La spasticité est une exagération du tonus musculaire qui s’observe très fréquemment chez les adultes avec accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) et les enfants avec déficience motrice cérébrale (DMC). La spasticité s’accompagne de parésie (faiblesse musculaire) et de l’altération du contrôle moteur sélectif, le tout résultant de la perte des contrôles supraspinaux et limitant les capacités fonctionnelles et la qualité de vie. Spasticité et parésie sont des cibles centrales d’intervention en réadaptation neurologique mais il est fréquent que les déficiences sensorimotrices persistent. De nouvelles approches utilisant des technologies de pointe en recherche tentent précisément d’influencer la plasticité cérébrale et de réduire la spasticité invalidante pour un meilleur retour du contrôle moteur au niveau des membres parétiques spastiques. La thèse s’est intéressée à l’utilisation des stimulations magnétiques répétitives périphériques (RPMS des nerfs / muscles) noninvasives et indolores. Le but général était de tester si les RPMS étaient efficaces pour réduire la spasticité et améliorer le contrôle moteur en AVC et DMC tout en documentant les changements de fonctionnement corticomoteur (marqueurs de plasticité cérébrale, mécanismes d’action) accompagnant les améliorations motrices et fonctionnelles. Les méthodes employées pour l’évaluation de la spasticité revêtaient alors une importance particulière pour bien détecter l’effet de l’intervention testée. L’étude 1 de la thèse a souligné le manque d’évidences métrologiques des outils de mesure de la spasticité auprès de la clientèle pédiatrique avec DMC. Les études 2 à 4 ont montré que les RPMS diminuaient la spasticité et amélioraient la fonction motrice d’adultes avec AVC et d’enfants avec DMC. Plus précisément, les RPMS ont induit une baisse de la résistance à l’étirement des muscles fléchisseurs plantaires en DMC (études 2-3) et des fléchisseurs du poignet et des doigts en AVC (étude 4). Les changements corticomoteurs concomitants à ces améliorations ont témoigné d’une augmentation d’excitabilité du cortex moteur primaire (études 3-4). La thèse suggère donc que les RPMS, en induisant un flux massif d’informations sensorielles vers le cerveau, ont déclenché un changement de fonctionnement cérébral (plasticité dynamique) dans les réseaux liés au contrôle moteur. L’approche testée dans la thèse pourrait avoir un impact clinique significatif en réadaptation neurologique.

Introdução: Considerando-se os potenciais efeitos deletérios da estimulação do ventrículo direito (VD), a hipótese desse estudo é que a estimulação unifocal ventricular esquerda (VE) pelo seio coronário é segura e pode proporcionar melhores benefícios clínicos e ecocardiográficos aos pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular e função ventricular esquerda preservada ou pouco alterada, necessitando apenas da correção da frequência cardíaca. Objetivos: Avaliar a segurança, a eficácia e os efeitos da estimulação ventricular esquerda, utilizando um cabo-eletrodo com fixação ativa, em comparação à estimulação ventricular direita em pacientes com indicação de marca-passo (MP) convencional e função ventricular esquerda normal a moderadamente alterada. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico, randomizado, simples-cego que incluiu pacientes adultos com indicação de MP convencional por bloqueio atrioventricular avançado e função ventricular sistólica >= 0,40. A randomização aleatória (VD vs. VE) ocorreu antes do procedimento. Os desfechos primários do estudo foram o sucesso, a segurança e a eficácia do procedimento proposto. Os desfechos secundários foram a evolução clínica e alterações ecocardiográficas. Foram empregados os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e teste t de Student para comparação dos desfechos entre os dois grupos, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: De junho de 2012 a janeiro de 2014 foram incluídos 91 pacientes, sendo 36 no grupo VD e 55 no grupo VE. As características basais dos pacientes dos dois grupos foram similares (P = NS). O implante de MP foi realizado com sucesso e sem nenhuma intercorrência em todos os pacientes do grupo VD. No grupo VE, entretanto, dos 55 pacientes inicialmente alocados, o implante do cabo-eletrodo em veias coronárias não foi possível em 20 (36,4%) pacientes. Complicações pós-operatórias foram detectadas apenas no grupo VE. A complicação mais frequente foi a estimulação frênica, detectada em 9 (25,7%) pacientes. Durante o período de seguimento do estudo, não houve hospitalizações por insuficiência cardíaca. Reduções superiores a 10% na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foram observadas em 23,5% dos pacientes do grupo VD e em 20,6% dos do grupo VE (P = 0,767). A análise feita pelo Doppler tecidual mostrou que 55,9% dos indivíduos do grupo VD e 43,8% dos do grupo VE apresentaram dissincronia intraventricular ventricular esquerda (P = 0,324). Pelo mesmo método, foi detectado que 91,2% e 68,8% dos pacientes dos grupos VD e VE, respectivamente, apresentavam dissincronia interventricular (P=0,022). Conclusões: A estimulação ventricular esquerda exclusiva, nas condições estudadas, mostrou taxa de sucesso, segurança e eficácia inadequadas. A despeito da melhor sincronia interventricular observada nos pacientes sob estimulação ventricular