Aluminium smelting is a high temperature electrometallurgical process, which suffers considerable inefficiencies in power utilization and equipment maintenance. Aluminium smelting cell works in the extreme environments that contain extraordinarily aggressive gases, such as HF, CO and SO2. Mild steel used as a structural material in the aluminium industry, can be catastrophically corroded or oxidized in these conditions. This project was mainly concerned with extending the lifetime of metal structures installed immediately above the aluminium smelting cells. An aluminium-rich coating was developed on low carbon steel A06 using pack cementation technique. Yttria (Y2O3) was also used to improve the corrosion resistance of coating. Kinetics of the coating formation were studied. XRD, FESEM and FIB were employed to investigate the phase constitution and the surface morphology. Together with other potentially competitive materials, aluminium-rich coating was evaluated in simulated plant environments. Results from the long time (up to 2500h) isothermal oxidation of materials at high temperature (800??C) in air showed that the oxidation resistance of coated A06 is close to that of stainless steel 304 and even better than SS304 in cyclic oxidation tests. Coated A06 was also found to have the best sulfidation resistance among the materials tested in the gas mixture contains SO2 at 800??C. Related kinetics and mechanisms were also studied. The superior corrosion resistance of the coated A06 is attributed to the slow growing alpha-Al2O3 formed. Low temperature corrosion tests were undertaken in the gas mixtures containing air, H2O, HCl and SO2 at 400??C. Together with SS304 and 253MA, coated A06 showed excellent corrosion resistance in all the conditions. The ranking of the top three materials for corrosion resistance is: 253MA, coated A06 and SS304. It is believed that aluminised A06 is an ideal and economical replacement material in the severe corrosive aluminium smelting cell environment.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta dissertação é modelado computacionalmente o processo de corrosão por pites em aço inoxidável. Foi implementado um programa computacional que modela a distribuição da concentração local de espécies agressivas, o grau de dano do filme passivo, a suscetibilidade a pites e a distribuição dos pites, com base no modelo de PUNCKT et al. [2004]. Como uma contribuição desta dissertação foi considerada uma dependência entre a concentração local de espécies agressivas e a corrente anódica simulada. Também foi considerada, como outra contribuição do presente trabalho, a existência de pites estáveis e o efeito determinístico decorrente das regiões de inclusões de MnS em aços inoxidáveis. A geração de pites sobre uma superfície metálica é modelada usando um processo randômico de nucleação de pites, e a solução do modelo matemático permite a visualização da superfície corroída. / In the present work a computational model of the pitting corrosion process in stainless steal is developed. A computational program was implemented for the determination of the distribution of the local concentration of aggressive species, the degree of the passive film damage, the susceptibility of pitting and the pitting distribution, based on the PUNCKT et al. [2004] model. As a contribution of the present work dependence between the local concentration of aggressive species and the simulated anodic current is considered. It was also considered, as another contribution, the existence of stable pits and the deterministic effect of regions of MnS inclusions in stainless steel. The generation of pits over a metallic surface is modeled using a random process of pits nucleation, and the mathematical model solution gives the corroded surface visualization.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta dissertação é modelado computacionalmente o processo de corrosão por pites em aço inoxidável. Foi implementado um programa computacional que modela a distribuição da concentração local de espécies agressivas, o grau de dano do filme passivo, a suscetibilidade a pites e a distribuição dos pites, com base no modelo de PUNCKT et al. [2004]. Como uma contribuição desta dissertação foi considerada uma dependência entre a concentração local de espécies agressivas e a corrente anódica simulada. Também foi considerada, como outra contribuição do presente trabalho, a existência de pites estáveis e o efeito determinístico decorrente das regiões de inclusões de MnS em aços inoxidáveis. A geração de pites sobre uma superfície metálica é modelada usando um processo randômico de nucleação de pites, e a solução do modelo matemático permite a visualização da superfície corroída. / In the present work a computational model of the pitting corrosion process in stainless steal is developed. A computational program was implemented for the determination of the distribution of the local concentration of aggressive species, the degree of the passive film damage, the susceptibility of pitting and the pitting distribution, based on the PUNCKT et al. [2004] model. As a contribution of the present work dependence between the local concentration of aggressive species and the simulated anodic current is considered. It was also considered, as another contribution, the existence of stable pits and the deterministic effect of regions of MnS inclusions in stainless steel. The generation of pits over a metallic surface is modeled using a random process of pits nucleation, and the mathematical model solution gives the corroded surface visualization.

