Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_ra_me_guara.pdf: 2937652 bytes, checksum: 96299966d6e5455c90aa1ad1de8bdfc8 (MD5) / O presente trabalho estuda os mecanismos de desgaste envolvidos no deslizamento entre o par aço AISI/SAE 4340 com diferentes condições microestruturais e a liga bronze-alumínio 630. Além da aplicação geral na indístria, o estudo do desgaste proposto torna-se relevante por ser utilizado em trens de pouso de aeronaves. Neste estudo foi escolhido o ensaio tipo pino-disco para simular a situação real de desgaste. Os discos foram confeccionados a partir do aço AISI/SAE 4340 e os pinos foram feitos da liga bronze-alumínio 630. Para avaliar a influência da microestrutura do aço sobre o desgaste do pino, os discos foram tratados termicamente para a formação das estruturas martensítica e bainítica, que foram comparadas à estrutura ferrítica-perlítica, presente no material em sua condição como fornecido. As curvas de perda de volume em função da distância percorrida foram levantadas para três diferentes velocidades de ensaio: 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 m/s. Nestas curvas foi selecionada a região de desgaste moderado (linear) para as análises comparativas entre as diferentes condições de microestrutura e velocidade. A partir destas curvas foi possível o cálculo da taxa de desgaste para cada par estudado. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, por análise de EDS e por microscopia óptica. Os mecanismos de desgaste detectados são semelhantes para todas as condições microestruturais do disco. As imagens mostram que partículas do pino são deformadas sobre o disco, em forma de camadas, evidenciando o mecanismo de adesão. Para a maior velocidade de ensaio (1,5 m/s), surgiram trincas características de fadiga e evidências de delaminação. A taxa de desgaste por deslizamento foi ligeiramente mais acentuada no ensaio do pino em contato com o disco de microestrutura bainítica. Comparando a... / The present work studies the wear mechanisms involved in sliding between the pair AISI 4340 steel with different micro-structural conditions and 630 aluminium-bronze alloy. In addition to the general application in industry, the study proposed becomes relevant because of use of these materials in aircraft landing gears. For this study the test pin-on-disc was chosen to simulate the real situation of wear. The discs were made from AISI 4340 steel and pins were made of 630 aluminium-bronze alloy. To evaluate the influence of steel microstructure on wear of the pin, the discs were thermal-treated to obtain Martensitic and bainitic structures, which were compared to ferritic-pearlitic structure structure, present in the material in its condition as delivered. Curves of volume loss versus distance were raised for three different test speeds: 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 m/s. In these curves was selected the region of moderate wear (linear) to the comparative analysis between the various conditions of microstructure and speed. From these curves it was possible to calculate the wear rate for each pair. The microstructural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis and optical microscopy. The detected wear mechanisms are similar for all studied micro-structural conditions of the discs. The images show that particles of the pin are deformed on the disc surface, in form of layers, showing the mechanism of adhesion. For the higher test speed (1.5 m/s), there were cracks as characteristic of fatigue and evidences of delamination. The sliding wear rate was slightly higher for the pin in contact to the bainitic microstructure. By comparing the rate of wear for the three speeds, the test performed at a speed of 1.0 m/s showed a more critical condition, with higher values for the different disc structures

Orientador: Antônio Jorge Abdalla / Coorientador: Humberto Lopes Rodrigues / Coorientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Sérgio João Crnkovic / Banca: Miguel Justino Ribeiro Barboza / Resumo: O presente trabalho estuda os mecanismos de desgaste envolvidos no deslizamento entre o par aço AISI/SAE 4340 com diferentes condições microestruturais e a liga bronze-alumínio 630. Além da aplicação geral na indístria, o estudo do desgaste proposto torna-se relevante por ser utilizado em trens de pouso de aeronaves. Neste estudo foi escolhido o ensaio tipo pino-disco para simular a situação real de desgaste. Os discos foram confeccionados a partir do aço AISI/SAE 4340 e os pinos foram feitos da liga bronze-alumínio 630. Para avaliar a influência da microestrutura do aço sobre o desgaste do pino, os discos foram tratados termicamente para a formação das estruturas martensítica e bainítica, que foram comparadas à estrutura ferrítica-perlítica, presente no material em sua condição como fornecido. As curvas de perda de volume em função da distância percorrida foram levantadas para três diferentes velocidades de ensaio: 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 m/s. Nestas curvas foi selecionada a região de desgaste moderado (linear) para as análises comparativas entre as diferentes condições de microestrutura e velocidade. A partir destas curvas foi possível o cálculo da taxa de desgaste para cada par estudado. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, por análise de EDS e por microscopia óptica. Os mecanismos de desgaste detectados são semelhantes para todas as condições microestruturais do disco. As imagens mostram que partículas do pino são deformadas sobre o disco, em forma de camadas, evidenciando o mecanismo de adesão. Para a maior velocidade de ensaio (1,5 m/s), surgiram trincas características de fadiga e evidências de delaminação. A taxa de desgaste por deslizamento foi ligeiramente mais acentuada no ensaio do pino em contato com o disco de microestrutura bainítica. Comparando a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work studies the wear mechanisms involved in sliding between the pair AISI 4340 steel with different micro-structural conditions and 630 aluminium-bronze alloy. In addition to the general application in industry, the study proposed becomes relevant because of use of these materials in aircraft landing gears. For this study the test pin-on-disc was chosen to simulate the real situation of wear. The discs were made from AISI 4340 steel and pins were made of 630 aluminium-bronze alloy. To evaluate the influence of steel microstructure on wear of the pin, the discs were thermal-treated to obtain Martensitic and bainitic structures, which were compared to ferritic-pearlitic structure structure, present in the material in its condition as delivered. Curves of volume loss versus distance were raised for three different test speeds: 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 m/s. In these curves was selected the region of moderate wear (linear) to the comparative analysis between the various conditions of microstructure and speed. From these curves it was possible to calculate the wear rate for each pair. The microstructural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis and optical microscopy. The detected wear mechanisms are similar for all studied micro-structural conditions of the discs. The images show that particles of the pin are deformed on the disc surface, in form of layers, showing the mechanism of adhesion. For the higher test speed (1.5 m/s), there were cracks as characteristic of fatigue and evidences of delamination. The sliding wear rate was slightly higher for the pin in contact to the bainitic microstructure. By comparing the rate of wear for the three speeds, the test performed at a speed of 1.0 m/s showed a more critical condition, with higher values for the different disc structures / Mestre

