Há uma concentração de aglomerados globulares moderadamente pobres em metais no bojo galáctico, e muitos deles mostram um Ramo Horizontal Azul (BHB). Essas características juntas apontam para uma idade antiga. Para entender melhor a origem desses aglomerados, o estudo de seu padrão de abundâncias pode ajudar a identificar o tipo das primeiras supernovas nas partes centrais da Galáxia. O NGC 6522 na janela do Baade é um representante desta classe de aglomerados. Análises de abundância de estrelas individuais nesses aglomerados confirmaram sua metalicidade de [Fe/H] -1.0, enriquecimento em elementos-$\\alpha$ e detectaram uma variação nas abundâncias dos elementos pesados de processo-s. Entre os maiores enriquecimentos em Y e Ba, a explicação usual da transferência de massa de uma companheira do ramo assintótico das gigantes pode não se aplicar, e um enriquecimento por estrelas massivas de alta rotação foi sugerido. A fim de estudar melhor as abundâncias em NGC 6522, obtivemos um programa com o FLAMES em 2012, a partir da qual, com os dados de UVES, mostramos que o enriquecimento em elementos-s ainda poderia ser acomodado com o modelo de transferência de massa de uma estrela companheira. Além disso, obtivemos novos dados com o FLAMES em 2016. No presente trabalho analisamos outras 6 estrelas observadas em alta resolução com UVES, e 32 estrelas em resolução média-alta observadas com GIRAFFE, onde foram selecionadas por suas velocidades radiais em torno de -14,3 km/s com uma abrangência de ±15 km/s. Os parâmetros atmosféricos e as abundâncias dos elementos leves C, N, O, elementos de Z ímpar Na e Al, elementos-$alpha$ Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, elementos de pico de ferro Mn, Cu, Zn, elementos de processo-s Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd e o elemento de processo-r Eu são derivados para a amostra UVES e preliminarmente para a amostra GIRAFFE. Entre as estrelas UVES, duas delas mostram um enriquecimento significativo nos elementos do processo-s e uma com alto valor nas razões [Y/Ba] e [Zr/Ba], sugerindo um enriquecimento por estrelas massivas de alta rotação. / There is a concentration of moderately metal-poor globular clusters in the Galactic bulge, and many of them show a Blue Horizontal Branch (BHB). These characteristics together point to an old age. In order to better understand the origin of these clusters, the study of their abundance pattern can help identifying the kind of the earliest supernovae in the central parts of the Galaxy. NGC 6522 in Baades Window is a representative of this class of clusters. Abundance analyses of individual stars in this clusters have confirmed its metallicity of [Fe/H]-1.0, enhanced -elements, and detected a variation in the abundances of the s-process heavy elements. Among the highest enhancements of Y and Ba, the usual explanation of mass transfer from a companion in the Asymptotic Giant Branch might not apply, and an enrichment by early fast-rotating massive stars was suggested. In order to further study the abundances in NGC 6522 we obtained a run with FLAMES- UVES in 2012, from which with the UVES data we have shown that the enhancement in s-elements could still be accommodated with the companion transfer model. We further obtained new data with FLAMES-UVES in 2016. In the present work we analyze another 6 stars observed at high resolution with UVES, and 32 stars at medium-high resolution observed with GIRAFFE. The latter were selected from their radial velocities of -14.3±15 km/s. The abundances of the light elements C, N, O, odd-Z elements Na, Al, -elements Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, iron-peak elements Mn, Cu, Zn, s-process elements Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd and r-process element Eu are derived. Among the UVES stars, two of them show a significant enrichment in s-process elements and one of them show high [Y/Ba] and [Zr/Ba] ratios, suggesting that an early enrichment by fast rotating massive stars is a probable scenario.

Há uma concentração de aglomerados globulares moderadamente pobres em metais no bojo galáctico, e muitos deles mostram um Ramo Horizontal Azul (BHB). Essas características juntas apontam para uma idade antiga. Para entender melhor a origem desses aglomerados, o estudo de seu padrão de abundâncias pode ajudar a identificar o tipo das primeiras supernovas nas partes centrais da Galáxia. O NGC 6522 na janela do Baade é um representante desta classe de aglomerados. Análises de abundância de estrelas individuais nesses aglomerados confirmaram sua metalicidade de [Fe/H] -1.0, enriquecimento em elementos-$\\alpha$ e detectaram uma variação nas abundâncias dos elementos pesados de processo-s. Entre os maiores enriquecimentos em Y e Ba, a explicação usual da transferência de massa de uma companheira do ramo assintótico das gigantes pode não se aplicar, e um enriquecimento por estrelas massivas de alta rotação foi sugerido. A fim de estudar melhor as abundâncias em NGC 6522, obtivemos um programa com o FLAMES em 2012, a partir da qual, com os dados de UVES, mostramos que o enriquecimento em elementos-s ainda poderia ser acomodado com o modelo de transferência de massa de uma estrela companheira. Além disso, obtivemos novos dados com o FLAMES em 2016. No presente trabalho analisamos outras 6 estrelas observadas em alta resolução com UVES, e 32 estrelas em resolução média-alta observadas com GIRAFFE, onde foram selecionadas por suas velocidades radiais em torno de -14,3 km/s com uma abrangência de ±15 km/s. Os parâmetros atmosféricos e as abundâncias dos elementos leves C, N, O, elementos de Z ímpar Na e Al, elementos-$alpha$ Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, elementos de pico de ferro Mn, Cu, Zn, elementos de processo-s Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd e o elemento de processo-r Eu são derivados para a amostra UVES e preliminarmente para a amostra GIRAFFE. Entre as estrelas UVES, duas delas mostram um enriquecimento significativo nos elementos do processo-s e uma com alto valor nas razões [Y/Ba] e [Zr/Ba], sugerindo um enriquecimento por estrelas massivas de alta rotação. / There is a concentration of moderately metal-poor globular clusters in the Galactic bulge, and many of them show a Blue Horizontal Branch (BHB). These characteristics together point to an old age. In order to better understand the origin of these clusters, the study of their abundance pattern can help identifying the kind of the earliest supernovae in the central parts of the Galaxy. NGC 6522 in Baades Window is a representative of this class of clusters. Abundance analyses of individual stars in this clusters have confirmed its metallicity of [Fe/H]-1.0, enhanced -elements, and detected a variation in the abundances of the s-process heavy elements. Among the highest enhancements of Y and Ba, the usual explanation of mass transfer from a companion in the Asymptotic Giant Branch might not apply, and an enrichment by early fast-rotating massive stars was suggested. In order to further study the abundances in NGC 6522 we obtained a run with FLAMES- UVES in 2012, from which with the UVES data we have shown that the enhancement in s-elements could still be accommodated with the companion transfer model. We further obtained new data with FLAMES-UVES in 2016. In the present work we analyze another 6 stars observed at high resolution with UVES, and 32 stars at medium-high resolution observed with GIRAFFE. The latter were selected from their radial velocities of -14.3±15 km/s. The abundances of the light elements C, N, O, odd-Z elements Na, Al, -elements Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, iron-peak elements Mn, Cu, Zn, s-process elements Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd and r-process element Eu are derived. Among the UVES stars, two of them show a significant enrichment in s-process elements and one of them show high [Y/Ba] and [Zr/Ba] ratios, suggesting that an early enrichment by fast rotating massive stars is a probable scenario.

Les radio galaxies sont les candidats préférentiels pour comprendre la formation et l'évolution des galaxies sur une grande échelle de temps. Observées jusqu'à z>5 en raison de leur brillance, elles sont abritées par des galaxies elliptiques géantes. L'émission radio révèle la présence d'un trou noir supermassif. Un tore de poussière entourant le noyau actif de galaxie (AGN) agit comme un coronographe naturel permettant alors l'étude de la galaxie hôte. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer l'évolution de la composante stellaire en présence d'un AGN. La décomposition est faite à partir de la distribution spectrale d'énergie (SED) de l'UV au submillimétrique en utilisant le code d'évolution de galaxies PEGASE.3 et un code d' AGN, les deux modélisant l'émission de la poussière par transfert radiatif.En premier lieu, nous présentons le projet HeRGE, 70 radio galaxies observées avec Herschel, qui permet de mesurer leurs luminosités totales infrarouges, comparables à celles des ULIRG. Une décomposition de la luminosité infrarouge entre l'émission AGN et un modèle de starburst est proposée pour l'ensemble de l'échantillon. Ces luminosités élevées sont interprétées en termes de taux d'accrétion et de formation d'étoiles, favorisant la croissance du trou noir par rapport à la galaxie hôte.En second lieu, l'orientation du jet par rapport au tore est contrainte à partir de l'infrarouge moyen et du rapport des émissions radio des lobes (isotrope, 500MHz) et du coeur (anisotrope, 20GHz). Ces observations en accord avec le modèle d'unification permettent d'évaluer le facteur d'absorption Av, l'inclinaison du tore et de contraindre le facteur de Lorentz.Une sélection de 12 radio galaxies observées de l'UV au sub-mm est analysée avec PEGASE.3 et un modèle d'AGN. Une seule composante stellaire est insuffisante. Seules deux composantes (une évoluée et massive, et une jeune issue d'un starburst) permettent un ajustement significatif de la SED complète. La composante évoluée est très massive (environ 10^12 msun) formée sur une courte période de temps (<10^9 ans). La composante jeune (<4.10^7 ans), moins massive (environ 10^11 msun), confirme un processus épisodique de croissance par sursauts. Ces résultats sont des contraintes fortes pour les modèles de formation de galaxies. La relation avec le noyau actif reste encore à préciser. Les projets d'observations complémentaires, optique et mm, permettront de confirmer ces résultats. / Powerful radio galaxies are excellent candidates for investigating and ultimately understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies. These beacons are now observed out to z>5 and are commonly associated with the massive early-type galaxies observed in the local universe. While the radio emission reveals the presence of a supermassive black hole, a dusty parsec-scale torus acts like a natural coronograph, making it easier to study the properties of the host galaxy. The aim of this PhD thesis is to characterise the nature and evolution of the stellar population and the relationship between the stellar population and the active galactic nucleus (AGN). To reach our scientific goals, we use the galaxy evolution code, PEGASE, combined with a AGN model which both consider the radiative transfer of the UV, optical, and IR photons through dust. To begin, we present the HeRGE project consisting of 70 radio galaxies which have been observed with Herschel. These IR observations allow us to calculate the total infrared luminosities and reveal that our sample belongs to the ULIRG regime. We decompose the infrared SED into an AGN and starburst components using observational templates. Converted into accretion and star formation rate, their relative luminosities indicate that the black holes are growing proportionally faster than are the host galaxies.In addition, we constrain the configuration of the jet and torus by combining the results from mid-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED), and the radio emission from the lobes (isotropic at 500MHz) and the core (anisotropic at 20GHz). In agreement with the unified scheme, these observations allow us to estimate the absorption Av, the inclination of the torus, and provides a constraint on the Lorentz factor for the radio jet.A subsample of 12 radio galaxies observed from the UV to sub-mm is also analysed with PEGASE.3 and an AGN torus model. While one stellar component is clearly insufficient to fit the observations, two stellar components are necessary to successfully reproduce the SED (one evolved and massive, about 10^12 msun, formed over a reasonably short time, <1Gyr at high redshift; and a much younger component, <40Myr, that is also less massive, about 10^11 msun. Such a star formation history suggests rapid growth at high redshift of longer duration followed much by another period of rapid, stochastic growth.These results put strong constraints on galaxy formation models. Unfortunately, the crudeness of some of our data and theoretical understanding the IR emission from AGN, means that the relation of the galaxy to its AGN is still not well constrained. Additional observations at optical through millimeter wavelengths are needed to extend our findings.