This degree project compares piling methods with respect to technical and economic aspects, all affecting factors are measured as realistic as possible. The aim was to get a better understanding for piling methods used in Sweden and to work as an information tool for structural engineers. In order to get the technical aspects on piling methods literature study and interviews with structural engineers from Kadesjös Ingenjörsbyrå AB have been conducted. The case study on a residential building in Västerås was also performed. In this case study calculations for a quantity of piling methods have been made and sent for RFQs for various entrepreneurs. Subsequently piling methods have been analyzed and compared with respect to their prices. By calculating the costs of various piling methods it has been analyzed why some piling methods are more expensive than others. In a layer from soil that is free from rocks and other obstacles the concrete pile is the economically effective piling method for a residential building for both five and thirty meters. The magnificent steel pile is only 5% more expensive than the concrete pile. Note that this degree project is not a cheat sheet for the most economical pile.

The last hundreds of years there has been a land elevation that causes an increased distance between the groundwater level and the buildings founded on wooden piles. When wooden piles are exposed to air, rot fungus occurs which causes the pile to lose its bearing capacity. With the critical problem of housing shortage, the demand can be met if an innovative solution is created by extending a superstructure on top of an existing building within the city center of Stockholm. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether it is profitable to extend an existing building with a superstructure when reinforcing an existing foundation. By an extensive literature survey, a model is created and exposed to several analyzes containing both analytical and numerical calculations. Based on the acquired knowledge, the model reflects the most common building built within the city center of Stockholm, that was founded on wooden piles, where the geological conditions consist of clay. A new foundation has been designed consisting of drilled end-bearing steel piles. For the two pile dimensions of RD220/12.5 and RD170/10, the possible load transfer methods of full niches, ground beam with half a niche, yoke beams and slab with half a niche are analyzed, respectively. These methods were combined differently to obtain the possible combinations performed in this building, that in turn, gives the difference in the amount of work and costs. An intended superstructure consisting of four storeys in wood is then applied on the existing building to once again, obtain the differences in amount of work and costs. Comparing these two cases, the profitability is determined. The study shows for the larger pile that the superstructure entails no difference in the required amount of piles and therefore, no difference in the total cost compared to the existing building. However, for the smaller pile, the superstructure entails a small increase in the required amount of piles and the cost. The study resulted that the larger pile provides the cheapest geotechnical reinforcement work, regardless if the superstructure is applied or not, compared to the smaller pile. The thesis show that it is profitable to extend an existing building when the existing foundation is strengthened, due to the great revenue of the superstructure, which entails that the profitability is a fact. / Under de senaste hundra åren har det skett en landhöjning i Stockholm. Detta medför att byggnader som är grundlagda med träpålar får ett avstånd till grundvattennivån. Träpålarna utsätts då för luft som i sin tur leder till försämrad bärförmåga, vilket innebär att grundläggningen behöver förstärkas. En annan stor utmaning i Stockholm är bostadsbristen. En lösning för att kunna möta efterfrågan på bostäder är att bygga på höjden ovanpå en befintlig byggnad inom Stockholms innerstad. Detta kräver att grundläggningen klarar av att bära en påbyggnation, vilket leder till syftet för denna studie. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det är lönsamt att bygga på en befintlig byggnad när man samtidigt grundförstärker byggnaden bestående av träpålar. För att besvara studiens syfte har två modeller skapats och analyserats ur fler perspektiv som därefter jämförts. Modellerna baseras på en omfattande litteraturundersökning och återspeglar en befintlig byggnad i form utav den vanligaste byggda byggnaden i Stockholms innerstad med en grundläggning av träpålar. Den första modellen innefattar endast den befintliga byggnaden och den andra modellen innefattar den befintliga byggnaden med en påbyggnation av fyra våningar bestående av trä. En ny grundläggning behövs, då det är svårt att kontrollera bärkapaciteten hos dessa befintliga träpålar. Den nya grundläggningen består utav borrande ändbärande stålpålar där två olika dimensioner undersöks, RD220/12.5 och RD170/10. För dessa två dimensioner har olika lastöverförings- metoder analyserats separat, varav de möjliga metoderna för denna typbyggnad är hela nischer, markbalk med anfang, ok-balk och platta på mark med anfang. Dessa metoder för respektive dimension har kombinerats för att erhålla det totala grundförstärkningsarbetet som i sin tur genererar en skillnad i både mängd arbete och kostnad för de två olika modellerna. Därefter bestäms lönsamheten genom en jämförelse mellan de två olika modellerna. Studien visar att en påbyggnation inte medför någon skillnad i varken erforderlig mängd arbete eller kostnad för den större dimensionen. För den mindre dimensionen erhölls en ökning i både arbete och kostnad. Studien resulterande i att den större dimensionen ger totalt det billigaste grundförstärkningsarbetet, oavsett om en påbyggnation sker eller inte, i jämförelse mot den mindre dimensionen. Vid en grundförstärkning visar studien att det är lönsamt att samtidigt utföra en påbyggnation ovanpå en befintlig byggnad.