Orientador:Cecilia Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:06:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_LonetaLauro_M.pdf: 24537827 bytes, checksum: 1752c0adc4c679a8527b36c597af320e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido juntamente com a equipe de enfermagem do HC da Unicamp. O principal objetivo foi avaliar os modos de falhas presentes em pinças hemostáticas retas e curvas de fabricação nacional, que já haviam sido utilizadas pelo Hospital das Clínicas da Unicamp e que falharam prematuramente durante o uso. Os parâmetros avaliados estão relacionados com a qualidade da matéria-prima, propriedades mecânicas e com o processo de fabricação. As pinças foram avaliadas segundo as normas internacionais da ASTM, entre elas a ASTM F 899-09, a ASTM F 1744-96(2008) e a ASTM F 1026-86(2008). As fraturas ocorridas nas pinças falhadas foram analisadas por microscópio eletrônico de varredura-MEV, sendo possível visualizar que o mecanismo de fratura predominante foi o de corrosão sob tensão. Também foi realizado ensaio em pinças sem uso (nacionais e importadas) e os resultados obtidos foram diferentes para ambas, sendo que a pinça nacional sem uso apresentou itens reprovados pela norma. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que existe diferença no processo de fabricação dos materiais nacionais e importados e isso reflete na durabilidade, qualidade e segurança no uso dos instrumentais nacionais. A inspeção por MEV das pinças nacionais indicou problemas no acabamento de superfície como: pontos de corrosão, trincas e rebarbas, reprovando essas pinças segundo os critérios de aceitação das normas ASTM. Através deste estudo foi possível criar um documento para auxiliar a equipe de enfermagem na avaliação da qualidade de instrumentais cirúrgicos metálicos / Abstract: This work was developed together with the team of nursing of the HC of the Unicamp. The objective went to evaluate the failure modes in national hemostatic forceps, that already had been used for the Hospital of the Clinics of the Unicamp and that failed prematurely during the use. The evaluated parameters are related with the quality of the raw material, mechanical properties and with the manufacture process. The hemostatic forceps went evaluated according to international norms of the ASTM, between them ASTM F 899-09, ASTM F 1744-96 (2008) and ASTM F 1026-86 (2008). The fracture occurred in the hemostatic forceps went analyzed by scanning electron microscope-SEM, being possible to visualize that the mechanism of predominant failure was stress corrosion crack. Also assay in hemostatic forceps without use (national and imported) and the results had different for both, being that the national forceps without use presented item disaccord to norm. Through the results went possible to conclude there are differences in the process of manufacture of the national and imported forceps, and this reflects in the durability, quality and security in the use of the national instruments. The inspection for SEM of the national fórceps indicated problems in the surface finishing as: points of corrosion, cracks and burrs, disapproving these forceps according to criteria of acceptance of norms ASTM. Through this study went possible to create a document to assist the nursing team to evaluate the quality of the metallic surgical instruments / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Maria Clara Filippini Ierardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T03:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larosa_MariaAparecida_M.pdf: 7133035 bytes, checksum: 21dc117acd3886e58c2819ef437c2d52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: No presente trabalho, os aços inoxidáveis austenítico AISI 304 e martensítico AISI 420, empregados na fabricação de instrumentais cirúrgicos, foram submetidos a tratamentos superficiais a laser sem e com fusão, com o intuito de analisar as modificações microestruturais resultantes destes tratamentos e, conseqüentemente, seus efeitos na resistência à corrosão destes aços. A caracterização microestrutural foi feita por' microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microdureza Vickers, difração de raios-X e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. Para analisar o comportamento à corrosão dos aços, antes e após os tratamentos, foram realizados ensaios eletroquímicos usando como eletrólitos água e detergentes enzimáticos, sendo estes utilizados na limpeza de instrumentais cirúrgicos. Após os tratamentos a laser, o aço austenítico refundido apresentou uma microestrutura refinada constituída por dendritas de austenita, porém sem um aumento significativo de dureza, mas com melhoria frente à corrosão. A estrutura do aço martensítico tratado a laser é formada por martensita, austenita residual e carbonetos dos tipos Cr7C3e Cr23C6. A dureza do aço AISI 420 aumentou significativamente mas houve uma perda na resistência à corrosão devido à precipitação de carbonetos / Abstract: In this work, the austenitic AISI 304 and martensitic AISI 420 stainless steels, used in surgical instruments fabrication were submitted to laser surface treatments with and without melting. The purpose is analyse the microstructural changes resulting from laser treatments and, consequently, their effects on the corrosion resistance. The microstructural characterization was performed by optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, Vickers microhardness, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In order to analyze the corrosion behavior electrochemical tests were carried out before and afier treatments. The electrolytes consisted of water and enzymatic detergents that are used in the c1eaning procedures of the surgical instruments. After laser treatments, the remelted austenitic steel presented a refined microstructure composed of austenite dendrites. No significant hardness increase was observed. Further, corrosion resistance was improved. The structure of the treated martensitic steel consisted of martensite, residual austenite and carbides type Cr7C3 and Cr23C6. The AISI 420 steel hardness increased significantly but the corrosion resistance was decreased by carbides precipitation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Corrosion represents the single most frequent cause for product replacement or loss of product functionality with a 5% coat to the industrial revenue generation of any country in this dissertation the efficacy of using filled coatings as a protection coating are investigated. Fillers disrupt the polymer-substrate coating interfacial area and lead to poor adhesion. Conflicting benefits of increasing surface hardness and corrosion with long term durability through loss of adhesion to the substrate are investigated. The effects of filler type, filler concentration and exposure to harsh environments such as supercritical carbon dioxide on salt water corrosion are systematically investigated. The constants maintained in the design of experiments were the substrate, AISI-SAE 1018 steel substrate, and the corrosive fluid synthetic sea salt solution (4.2 wt%) and the polymer, Bismaleimide (BMI). Adhesion strength through pull-off, lap shear and shear peel tests were determined. Corrosion using Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted. Vickers hardness was used to determine mechanical strength of the coatings. SEM and optical microscopy were used to examine dispersion and coating integrity. A comparison of fillers such as alumina, silica, hexagonal boron nitride, and organophilic montmorillonite clay (OMMT) at different concentrations revealed OMMT to be most effective with the least decrease in adhesion from filler-substrate contact. Subsequently examining filler concentration, a 3 wt% OMMT was found to be most effective. A comparison of unmodified and modified BMI with 3 wt% OMMT exposed and not exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide showed that the BMI provided better corrosion protection; however, OMMT provided better wear, shear, and hardness performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samuel Deoteronio da Silva - parte 1.pdf: 1190958 bytes, checksum: 08460415eb12294aa05f2834b78651da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / Foram avaliadas a microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas e a resistência a corrosão de juntas soldadas de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304, submetidas a diferentes Tratamentos Térmicos Pós-Soldagem (TTPS). Fitas de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304, com 72 mm de largura e 1,8 mm de espessura, foram soldados pelo processo GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding com corrente pulsada e sem metal de adição. Posteriormente foram tratadas termicamente por indução nas temperaturas de 950, 1050, e 1150°C durante 10 e 30 segundos. Através da microscopia ótica, utilizando-se diferentes ataques eletroquímicos, foram estudadas as microestruturas obtidas nas diferentes condições. As frações volumétricas de ferrita e austenita foram avaliadas por metalografia quantitativa e permeabilidade magnética. Foram realizados ensaios de tração para comparação das propriedades mecânicas. A resistência a corrosão foi investigada através de curvas de polarização anódica, medições dos potenciais de pite Ep e da temperatura crítica de pite (CPT). Os tratamentos térmicos pós-soldagem melhoraram tanto as propriedades mecânicas quanto a resistência a corrosão das juntas soldadas de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304. Evidenciou-se que fato citado está relacionado com a dissolução de precipitados de nitreto de cromo e o equilíbrio das frações volumétricas de ferrita e austenita no aço inoxidável duplex

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoRR.pdf: 1895833 bytes, checksum: 59d0cd6d03df2b5c8165e3ae0bf39a80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / An interesting development in surfactants science and technology is their application as corrosion inhibitors, since they act as protective films over anodic and cathodic surfaces. This work aims to investigate the efficiency of saponified coconut oil (SCO) as corrosion inhibitor and of microemulsified system (SCO + butanol + kerosene oil + distilled water), in saline medium, using an adapted instrumented cell, via techniques involving linear polarization resistance (LPR) and mass loss coupons (MLC). For this, curves of efficiency versus SCO concentration (ranging between 0 and 75 ppm) have been constructed. According to the obtained results, the following efficiency levels were reached with OCS: 98% at a 75 ppm concentration via the LPR method and 95% at 75 ppm via the MLC method. The microemulsified system, for a concentration of 15 ppm of SCO, obtained maximum inhibition of 97% (LPR) and 93% (MLC). These data indicate that it is possible to optimize the use of SCO in similar applications. Previous works have demonstrated that maximal efficiencies below 90% are attained, typically 65% as free molecules and 77% in microemulsified medium, via the LPR method in a different type of cell. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adapted instrumented cell (in those used methods) showed to be an important tool in this kind of study and the SCO was shown effective in the inhibition of the metal / Tensoativos v?m sendo alvo de interesse como inibidores de corros?o, pois funcionam como pel?culas protetoras sobre ?reas an?dicas e cat?dicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia de inibi??o ? corros?o do tensoativo ?leo de coco saponificado (OCS) e do sistema icroemulsionado (OCS + butanol + querosene + ?gua destilada), em meio salino, utilizando-se uma c?lula instrumentada adaptada. A efic?cia do OCS foi avaliada utilizando-se os m?todos de resist?ncia de polariza??o linear (LPR) e cupons de perda de massa (CPM), tendo sido constru?das curvas de efici?ncia versus concentra??o de OCS (variando de 0 a 75 ppm). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que este tensoativo apresenta a seguinte ordem de efici?ncia de inibi??o ? corros?o: para uma concentra??o de 75 ppm, 98% pelo m?todo LPR e 95% pelo m?todo CPM. O sistema microemulsionado, para uma concentra??o de 15 ppm de OCS, obteve inibi??o m?xima de 97% (LPR) e 93% (CPM). Atrav?s deste trabalho foi poss?vel otimizar o uso do tensoativo OCS, que em trabalhos anteriores mostrou efic?cia m?xima inferior a 90% (63% na sua forma livre e 77% na sua forma microemulsionada, pelo m?todo LPR, em um outro tipo de c?lula). Conclusivamente, pode-se dizer que a c?lula instrumentada adaptada (nos m?todos utilizados) provou ser uma ferramenta importante neste tipo de estudo e o OCS mostrou-se efetivo na inibi??o do metal

The chemistry and corrosion mechanisms associated with reduced sulfur compounds such as calcium sulfide, present in ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), have been studied in high-density concrete, mortar and simulated pore-water environments. The high-density concrete and mortar samples were produced to replicate the high-density GGBFS concrete, in the dry storage containers (DSCs), used for radiation shielding from used nuclear fuel. Electrochemical measurements on embedded steel electrodes in high-density GGBFS concrete and mortar samples, showed that sulfide is capable of consuming oxygen to create a stable, reducing environment, though not in all cases, and the high-frequency electrolyte resistance increases with hydration time. Ion chromatography on simulated pore-water environments determined that thiosulfate is quite kinetically stable as a sulfide oxidation product and magnetite is capable of oxidizing sulfide. Microscopy has also been used to provide visual evidence of GGBFS hydration and elemental quantification of the hydrating microstructure in different environments.

The chemistry and corrosion mechanisms associated with reduced sulfur compounds such as calcium sulfide, present in ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), have been studied in high-density concrete, mortar and simulated pore-water environments. The high-density concrete and mortar samples were produced to replicate the high-density GGBFS concrete, in the dry storage containers (DSCs), used for radiation shielding from used nuclear fuel. Electrochemical measurements on embedded steel electrodes in high-density GGBFS concrete and mortar samples, showed that sulfide is capable of consuming oxygen to create a stable, reducing environment, though not in all cases, and the high-frequency electrolyte resistance increases with hydration time. Ion chromatography on simulated pore-water environments determined that thiosulfate is quite kinetically stable as a sulfide oxidation product and magnetite is capable of oxidizing sulfide. Microscopy has also been used to provide visual evidence of GGBFS hydration and elemental quantification of the hydrating microstructure in different environments.