its time parameters of finger flexors in dominant upper extremity in climbers. Methods Eight active climbers participated in this testing (age 32.4 ± 5.5, body weight 69.4 ± 6.5, height 176 ± 6.4). Actual performance RP was according to the French scale ranging 6b to 8a. Probands' measurements proceeded in three different days. After a specific warm-up on "boulder wall" and static stretching and dynamic warm-up with Thera-Band without stretching, there was maximal muscle strength of fingers flexors on dominant (preferred) upper limb measured by using a specific climbing test on hangboard. The second measurement assessed maximal strength of finger flexors muscle and its time parameters while proceeding of the maximum hand-grip using a hand dynamometer. Results In the experiment, none of the hypotheses came to be confirmed. There was no significant influence of static stretching and dynamic warm-up with Thera-Band on maximal muscle strength of finger flexors and the time parameters in climbers. Conclusion Despite the failure to prove the influence of the static stretching and...

TITLE: The impact of static and dynamic stretching on coordination and flexibility in children in primary school AUTHOR: Tereza Plachá DEPARTMENT: Katedra tělesné výchovy SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Lucie Kainová ABSTRACT: In my final thesis I want to deal with two types of warm-up - static stretching and dynamic stretching. Warming up is an important part not only of the sport performance, but also at the beginning of the physical education lesson. In schools, this phase is often neglected. With the help of selected tests, I will observe primary school pupils at primary school to get better results after static or dynamic stretching. I will watch them in coordination and flexibility. I compiled two types of stretching, which I will try in grades 1, 3 and 5. In the first lesson, I will do static stretching with the pupils after the proper warm-up. In the second lesson, I will include dynamic stretching along the busy part. In the main part of the lesson, the pupils then pass three tests for coordination - flamingo, crossing the bench and running with the roll; and three for flexibility - standing forward bend, shoulder joint range, and hip joint range. After dynamic stretching, the children are warmed up, reaching the necessary temperature for further activities. They have a greater range of motion and therefore...

Dans un contexte de performance sportive, de réhabilitation ou de santé, les étirements sont couramment utilisés dans le but de préparer le système neuromusculaire à l’exercice subséquent. Si la littérature montre majoritairement que les étirements altèrent de façon aigue la performance musculaire et/ou fonctionnelle, il existe toutefois des études dont les résultats diffèrent, suggérant l’influence d’un certain nombre de facteurs sur la variabilité des réponses du système neuromusculaire. Pour une meilleure compréhension de cette variabilité et des mécanismes impliqués, cette thèse avait pour objectif d’examiner l’influence de différents paramètres sur le système neuromusculaire : la durée d’étirement, le groupe musculaire et la modalité d’étirement. Au travers de quatre études, il a été montré que les étirements statiques pouvaient altérer la production de force maximale et les propriétés neuromusculaires indépendamment de la durée d’étirement. Cependant, il est apparu que ces modulations étaient spécifiques au muscle, et plus précisément à la raideur relative du système musculo-tendineux. Indépendamment de la durée d’étirement, les étirements statiques ne seraient pas efficaces pour préparer le système neuromusculaire à une activité musculaire subséquente, et notamment pour des muscles raides. Plus particulièrement, les étirements dynamiques ne paraissent pas plus efficaces. Même si les effets néfastes ont été diminués comparativement aux étirements statiques, ils ne favoriseraient pas davantage la production de force ni la commande nerveuse. Toutefois, il est intéressant de noter qu’une durée courte d’étirements dynamiques peut réduire la résistance passive à l’étirement, et donc augmenter potentiellement l’amplitude articulaire maximale, sans affecter les capacités de production de force. Finalement, les étirements dynamiques pourraient être envisagés comme une activité musculaire dynamique, qui compense partiellement les effets néfastes de l’étirement sur la performance musculaire. D’un point de vue pratique, ceci suggère que ce type d’étirements peut être réalisé avant une performance, mais néanmoins accompagnés d’une activité musculaire de plus haute intensité, afin d’optimiser les effets de l’échauffement musculaire sur le système neuromusculaire. En définitive, la variabilité des réponses du système neuromusculaire serait dépendante de facteurs spécifiques, tels que la modalité d’étirement et la raideur relative du système musculo-tendineux, soulignant l’importance de les prendre en considération dans la pratique. / Stretching is traditionally incorporated into pre-exercise routines in health, rehabilitation and sporting environments to condition the neuromuscular system for exercise. While a large body of evidence reported that stretching may acutely impair the subsequent muscular performance, some conflicting results highlight possible mitigating factors of neuromuscular responses variability. Because the limited data available do not present a clear consensus, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of different factors on neuromuscular responses to stretch: the muscle group, the stretch duration and modality. By means of four studies, it has been shown that static stretching may alter maximal voluntary torque and neuromuscular properties, irrespective of the stretch duration. However, these modulations were dependent on the muscle group, and more specifically on the intrinsic stiffness of the muscle-tendon system. Regardless of the stretch duration, static stretching appears to be not effective, or even detrimental, to prepare the musculotendinous system for subsequent exercises, and especially for stiff muscles. It is also relevant that dynamic stretching was not better than static stretching. Even if stretch-induced impairments were mitigated compared to static stretching, dynamic stretching would not optimize muscle strength capacities and central nervous system. However, a short duration of dynamic stretching may be sufficient to reduce passive resistive torque, and therefore potentially increase maximal range of motion, without affecting muscle strength capacities. Finally, dynamic stretching could be considered as dynamic muscle activity, which would partly counteract deleterious muscle-tendon stretching effects. From a practical point of view, dynamic stretching could be a part of warm-up procedure, but should be associated to stronger contractions to optimize the improvement in muscle strength capacities. In summary, the variability of neuromuscular responses to stretch would be dependent on specific factors, such as stretching modality and relative stiffness of the musculotendinous system, emphasizing the importance of taking it into consideration in practice.