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_AdiltoPereiraAndrade_M.pdf: 16921116 bytes, checksum: 9063583d316335cd01376da752a55eb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência da adição de molibdênio e nióbio na microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de aço com 0,5 %C, utilizado na fabricação de rodas ferroviárias. A deformação foi aplicada através da laminação, em escala de laboratório, simulando o forjamento no processo real de fabricação. As amostras foram aquecidas a 1250 °C para solubilização do nióbio, sendo então laminadas em 4 passes, a partir de 1200 °C, sofrendo uma deformação total (redução em altura) de 67%, seguida de resfriamento ao ar. Posteriormente estes aços foram submetidos a um tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento. Foram analisadas amostras dos aços por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e também foram realizados ensaios mecânicos em todas as condições. Após a laminação entre 1200 e 1120 °C, observou-se que a adição de Mo + Nb promoveu um aumento da resistência mecânica, mantendo a mesma ductilidade e tenacidade. Após a laminação com posterior têmpera e revenimento a 500°C, simulando o mesmo tratamento feito na roda ferroviária, o aço C5 apresentou dureza, resistência mecânica e alongamento iguais à do aço da MWL, porém com redução de área e energia absorvida maiores que o aço da MWL. O aço microligado apresentou maiores valores de resistência mecânica, ductilidade e tenacidade que o aço da MWL, o que demonstra seu potencial para melhorar a qualidade das rodas ferroviárias atualmente produzidas / Abstract: The influence of molybdenum and niobium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.50% carbon steel, used in railway wheels, was studied. The deformation was applied by rolling, in a thermo mechanical processing laboratory, simulating the forging in the real process of manufacture. The samples were heated at 1250 °C to niobium solubilization, and then rolled in 4 passes, from 1200 °C, suffering a total deformation (reduction in height) of 67%, followed by air cooling. Steels were water quenched and tempered (heat treatment). Steel samples, before and after rolling and heat treated were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical tests were performed on the all conditions. After rolling between 1200 and 1120 ° C, it was observed that the addition of Mo + Nb promoted an increase of mechanical strength, keeping the same ductility and toughness. After rolling with subsequent quenching and tempering at 500 ° C, simulating the same treatment done in the railway wheel, steel C5 showed the same toughness, strength and elongation in comparation with MWL rail wheels steel, but with reduced area and absorbed energy greater than the MWL steel. The microalloyed steel showed higher strength, ductility and toughness than MWL steel, which demonstrates its potential to improve the quality of railway wheels currently produced / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The laser surface hardening process will enhance the hardness profile of automotive components and ensure better process control and predictability of quality as compared to the conventional hardening processes. A 2KW Nd-YAG laser system was used to harden the surface of alloy steel with various process parameters (laser power, focal spot diameter and beam velocity). The results (microhardness, microstructure change and residual stress distribution) were measured and analyzed with Vickers microhardness tester, optical/electron microscope and hole-drilling residual stress equipment. Statistical analyses of the experimental data were used for explaining the relationships between process parameters, microhardness and microstructure. General thermal hardening was applied in the research to show the influence of heating temperature and cooling method on microstructure and mechanical properties. Also, the results were compared with laser surface hardening process from microhardness, microstructure and residual stress to show the advantage of laser surface hardening. Through analysis of the results of the laser surface hardening experiments, a suitable laser power density and interaction time for optimum hardening was obtained. The presented laser surface hardening process can also be applied to other alloy steel surface hardening process.