esquerda, a comparação dos desfechos secundários entre os dois grupos não mostrou diferenças significativas / Background: Considering the potential deleterious effects of right ventricular (RV) pacing, the hypothesis of this study is that isolated left ventricular (LV) pacing through the coronary sinus is safe and may provide better clinical and echocardiographic benefits to patients with bradyarrhythmias and normal ventricular function requiring only the correction of heart rate. Objective: To assess the safety, efficacy and effects of LV pacing using an active-fixation coronary sinus lead compared to RV pacing in patients eligible to conventional pacemaker (PM) implantation. Methods: Randomized, controlled and single-blinded trial in adult patients submitted to PM implantation due to bradyarrhythmias and systolic ventricular function >= 0.40. Randomization (RV vs LV) occurred before PM implantation. Procedural success, safety, and efficacy were the main endpoints. Secondary outcomes were clinical and echocardiographic changes. Chi-square, Fisher\'s exact test and Student\'s t test were used, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: From June/2012 to January/2014, 91 patients were included, 36 in the RV group and 55 in the LV group. Baseline characteristics of patients in both groups were similar. PM implantation was performed successfully and without any complications in all patients in the RV group. Of the 55 patients initially allocated to the LV group, the implant of the active-fixation coronary sinus lead was not possible in 20 (36.4%) patients. The most frequent complication was phrenic nerve stimulation, detected in 9 (25.7%) patients in the LV group. During the follow-up period, there were no hospitalizations for heart failure. Reductions of more than 10% in left ventricular ejection fraction were observed in 23.5% of patients in the RV group and in 20.6% of those in the LV group (P= 0.767). Echo-tissue doppler showed that 91.2% of subjects in the RV group and 68.8% of those in the LV group had interventricular dyssynchrony (P= 0.022). Conclusion: Isolated left ventricular pacing, under the conditions studied, showed an inadequate success rate, safety and efficacy. Despite the better interventricular synchrony observed in LV group, the comparison of secondary outcomes between the two groups did not show significant differences

Introdução: Considerando-se os potenciais efeitos deletérios da estimulação do ventrículo direito (VD), a hipótese desse estudo é que a estimulação unifocal ventricular esquerda (VE) pelo seio coronário é segura e pode proporcionar melhores benefícios clínicos e ecocardiográficos aos pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular e função ventricular esquerda preservada ou pouco alterada, necessitando apenas da correção da frequência cardíaca. Objetivos: Avaliar a segurança, a eficácia e os efeitos da estimulação ventricular esquerda, utilizando um cabo-eletrodo com fixação ativa, em comparação à estimulação ventricular direita em pacientes com indicação de marca-passo (MP) convencional e função ventricular esquerda normal a moderadamente alterada. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico, randomizado, simples-cego que incluiu pacientes adultos com indicação de MP convencional por bloqueio atrioventricular avançado e função ventricular sistólica >= 0,40. A randomização aleatória (VD vs. VE) ocorreu antes do procedimento. Os desfechos primários do estudo foram o sucesso, a segurança e a eficácia do procedimento proposto. Os desfechos secundários foram a evolução clínica e alterações ecocardiográficas. Foram empregados os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e teste t de Student para comparação dos desfechos entre os dois grupos, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: De junho de 2012 a janeiro de 2014 foram incluídos 91 pacientes, sendo 36 no grupo VD e 55 no grupo VE. As características basais dos pacientes dos dois grupos foram similares (P = NS). O implante de MP foi realizado com sucesso e sem nenhuma intercorrência em todos os pacientes do grupo VD. No grupo VE, entretanto, dos 55 pacientes inicialmente alocados, o implante do cabo-eletrodo em veias coronárias não foi possível em 20 (36,4%) pacientes. Complicações pós-operatórias foram detectadas apenas no grupo VE. A complicação mais frequente foi a estimulação frênica, detectada em 9 (25,7%) pacientes. Durante o período de seguimento do estudo, não houve hospitalizações por insuficiência cardíaca. Reduções superiores a 10% na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foram observadas em 23,5% dos pacientes do grupo VD e em 20,6% dos do grupo VE (P = 0,767). A análise feita pelo Doppler tecidual mostrou que 55,9% dos indivíduos do grupo VD e 43,8% dos do grupo VE apresentaram dissincronia intraventricular ventricular esquerda (P = 0,324). Pelo mesmo método, foi detectado que 91,2% e 68,8% dos pacientes dos grupos VD e VE, respectivamente, apresentavam dissincronia interventricular (P=0,022). Conclusões: A estimulação ventricular esquerda exclusiva, nas condições estudadas, mostrou taxa de sucesso, segurança e eficácia inadequadas. A despeito da melhor sincronia interventricular observada nos pacientes sob estimulação ventricular esquerda, a comparação dos desfechos secundários entre os dois grupos não mostrou