Performance of a series of eccentric contractions produces adverse effects including muscle weakness, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), fluid accumulation and decreased muscle function. The repeated bout effect is a physiological adaptation observed when a single-bout of eccentric exercise protects against muscle damage from subsequent eccentric bouts. Similar to the repeated bout effect, increases in flexibility have been linked to attenuations in acute muscle damage, muscle fatigue and strength loss after eccentric exercise. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle physiological responses to eccentric strength training after first priming the muscles with either a period of static flexibility training or a single intense bout of eccentric exercise performed weeks earlier; and compare these to the responses from eccentric strength training when no prior intervention is administered. Methods: Twenty-five participants were randomly assigned to a flexibility (F) (n=8), a single-bout (SB) (n=9), or a control (C) (n=8) group. The design consisted of two 4-week phases; 1) priming intervention, 2) eccentric training. The priming intervention included static stretching (3x/week; 30mins/day) (F), a single-bout of eccentric exercise (SB) or no priming intervention (C). All groups proceeded to complete eccentric training of the knee flexors using isotonic contractions (%load progressively increased over training period) on a dynamometer following the priming intervention phase. Testing was completed at baseline, post-priming intervention and post-eccentric training, in conjunction with data being collected during the acute eccentric training phase (0hr, 24hr, 48hr; post-bout 1 and 4). Dependent measures included muscle thickness, isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), eccentric and concentric MVC, optimal angle, active range of motion (ROM), passive ROM, maximal power, electromyography (EMG) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Results: Acute data during the eccentric training phase revealed a significant reduction in DOMS for both the F and SB groups compared to the C following the first bout of eccentric exercise (p<0.05). The F also had reduced soreness in comparison to both the SB and C post fourth bout of eccentric exercise (p<0.05). The F group demonstrated attenuated loss in isometric strength (post fourth bout) and maximal power (post first bout) during eccentric training compared to the C group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between groups across all dependent variables following the eccentric training phase. Conclusion: This is the first study to directly compare the protective effects observed with static flexibility training to that of a single-bout of eccentric exercise throughout a subsequent eccentric training regime. Although differences in muscle soreness, strength and maximal power occurred during the acute stages of eccentric training, there appeared to be no significant advantage of either protective priming method at the end of eccentric training.

Title: The influence of different kinds of warm-up on the speed skills of football players from the ontogenetic point of view. Aims: The main objective of this diploma thesis is to compare the results of the times achieved by football players in the U18 youth team with their previous times measured two years ago, and in this way to evaluate their development of speed capabilities. Another aim of the research is to evaluate the progress of these players' flexibility at a chosen time interval (two years) and to inquire into other possible connections of these outcomes. Methods: For the assessment of speed power performance, each player goes through two runs at a distance of 30 meters, with measurements in this section also at distances of 5, 10 and 15 meters. Before the measurement itself, all participants are being prepared by a selected type of stretching. Two standardized tests are used for secondary research dealing with potential connection between the attained speed and the degree of flexibility of lower limbs. Outcomes: Testing revealed that subjects had a deterioration in the average running time with a two-year interval at distances of up to 15 meters (5,10,15 meters). On the contrary, when analyzing the results of measuring the distance of 30 meters, a significant improvement in average...

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Title: Influence of dynamic stretching on the resulting dynamics of lower extremities in volleyball Objectives: The aim of this work was to find out if there is a correlation between long term dynamic stretching and muscle dynamics of lower limbs of volleyball players. Methods: Theoretical part is based on foreign literature and researches. To gain the necessary data, experimental study was created. It contained 10 male probands in the age of 16-19. In the beginning of the experiment, all the participants attended the Bosco test at the biomedical lab at UK FTVS. The main parameter was the total flight time of the entire 60 seconds. After that participants attended 8 weeks of 2 times a week of dynamic stretching before the training instead of their usual stretching stereotype. Immediately after those 8 weeks, second Bosco testing took place and the comparison of the data of the whole group and individuals was made from the view of their volleyball posts. Results: There was a slight improvement in all the data at the whole group and significant improvement in anaerobic endurance. After comparing of the results of all the probands no significant differences between the probands from the perspective of player's volleyball posts. Keywords: volleyball, stretching, static stretching, dynamic stretching,...