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento de estacas metálicas, do tipo perfil soldado, cravadas na formação Tremembé, na Bacia de Taubaté, em São Paulo. A formação Tremembé é cosntituída por folhelhos pirobetuminosos, cujo mineral predomiante é a montmorilonita. Foram analisados os resultados de provas de carga dinâmica de energia crescente em 14 estacas, sendo que, em todas elas, sistema estaca-solo foi levado à ruptura. Por meio da análise de 101 golpes, examinou-se o comportamento estático, segundo o modelo CAPWAPC, e o comportamento dinâmico do sistema. O comportamento estático foi investigado com base na aplicabilidade das fórmulas dinâmicas para a previsão de resistência. O mecanismo de transferência de carga foi estudado mediante a identificação de formas típicas de curvas de resistência estática mobilizadas pelo fuste e pela ponta, para o caso analisado. O comportamento dinâmico foi investigado na análise da ruptura e pós ruptura do sistema, pela aplicação do Princípio de Hamilton ao impacto do martelo. Verificou-se que o mecanismo de transferência de carga do sistema estaca-solo foi fortemente influenciado pela variabilidade das camadas de solo atravessadas pelo elemento estrutural de fundação. A quebra da estrutura do folhelho pelo processo de cravação também interferiu na transferência de carga. Constatou-se a aplicabilidade do repique como instrumento de controle de cravação de estacas metálicas. / In this work the behavior of steel piles driven in Tremembé formation, in the Taubaté Basin, São Paulo was studied. The Tremembé formation is constituted by bituminous shale, which predominant mineral clayey component is the mo ntmorillonite. The dynamic loading tests results with increasing energy in 14 piles were analyzed, with all of the tests taken to system rupture. Through the analysis of 101 blows it was studied the static behavior, according to the CAPWAPC model, and the dynamic behavior of the system. The use of the dynamic and semi-empiric static formula for resistance prediction was evaluated. The load transfer mechanisms were studied by pattern form of mobilized static resistance curves by the shaft and toe. The application of Hamilton\'s principle to hammer impact allowed to analyze the failure and post failure of the pile-soil system. It was observed that the pile-soil load transfer mechanism was strongly influenced by the resistance variability of crossed soil layers by the structural element of foundation. The material break during the driving process also interfered in load transfer mechanism. The use of rebound as instrument of steel pile driving control shows reliable.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento de estacas metálicas, do tipo perfil soldado, cravadas na formação Tremembé, na Bacia de Taubaté, em São Paulo. A formação Tremembé é cosntituída por folhelhos pirobetuminosos, cujo mineral predomiante é a montmorilonita. Foram analisados os resultados de provas de carga dinâmica de energia crescente em 14 estacas, sendo que, em todas elas, sistema estaca-solo foi levado à ruptura. Por meio da análise de 101 golpes, examinou-se o comportamento estático, segundo o modelo CAPWAPC, e o comportamento dinâmico do sistema. O comportamento estático foi investigado com base na aplicabilidade das fórmulas dinâmicas para a previsão de resistência. O mecanismo de transferência de carga foi estudado mediante a identificação de formas típicas de curvas de resistência estática mobilizadas pelo fuste e pela ponta, para o caso analisado. O comportamento dinâmico foi investigado na análise da ruptura e pós ruptura do sistema, pela aplicação do Princípio de Hamilton ao impacto do martelo. Verificou-se que o mecanismo de transferência de carga do sistema estaca-solo foi fortemente influenciado pela variabilidade das camadas de solo atravessadas pelo elemento estrutural de fundação. A quebra da estrutura do folhelho pelo processo de cravação também interferiu na transferência de carga. Constatou-se a aplicabilidade do repique como instrumento de controle de cravação de estacas metálicas. / In this work the behavior of steel piles driven in Tremembé formation, in the Taubaté Basin, São Paulo was studied. The Tremembé formation is constituted by bituminous shale, which predominant mineral clayey component is the mo ntmorillonite. The dynamic loading tests results with increasing energy in 14 piles were analyzed, with all of the tests taken to system rupture. Through the analysis of 101 blows it was studied the static behavior, according to the CAPWAPC model, and the dynamic behavior of the system. The use of the dynamic and semi-empiric static formula for resistance prediction was evaluated. The load transfer mechanisms were studied by pattern form of mobilized static resistance curves by the shaft and toe. The application of Hamilton\'s principle to hammer impact allowed to analyze the failure and post failure of the pile-soil system. It was observed that the pile-soil load transfer mechanism was strongly influenced by the resistance variability of crossed soil layers by the structural element of foundation. The material break during the driving process also interfered in load transfer mechanism. The use of rebound as instrument of steel pile driving control shows reliable.