Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2002 / Phase transformations in steel are of profound commercial importance due to the fact that they influence the physical and mechanical properties of the end product. During the casting process, which occurs at temperatures in excess of 1500°C, the microstructure of the steel is austenitic. During slow cooling the austenite will decompose into lower temperature microstructures such as ferrite, pearlite or hard, brittle cementite, the latter becoming increasingly present the higher the carbon content of the steel. Steel manufacturers, however, make use of additional forming processes such as rolling, quenching and reheat or tempering to impart specific mechanical or metallurgical properties to a particular steel. If the cooling rate is increased, as would be the case during a quenching process, the austenite will decompose forming a needle like microstructure called bainite in addition to the other microstructures. A further increase in the cooling rate will result in the diffusionless transformation of part of the austenite to form martensite, a hard brittle microstructure. If heat was now to be applied to the steel, as in a tempering process, some of the martensite formed during the quenching process will again transform into a softer microstructure such as pearlite or ferrite.

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Ocean Engineering. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-152). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This project was initiated by the Cardcrock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and the Office of Naval Research to study the effects of various processing parameters on the residual stress state of HSLA-100 bead-on-plate weldments. Three groups of samples were provided to Virginia Tech by CDNSWC. The first (GPX) was a sample of unwelded, as-received base material; the second group (RS-) consisted of an experimental matrix of differently processed bead-on-plate weldments which were all ground prior to welding in order to prepare the surface for welding; the third group (SR-) was a pair of weldments vacuum annealed at 1200°F for one and two hours, and then welded (without grinding) using welding parameters identical to weldments from the second group. X-ray diffraction was used to measure the surface residual stress state of all samples. It was found that the surface residual stress states of the GPX plate and the unwelded SR-group plates showed no statistically significant difference in magnitude, though the variation of the stress state over the surface of the plates seemed to decrease with increasing annealing time. The severe, non-uniform grinding was determined to play a very large role in the residual stresses generated in the welds, sometimes changing both the magnitude and the shape of the stress patterns. Residual stresses in plates that were ground before welding were always more tensile than those that were not ground. Grinding also caused a large compressive-to-tensile stress gradient in the transverse direction. The grinding made it difficult to determine the effects of different welding parameters on the residual stress state. Assuming that the stresses closest to the weld bead are exclusively residual stresses due to welding, preheat temperature reduced the tensile nature, or increased the compressive nature, of the residual stresses. This is due to the preheat reducing the effect of shrinkage stresses induced after the austenite transformation upon cooling of the weldment. Because of the effects of grinding and the small sample sizes, no definitive conclusions could be drawn about the effects of heat input and plate thickness. It was shown that grinding was the dominant parameter on the residual stress state in these HSLA-100 bead-on-plate weldments. Because the angle and force of grinding are purely at the discretion of the operator, it is very difficult to determine the effects of different welding parameters on the residual stresses generated in bead-on-plate weldments ground prior to welding. / Master of Science

Orientador: Roseana da Exaltação Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T03:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_FranciscoEdsonNogueira_M.pdf: 7668507 bytes, checksum: 806c3c771652dfe2aa90373e2fca42ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Trinca induzida por hidrogênio é um dos defeitos mais graves que ocorrem em juntas soldadas de diversos aços. Esta falha mecânica ocorre com bastante freqüência na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) destes materiais. Com o desenvolvimento de novos aços, o risco da ocorrência de trincamento na ZAC tem se reduzido cada vez mais e passado a ocorrer com mais freqüência no metal de solda (MS). O teste G-BOP (Gapped Bead-on-Plate) destaca-se dentre os vários testes autodestrutivos pela grande aplicação em avaliar susceptibilidade de ocorrência de trincas de hidrogênio somente no cordão de solda. As principais vantagens deste teste são: baixo custo quando comparado a outros testes, simplicidade na execução e facilidade em quantificar trincas a frio no MS. Apesar de todas as vantagens, este teste tem sérias limitações e uma delas é o fato de não ser normalizado. Visando contribuir com informações que possam agregar maior confiabilidade e contribuir para a normalização do teste G-BOP, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar de maneira sistemática e científica a influência das principais variáveis do teste G-BOP (dimensão do rebaixo, energia nominal de soldagem e temperatura de preaquecimento) sobre a variável de resposta, que é o percentual de trinca induzida por hidrogênio na seção transversal do metal de solda, As três variáveis foram estudadas segundo uma análise estatística de variância, identificando a influência individual de cada uma e a interação entre elas sobre os resultados do teste. Para o desenvolvimento experimental foi utilizado como material de base um aço ASTM A-285 grau C, como metal de adição, um arame tubular de classificação AWS E71T-1 e o 'CO IND. 2¿ como gás de proteção auxiliar. Para os níveis de cada uma das variáveis analisadas aqui, identificou-se que a energia nominal de soldagem e a temperatura de preaquecimento são variáveis que tem influência significativa sobre os resultados do teste G-BOP e que a variável dimensão do rebaixo não tem influência significativa. Identificou-se ainda que a interação entre estas variáveis também não apresenta influência significativa sobre os resultados do teste / Abstract: Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is a serious defect that occurs in welded joints of several steel types. This mechanical failure occurs frequently on the heat affected zone (HAZ). With the development of new steels the probability of HIC occurring on the HAZ has reduced, however it has started to occur on the weld metal (WM). The Gapped bead-on-plate test (G-BOP) stands out from several other self-restraint tests for its great application to evaluate HIC only on the weld metal. The main advantages of this test are: low cost, simple execution and crack quantification on WM. Despite its advantages, this test has a serious limitation that it is not normalized. To contribute to getting information that can add greater trustworthiness to G-BOP test and help to normalize it, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the main variable of the G-BOP test (gap, welding heat and preheat temperature) in the output variable (HIC %). A variance analysis was used to identify the influence of these variables in the test results. For the experimental development the ASTM A-285 grade C steel was used as base metal as well as AWS E71T-1 flux core and 'CO IND. 2¿ shielding. It was concluded that the heat input and the preheat temperature have significant influence in the test result. The gap and the interaction between these variables don't have any influence in the test result / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia de Fabricação

Orientadores: Antonio J. Ramirez, Maria Clara F. Ierardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Seraphim_RafaelMolena_M.pdf: 6485115 bytes, checksum: 380cfffee5fa982ec74a9cdc78c88e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O avanço cientifico no estudo de átomos, moléculas e proteínas tem recebido uma contribuição significativa dos aceleradores de partículas, que em sua grande maioria são utilizados para a geração de radiação síncrotron. Por isso, o aprimoramento destas máquinas mostra-se de extrema importância para manter a ciência em seu contínuo avanço. O sistema de vácuo destas máquinas apresenta-se como um importante parâmetro para o seu bom funcionamento e melhorias neste promovem diretamente melhorias na qualidade da radiação síncrotron gerada. Logo, o desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve como principal objetivo o estudo das juntas soldadas das câmaras de vácuo que compõem o acelerador do Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS). As juntas foram preparadas com o processo de soldagem GTAW (Gás Tungsten Arc Welding) mediante a utilização de diferentes gases de proteção, como Argônio, Hélio e Nitrogênio, e misturas entre estes. Os estudos concentraram-se na análise da influência dos gases de proteção na dessorção de gases das juntas soldadas. Para a caracterização destas utilizaram-se as técnicas de análise de superfícies Dessorção Estimulada por Elétrons (DEE) e Dessorção Estimulada por Fótons (DEF). Adicionalmente, realizou-se um estudo comparativo entre as duas técnicas buscando-se estabelecer relações entre os resultados fornecidos pelas mesmas. Os resultados mostraram que a dessorção de gases independe do gás de proteção de soldagem, mas depende sim do nível de oxidação das juntas soldadas, as quais podem apresentar altas taxas de dessorção caso estejam muito oxidadas e os óxidos não sejam camadas contínuas. Em conclusão pode-se dizer que as juntas soldadas para câmaras de vácuo de aceleradores de partículas devem apresentar baixos níveis de oxidação, e apesar das semelhanças encontradas entre a DEE e a DEF é aconselhável utilizar a DEF para a caracterização de superfícies para trabalharem com radiação síncrotron / Abstract: The scientific advance of atoms, molecules and proteins studies has received an important contribution from particle accelerators, which are mainly used to generate synchrotron radiation. Hence, the improvement of these machines is necessary to maintain the continuous advance of science. One of the key components for the adequate operation of these accelerators is the vacuum system. Thus, its improvement directly impacts on the quality of the generated synchrotron radiation. Therefore, the principal purpose of this work is to study the gas desorption from the welding joints on the particle accelerators vacuum chambers. The welds were prepared using the GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) process with different shielding gases, as argon, helium and nitrogen, and some mixtures of them. The study concentrated on the analysis of the shielding gas influence on the gas desorption from the welded joints. The gas desorption of the joints was evaluated using Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) and Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD). In addition, it was carried out a comparative study between both desorption techniques to establish relationships between the results provided by them. The results showed that the gas desorption from the welding joints does not depend on the welding shielding gas, but on the oxidation level of the joint, which can present high desorption yield if it is highly oxidized and these oxides are not a continuous film. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize the oxidation during welding of vacuum chambers for particle accelerators. Regarding the comparison between ESD and PSD they were found some similarities. However, PSD will have better performance characterizing surfaces that will be exposed to synchrotron radiation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica