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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE / Includes bibliographical references. / by Paul Alan Gault. / M.S.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Jose Antonio Rescalvo Santiago. / Ph.D.

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A series of model steels containing copper levels up to 0.48wt%, nickel up to 0.22wt% and silicon levels of 0.52wt% were oxidised in air at 1050 and 1150??C, and in a CO2-N2 mixture at 1250??C for times of up to 3 hours. The scaling kinetics were measured and the behaviour of copper-rich phase formation at the scale/metal interface was investigated. When oxidised at 1050/1150??C, significant quantities of copper-rich phase were observed for most model steels. The relatively high oxidation rate under these conditions led to the rapid development of a copper-rich layer with little copper diffusing into the metal. However, when oxidised at 1250??C, the copper-rich phase did not form for a significant amount of time; and for some model steels, not at all. This was attributed to the considerably lower oxidation rate and the fact that more copper was found to have diffused into the metal. Alloying additions of nickel and silicon were found to be beneficial in reducing the amount of copper-rich phase measured at the scale/metal interface under the conditions investigated at 1150??C and 1250??C. This occurred because nickel and silicon addition promoted the occlusion of copper-rich phase into the scale. Copper enrichment during oxidation was modelled using a numerical description of the diffusion processes involved. Predictions of the time for commencement of copper-rich phase formation at 1250??C were in close agreement with observation. Agreement between predicted and observed copper-rich layer thickness was less successful under conditions where occlusion was significant, and the measured thickness varied non-uniformly with time. The cracking susceptibility of the model steels was examined using a hot compression test. Oxidation was performed in air at 1050, 1150 and 1250??C and most specimens were compressed at 1050??C. The amount of cracking was found to increase with the amount of copper-rich phase precipitated at the scale/metal interface during oxidation. In general, nickel addition reduced the amount of cracking at all temperatures; and under some conditions prevented cracking altogether. Silicon reduced or completely suppressed cracking when the subscale formed was liquid. The beneficial effects of nickel and silicon addition were attributed to their effect of promoting copper occlusion.

Quantitative relationships among processing parameters, microstructure, and material properties are of considerable interest in the context of development of robust processing routes that optimize the required material properties. As a result, the scientific literature contains a large number of experimental and theoretical studies on microstructure-properties relationships. Fracture sensitive mechanical properties such as ductility, ultimate tensile strength, fatigue life, and fracture toughness depend on the average microstructural parameters as well as the distributions of microstructural parameters and their extrema.Development of quantitative relationships between such material properties and microstructural distributions and extrema has received considerably less attention, particularly in the wrought metals and alloys. Accordingly, an important objective of this research is to perform a systematic investigation in this direction. The dependence of the fracture-sensitive mechanical properties on the microstructural distributions and extrema often leads to substantial variability in these properties: a set of specimens having the same average chemistry, the same average processing history, and the same average microstructural parameters such as volume fractions of different constituents can exhibit substantially different material properties. The present research (i) is concerned with high strength (~ 1000 MPa) high martensite (>50%) dual phase steel where the martensite is a topologically continuous phase (matrix) containing a dispersion of islands of ferrite, and (ii) focuses on understanding the microstructural origins of the variability in fracture sensitive mechanical properties, in particular variability in the room temperature uniaxial tensile ductility. The research involves quantitative microstructure characterization using stereology and digital image processing and quantitative fractography using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fracture profilometry. The analysis of the quantitative fractographic and microstructural data obtained in this research leads to useful guidelines for reducing the variability in the tensile ductility of the dual phase steel under investigation.

A series of model steels containing copper levels up to 0.48wt%, nickel up to 0.22wt% and silicon levels of 0.52wt% were oxidised in air at 1050 and 1150??C, and in a CO2-N2 mixture at 1250??C for times of up to 3 hours. The scaling kinetics were measured and the behaviour of copper-rich phase formation at the scale/metal interface was investigated. When oxidised at 1050/1150??C, significant quantities of copper-rich phase were observed for most model steels. The relatively high oxidation rate under these conditions led to the rapid development of a copper-rich layer with little copper diffusing into the metal. However, when oxidised at 1250??C, the copper-rich phase did not form for a significant amount of time; and for some model steels, not at all. This was attributed to the considerably lower oxidation rate and the fact that more copper was found to have diffused into the metal. Alloying additions of nickel and silicon were found to be beneficial in reducing the amount of copper-rich phase measured at the scale/metal interface under the conditions investigated at 1150??C and 1250??C. This occurred because nickel and silicon addition promoted the occlusion of copper-rich phase into the scale. Copper enrichment during oxidation was modelled using a numerical description of the diffusion processes involved. Predictions of the time for commencement of copper-rich phase formation at 1250??C were in close agreement with observation. Agreement between predicted and observed copper-rich layer thickness was less successful under conditions where occlusion was significant, and the measured thickness varied non-uniformly with time. The cracking susceptibility of the model steels was examined using a hot compression test. Oxidation was performed in air at 1050, 1150 and 1250??C and most specimens were compressed at 1050??C. The amount of cracking was found to increase with the amount of copper-rich phase precipitated at the scale/metal interface during oxidation. In general, nickel addition reduced the amount of cracking at all temperatures; and under some conditions prevented cracking altogether. Silicon reduced or completely suppressed cracking when the subscale formed was liquid. The beneficial effects of nickel and silicon addition were attributed to their effect of promoting copper occlusion.

Orientador: Valdir Alves Guimarães / Banca: Konstantin Georgiev Koslov / Banca: Tessie Gouvea da Cruz / Resumo: Atualmente a indústria automotiva vem buscando soluções no sentido de desenvolver aços com maiores resistências mecânicas, proporcionando a redução de peso dos componentes. Tendo em vista a obtenção de melhores combinações resitência-peso, existe uma tendência de utilização de elementos microligantes como V, Nb, Al e Ti, que são adicionados no processo produtivo do aço, melhorando suas propriedades mecânicas. A utilização do nióbio em aços com baixo teor de carbono e seus efeitos tem sido amplamente pesquisada por vários anos, assim como a contribuição desta adição no refino de grão e aumento de resistência. No entanto várias pesquisas ainda são necessárias para estabelecer a influência da adição de nióbio em aços de médio e alto carbono. No presente trabalho, o principal objetivo é avaliar a influência da adição de nióbio no aço SAE 6150, verificando possíveis alterações de comportamento mecânico e microestrutural. Os aços foram fornecidos em duas composições químicas (com e sem nióbio) pela empresa Gerdau Aços Especiais. De posse das barras laminadas, foram feitos os tratamentos térmicos de normalização, têmpera e revenimento. Após os tratamentos térmicos, foram avaliados os comportamento mecânicos e microestruturais dos aços. Para a caracterização do material foram realizadas análises metalográficas, ensaios de tração, impacto, dureza e tenacidade à fratura. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com as normas da ASTM, no Departamento de Materiais e Tecnologia da FEG. Os resultados mostraram que o aço SAE 6150 com adição de nióbio apresentou melhores propriedades mecânicas e uma microestrutura mais refinada. O aço com adição de nióbio apresentou valores de resistência tração superiores. Com o aumento da resistência a tração o comportamento esperado para o aço com nióbio ...( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Currently the automotive industry has been seeking solutions for develop steels with higher mechanical strengths, providing weight reduction of the components. In order to obtain better resistance-weight combinations there is a tendency to use micro-alloying elements such as V, Nb, Al and Ti, which are added in the steel production process, improving the mechanical properties. The use of niobium in steels with low carbon content and its effects has been widely studied for several years, as well as the contribution of this addition in refining grain and increased resistance. However, several researches are needed to establish the influence of the addition of niobium in medium and high carbon steels. In this study, the main objective is to evaluate the influence of the addition of niobium in SAE 6150 steel, for possible changes of mechanical and microstructural behavior. The steel was provided in two chemical compositions (with and without niobium) by Gerdau Special Steel Company. After the acquisition of rolled bars the following heat treatment were made, normalization, quench and temper. After heat treatments the mechanical and microestructural behavior of steels were evaluated. In the material characterization were made metallographic analysis, tensile, impact, hardness, and fatigue and fracture toughness. Tests were performed in accordance with ASTM standards in the Department of Materials and Technology of FEG.The results showed that SAE 6150 steel with addition of niobium showed better mechanical properties and a more refined microstructure. The steel with added niobium showed superior values of tensile strength. The increase of tensile strength the expected behavior for the steel with niobium was to decrease the fracture toughness, but the steel with niobium showed greater values for fracture toughness comparing the steel without niobium ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre