Influence of steam-treatment upon properties, structure, and composition of red oak was investigated. Small specimens of red oak heartwood were submitted to steam-treatments at atmospheric pressure for 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours. Short steaming induced little or no changes in the properties and the composition of red oak. Prolonged steaming, however, resulted in significant changes in physical and mechanical properties as well as in structure and chemical composition of wood. Shrinkage increased significantly with increasing steaming time. After 96 hrs of steaming volumetric shrinkage to the air-dry condition was 4.4 times that of the non-treated wood and was thus indicative of cell wall collapse. Specific gravity and equilibrium moisture content were decreasing and air-dry density was increasing with an increase in steaming time. Color of wood became darker and the fluid content brighter with prolonged steaming. / Ph. D.

Neste trabalho verificou-se o efeito da ferroxidação a vapor, aplicada antes e após operações de usinagem de acabamento final, na resistência ao desgaste de um ferro sinterizado, utilizado na fabricação de bielas usadas em mancais de deslizamento de compressor hermético. Ensaios micrográficos, de dureza e microdureza, ensaios de perfil e circularidade, testes de vida acelerados em um compressor hermético doméstico de refrigeração e ensaios de microdesgaste, usando-se o mesmo tipo de óleo aplicado em compressores, ou abrasivos com diferentes granulometrias, foram realizados em peças e amostras com e sem a camada ferroxidada. Verificou-se que a camada ferroxidada apresentou valores de durezas superiores ao do substrato em 130%. No caso das amostras ferroxidadas, os resultados indicaram significativa melhora na resistência ao desgaste tanto no teste de aplicação direta no compressor, demonstrado nos testes de perfis e de circularidades, como nos ensaios de microdesgaste, evidenciando a grande efetividade desse tratamento no aumento da resistência ao desgaste nas condições testadas neste trabalho. / The intent of this work was to verify the effect of steam treatment applied before and after finishing machining operations on wear resistance of sintered steel used in the manufacturing of connecting rod applied in sliding bearings of hermetic compressor. Micrographic tests, hardness and micro hardness, test profile and roundness, accelerated endurance test in domestic refrigeration hermetic compressor and micro wear test using the same oil used in the compressor or abrasive with different grain size were made on parts and samples with and without oxide layer. It was verified that the oxide layer indicated hardness values over 130% than that of the substrate. In the case of layer oxide, the results showed significant improvement on wear resistance in the direct compressor application shown by test profile and roundness as well as micro wear test, showing the high efficiency of treatment increasing the wear resistance in the conditions tested in this work.

Neste trabalho verificou-se o efeito da ferroxidação a vapor, aplicada antes e após operações de usinagem de acabamento final, na resistência ao desgaste de um ferro sinterizado, utilizado na fabricação de bielas usadas em mancais de deslizamento de compressor hermético. Ensaios micrográficos, de dureza e microdureza, ensaios de perfil e circularidade, testes de vida acelerados em um compressor hermético doméstico de refrigeração e ensaios de microdesgaste, usando-se o mesmo tipo de óleo aplicado em compressores, ou abrasivos com diferentes granulometrias, foram realizados em peças e amostras com e sem a camada ferroxidada. Verificou-se que a camada ferroxidada apresentou valores de durezas superiores ao do substrato em 130%. No caso das amostras ferroxidadas, os resultados indicaram significativa melhora na resistência ao desgaste tanto no teste de aplicação direta no compressor, demonstrado nos testes de perfis e de circularidades, como nos ensaios de microdesgaste, evidenciando a grande efetividade desse tratamento no aumento da resistência ao desgaste nas condições testadas neste trabalho. / The intent of this work was to verify the effect of steam treatment applied before and after finishing machining operations on wear resistance of sintered steel used in the manufacturing of connecting rod applied in sliding bearings of hermetic compressor. Micrographic tests, hardness and micro hardness, test profile and roundness, accelerated endurance test in domestic refrigeration hermetic compressor and micro wear test using the same oil used in the compressor or abrasive with different grain size were made on parts and samples with and without oxide layer. It was verified that the oxide layer indicated hardness values over 130% than that of the substrate. In the case of layer oxide, the results showed significant improvement on wear resistance in the direct compressor application shown by test profile and roundness as well as micro wear test, showing the high efficiency of treatment increasing the wear resistance in the conditions tested in this work.

L’utilisation de coproduits en tant que matière première provenant d’une autre voie industrielle, fait qu’il n’est plus considéré comme « déchet ». Leur valorisation est donc un axe de développement pour les entreprises agronomiques et agroalimentaires. Cependant, leur nouveau statut de « matière première » entraîne des contraintes pour les industriels.Celles-ci sont diverses selon les voies de destination : sanitaires, toxicologiques …Ce travail s’intéresse à deux coproduits issus de filières différentes de transformation végétale :(1) l’épiderme de pomme, comme source d’antioxydants. Leur valorisation passe par l’emploi de matières premières peu traitées d’un point de vue phytosanitaire qui pourront être a priori plus contaminées par des flores diverses.(2) Les broyats de végétaux issus de la culture céréalière comme matière première de produits biosourcés. Ils présentent naturellement de fortes contaminations en microorganismes sporulés.La valorisation de ces deux coproduits nécessite donc des traitements assainissants adaptés.Ainsi, il était indispensable de déterminer la nature, la variabilité et l’évolution des écologies microbiennes présentes sur ces coproduits par des techniques rapides de dénombrement ainsi que d’identification par biologie moléculaire. L’étude de différents procédés assainissants a également été réalisé pour combiner l’efficacité de désinfection à la préservation des qualités nutritionnelles (pomme) ou des propriétés physiques (broyats). / The use of byproduct as raw material from another industrial sector, facts that it is not considered any more as "waste". Their valuation is thus an axis of development for the agronomic and food-processing industry. However, their new consideration of "raw material" entails constraints for the industrialists. These constraints are diverse according to the destination ways of the byproduct: sanitary, toxicological… This work focus on two byproducts resulting from different vegetable process: (1) apple peels, as antioxidant source. Their valuation needs to use raw materials with low phytosanitary treatment, so these materials may be more contaminated by different floras. (2) Crushed vegetable matter stemming from cereal crop as raw material of biosourced products. They occur naturally a strong microbial spore contamination. The valuation of these two byproducts requires adapted cleaning treatments. So, it was the main thing to determine nature, variability and evolution of the present microbial ecologies of these byproducts by fast techniques of enumeration and identification by molecular biology. The study of different cleaning process was also realized to combine efficiency of disinfection with the preservation of nutritional qualities (apple) or physical properties (crushed vegetable matter).