diferenças significativas / Background: Considering the potential deleterious effects of right ventricular (RV) pacing, the hypothesis of this study is that isolated left ventricular (LV) pacing through the coronary sinus is safe and may provide better clinical and echocardiographic benefits to patients with bradyarrhythmias and normal ventricular function requiring only the correction of heart rate. Objective: To assess the safety, efficacy and effects of LV pacing using an active-fixation coronary sinus lead compared to RV pacing in patients eligible to conventional pacemaker (PM) implantation. Methods: Randomized, controlled and single-blinded trial in adult patients submitted to PM implantation due to bradyarrhythmias and systolic ventricular function >= 0.40. Randomization (RV vs LV) occurred before PM implantation. Procedural success, safety, and efficacy were the main endpoints. Secondary outcomes were clinical and echocardiographic changes. Chi-square, Fisher\'s exact test and Student\'s t test were used, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: From June/2012 to January/2014, 91 patients were included, 36 in the RV group and 55 in the LV group. Baseline characteristics of patients in both groups were similar. PM implantation was performed successfully and without any complications in all patients in the RV group. Of the 55 patients initially allocated to the LV group, the implant of the active-fixation coronary sinus lead was not possible in 20 (36.4%) patients. The most frequent complication was phrenic nerve stimulation, detected in 9 (25.7%) patients in the LV group. During the follow-up period, there were no hospitalizations for heart failure. Reductions of more than 10% in left ventricular ejection fraction were observed in 23.5% of patients in the RV group and in 20.6% of those in the LV group (P= 0.767). Echo-tissue doppler showed that 91.2% of subjects in the RV group and 68.8% of those in the LV group had interventricular dyssynchrony (P= 0.022). Conclusion: Isolated left ventricular pacing, under the conditions studied, showed an inadequate success rate, safety and efficacy. Despite the better interventricular synchrony observed in LV group, the comparison of secondary outcomes between the two groups did not show significant differences

No description available.

Selon l’Association Internationale pour l’Étude de la Douleur, la douleur neuropathique est causée par « une lésion ou une maladie du système somatosensoriel ». Actuellement, il n’existe pas de test permettant de la diagnostiquer avec certitude. En médecine humaine, les suspicions cliniques reposent essentiellement sur les caractéristiques de la douleur perçue par le patient. En effet, le mélange de douleurs lancinantes et fulgurantes souvent de très forte intensité, et les termes utilisés pour les décrire, permettent de poser un diagnostic présomptif. En revanche, chez les personnes non-communicantes ainsi que chez nos patients en médecine vétérinaire, la douleur neuropathique devient extrêmement difficile à déceler. Elle pose aussi un problème éthique puisque ces douleurs sont souvent qualifiées d’insoutenables et sont notoirement réfractaires aux traitements analgésiques conventionnels. Faute de données spécifiques, le Conseil sur la douleur de l’Association internationale des vétérinaires pour les animaux de compagnie (WSAVA Global Pain Council) base ses recommandations thérapeutiques sur des succès anecdotiques relevés dans des rapports de cas ou des données tirées de la médecine humaine. Notre étude s’articulait autour de trois objectifs principaux : 1) Évaluer la fiabilité et la faisabilité des tests proposés pour explorer les profils somatosensoriels chez des chiens de propriétaires, incluant une nouvelle méthode dynamique permettant d’évaluer le système endogène de modulation de la douleur ; 2) Identifier une population de chiens de propriétaires présentant de la douleur neurologique chronique à composante neuropathique d’apparition spontanée, en se basant sur les recommandations données en médecine humaine, et caractériser la douleur neuropathique dans ce groupe, en comparant les profils somatosensoriels et les concentrations en cytokines inflammatoires de ces chiens avec ceux d’un groupe contrôle ; 3) Suivre l’évolution des profils somatosensoriels, des concentrations en cytokines inflammatoires et des scores de douleur/qualité de vie des chiens neuropathiques enrôlés dans un essai clinique croisé prospectif, partiellement masqué et randomisé, afin d’évaluer les effets du placebo, du gabapentin seul ou administré en combinaison avec le méloxicam sur ces paramètres. Nos hypothèses étaient que la méthodologie proposée serait fiable et faisable pour évaluer les profils somatosensoriels chez les chiens de propriétaires, et que la population de chiens souffrant de douleur neuropathique diffèrerait du groupe contrôle par leurs concentrations en cytokines inflammatoires, leurs seuils nociceptifs et leur capacité à moduler la douleur après application d’un stimulus conditionnant. Enfin, il était attendu que les traitements actifs (gabapentin et gabapentin-méloxicam) altèreraient les profils somatosensoriels, les scores de douleur/qualité de vie et les concentrations en cytokines inflammatoires des patients neuropathiques. Les tests quantitatifs sensoriels retenus pour évaluer la population de chiens neuropathiques dans la seconde partie du projet (stimulations mécanique et électrique) étaient fiables, faciles à réaliser et bien tolérés. L’évaluation du système inhibiteur descendant induit par les stimulations nociceptives (système endogène de modulation de la douleur; DNIC) a permis de mettre en évidence une dysfonction de la capacité de modulation de la douleur chez les chiens neuropathiques. L’administration de gabapentin combiné ou non avec le méloxicam a eu pour effet de « normaliser » les profils somatosensoriels dynamiques (augmentation du nombre de chiens présentant une inhibition après l’application d’un stimulus conditionnant). Les scores de douleur/qualité de vie ont évolué en faveur d’une amélioration avec l’administration de gabapentin seul ou en combinaison avec le méloxicam. Les concentrations en cytokines inflammatoires et les profils somatosensoriels statiques (les seuils nociceptifs), quant à eux, n’étaient pas différents entre les groupes et n’ont pas significativement varié avec les traitements étudiés. À travers ces études, nous avons présenté de nouvelles techniques de QST fiables et faisable chez le chien. Nous avons également montré que l’évaluation du DNIC est possible dans l’espèce canine, et que les chiens présentant une douleur chronique à composante neuropathique ont un DNIC déficient. L’évaluation des profils somatosensoriels dynamiques et des scores de douleur/qualité de vie supportent l’utilisation du gabapentin seul ou en combinaison avec le méloxicam pour le traitement médical de la douleur neuropathique chez le chien, tel que recommandé par les spécialistes du WSAVA. / According to the International Association for the Study of Pain, neuropathic pain is caused by "a lesion or a disease of the somatosensory system". Currently, there is no definitive test available to diagnose neuropathic pain. In humans, the presumptive diagnosis is essentially based on the characteristics of the pain perceived by the patient. In non-communicative individuals, on the other hand, just like in our patients in veterinary medicine, the diagnosis of neuropathic pain is difficult and poses an ethical problem because this type of pain is often qualified as unbearable and known to be refractory to conventional therapies. In the absence of specific data, the Global Pain Council of World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) based its treatment recommendations of neuropathic pain on anecdotal veterinary reports, case reports or data from human medicine. This PhD program had three main objectives: 1) To assess the reliability and feasibility of the tests proposed to explore the somatosensory profiles in client-owned dogs, including a method to assess the descending noxious inhibitory controls; 2) To identify a population of client-owned dogs with naturally-occurring neuropathic pain, based on the recommendations from human medicine ; and to characterize neuropathic pain in this group, by comparing the somatosensory profiles and the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines of these dogs with those of a control group; 3) To determine the effects of placebo, gabapentin alone or in combination with meloxicam on the somatosensory profiles, concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and pain scores of dogs with naturally-occurring neuropathic pain managed medically, in a prospective, partially masked and randomized crossover clinical trial. Our hypotheses were that the proposed methodology would be feasible and reliable, allowing to assess somatosensory profiles of client-owned dogs, and that dogs with neuropathic pain would differ from the control group in their serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, their nociceptive thresholds and their ability to modulate pain after the application of a conditioning stimulus. Gabapentin and gabapentin-meloxicam would change somatosensory profiles, pain scores and serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines of dogs with neuropathic pain. 7 The quantitative sensory tests (electrical and mechanical stimulations) were easy to perform, well tolerated and reliable. The evaluation of the diffuse noxious inhibitory control (endogenous pain modulation system; DNIC) revealed a dysfunction of the pain modulation capacity in neuropathic dogs. Administration of gabapentin with or without meloxicam had a "normalizing" effect on the dynamic somatosensory profiles (increase in the number of dogs showing inhibition after application of a conditioning stimulus). Pain / quality of life scores improved after gabapentin alone or in combination with meloxicam. On the other hand, serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and static somatosensory profiles (nociceptive thresholds) were not different between groups and did not vary significantly with treatments. Through these studies, we have presented new reliable and feasible QST techniques in dogs. We have also shown that the evaluation of the DNIC is possible in the canine species, and that dogs with chronic pain with a neuropathic component have a deficient DNIC. The assessment of the dynamic somatosensory profiles and pain / quality of life scores support the use of gabapentin alone or in combination with meloxicam for the medical management of neuropathic pain in dogs, as recommended by WSAVA specialists.