This project was initiated by the Cardcrock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and the Office of Naval Research to study the effects of various processing parameters on the residual stress state of HSLA-100 bead-on-plate weldments. Three groups of samples were provided to Virginia Tech by CDNSWC. The first (GPX) was a sample of unwelded, as-received base material; the second group (RS-) consisted of an experimental matrix of differently processed bead-on-plate weldments which were all ground prior to welding in order to prepare the surface for welding; the third group (SR-) was a pair of weldments vacuum annealed at 1200°F for one and two hours, and then welded (without grinding) using welding parameters identical to weldments from the second group. X-ray diffraction was used to measure the surface residual stress state of all samples. It was found that the surface residual stress states of the GPX plate and the unwelded SR-group plates showed no statistically significant difference in magnitude, though the variation of the stress state over the surface of the plates seemed to decrease with increasing annealing time. The severe, non-uniform grinding was determined to play a very large role in the residual stresses generated in the welds, sometimes changing both the magnitude and the shape of the stress patterns. Residual stresses in plates that were ground before welding were always more tensile than those that were not ground. Grinding also caused a large compressive-to-tensile stress gradient in the transverse direction. The grinding made it difficult to determine the effects of different welding parameters on the residual stress state. Assuming that the stresses closest to the weld bead are exclusively residual stresses due to welding, preheat temperature reduced the tensile nature, or increased the compressive nature, of the residual stresses. This is due to the preheat reducing the effect of shrinkage stresses induced after the austenite transformation upon cooling of the weldment. Because of the effects of grinding and the small sample sizes, no definitive conclusions could be drawn about the effects of heat input and plate thickness. It was shown that grinding was the dominant parameter on the residual stress state in these HSLA-100 bead-on-plate weldments. Because the angle and force of grinding are purely at the discretion of the operator, it is very difficult to determine the effects of different welding parameters on the residual stresses generated in bead-on-plate weldments ground prior to welding. / Master of Science

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Multi-pass fusion welding by a filler wire (welding electrode) is normally carried out to join thick steel sections used in most engineering applications. Welded joints in an installation, is the area of critical importance, since they are likely to contain a higher density of defects than the parent metal and their physical properties can differ significantly from the parent metal. Fusion arc welding process relies on intense local heating at a joint where a certain amount of the parent metal is melted and fused with additional metal from the filler wire. The intense local heating causes severe transient thermal gradients in the welded component and the resulting uneven cooling that follows produces a variably distributed residual stress field. In multi-pass welds, multiple thermal cycles resulted in a variably distribution of residual stress field across the weld and through the thickness. These complex thermal stresses generated in welds are undesirable but inevitable during fusion welding. Presence of such tensile residual stresses can be detrimental to the service integrity of a welded structure. In addition to a complex distribution of residual stress state, multi-pass welds also forms dendritic grain structure, which are repeatedly heated, resulting in segregation of alloying elements. Dendritic grain structure is weaker and segregation of alloying elements would result in formation of corrosion microcells as well as reduction in overall corrosion prevention due to depletion of alloying elements.

A new generation of compact and highly efficient power production and propulsion technologies are critically needed in enabling NASAs long-term goals. Nuclear fission power technologies as part of project Prometheus are in development to meet this need. Proposed reactor concepts utilize a combination of refractory metals and stainless steels. One such refractory alloy, Niobium 1% Zirconium (Nb-1Zr), will be used because of its strength at high temperatures, neutron absorption properties, and resistance to corrosion by liquid alkali metals. One potential problem in using Nb-1Zr is that it undergoes rapid high temperature oxidation, even in low oxygen concentrations. Long-term oxidation of the niobium matrix can significantly deteriorate the mechanical properties of the alloy. This thesis reports on experimental studies of the high temperature interaction of 316 stainless steel (316 SS) and Nb-1Zr under prototypic space fission reactor operating conditions. Specifically, how the high temperature oxidation rate of Nb-1Zr changes when in contact with 316 SS at low external oxygen concentrations. The objective of the project is to determine if transport of gaseous contaminants, such as oxygen, will occur when Nb-1Zr is in contact with 316 SS, thereby increasing the oxidation rate and degrading material properties. Experiments were preformed in a realistic non-nuclear environment at the appropriate operating conditions. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis techniques were used to quantify results. Coupons of Nb-1Zr and Nb-1Zr in contact with 316 SS foil are subjected to flowing argon with oxygen concentrations between 4-15ppm and heated to a temperature of 500, 750, and 1000oC for 2 to 10 hours. Experiments were conducted at the Early Flight Fission Test Facility at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The experimental results indicate that a complex oxidation process, which depends greatly on temperature and oxygen concentration, occurs at the expected operating conditions. Non-linear regression techniques were applied to experimental data in order to derive correlations for the approximate oxidation rate of Nb-1Zr and Nb-1Zr in contact with 316 SS as a function of time, temperature, and oxygen concentration.