PROBLEM - The bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW) process has potential benefits for welding thin sheet aluminium alloy. The main benefits of friction stir welding over conventional thermal welding processes are minimisation of energy usage, no need for consumables, potential for good weld quality without porosity, no fumes, minimal adverse environmental effects (green), minimal waste (lean), and reduced threats to personal health and safety. The BFSW process has further advantages over conventional friction stir welding (CFSW) in the reduction of welding forces, faster welding, and less fixturing. It is especially attractive to industries that join thin sheet material, e.g. boat-building. The industrial need for this project arose from the desire to apply the technology at a ship manufacturing company, INCAT located in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. However there are peculiar difficulties with the specific grade of material used in this industry, namely thin sheet aluminium Al6082-T6. Early efforts with a portable friction stir welding machine identified the process to have low repeatability and reproducibility, i.e. process-instability. There are a large number of process variables and situational factors that affect weld quality, and many of these are covert. This is also the reason for divergent recommendations in the literature for process settings. PURPOSE - The main purpose of this research was to identify covert variables and better understand their potentially adverse effects on weld quality. Therefore, this thesis investigated the hidden variables and their interactions. Developing this knowledge is a necessity for making reliable and repeatable welds for industrial application. APPROACH - An explorative approach that focused on the functional perspective was taken. An extensive empirical testing programme was undertaken to identify the variables and their effects. In the process a force platform and BFSW tools were designed and built. A variety of machine platforms were used, namely portable friction stir welding, manual milling machine and computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine. The trials were grouped into 14 test plans. These are tool shoulder gap, spindle and travel speed, tool features, machines, tool fixation, machinery, welding direction, plate size (width and dimension), support insulation, tool materials, substrate properties and fixation. For the welded plates besides visual inspection of the weld, current, force, and temperature were measured. The Fourier transform was used to analyse the frequency response of machines. Also the welded samples were tested to the maritime standards of Det Norske Veritas (DNV). A number of relationships of causality were identified whereby certain variables affected weld quality. A model was developed to represent the proposed causality using the IDEF0 systems engineering method. FINDINGS - From these trials six main variables have been identified. These are tool features, spindle speed, travel speed, shoulder gap compression, machine variability, tool and substrate fixation. A rigid system is required for a consistent weld results. Under this condition, full pin features (threads and flats) need to be used to balance the adverse effects of individual features. It has been shown that fabricated bobbin tools with sharp edges can cause cuts and digging thus this feature should be avoided. Additionally, the substrate should have continuous interaction with the tool so the shoulder interference needs to be fixed and well-controlled. It is found that the compression generated by the shoulder towards the substrate helps material grabbing for better tool-substrate interaction. It is also shown that tool entry causes ejection of material and hence an enduring mass deficit, which manifests as a characteristic tunnel defect. The new explanation of the formation, origin and location of this defect has been explained. Material transportation mechanisms within the weld have been elucidated. It is also found that the role of the travel speed is not only to control heat generation but also for replacing the deficit material. Additionally, heat supplied to the weld depends not only on thickness, but also the width of the plate. Different types of machine cause an interaction in the material flow through their controller strategies. Jerking motion can occur at a slow travel speed, which also alters the way material is being transported. The Fourier transform (FFT) has been used to identify the characteristics of good and bad BFSW welds. This has the potential to be expanded for real-time process control. IMPLICATIONS - Tool deflection and positioning, material flow and availability are identified as affecting weld quality through stated mechanisms. The impact is even more severe when involving thin-plate aluminium. For the industry to successfully adopt this technology the process typically needs tight control of shoulder gap, tool strength and stiffness, feature fabrication, substrate and tool fixation. Additionally spindle and travel speed need to be adjusted not only based on the type of materials and thickness, but also the width, type of machine and method of tool entry. ORIGINALITY - New data are presented, which lead to new insights into the welding mechanics, production settings, material transportation and weld defects for BFSW on thin sheet material. The conventional idea that the welding tool has a semi-steady interaction with the substrate is not supported. Instead the interaction is highly dynamic, and this materially affects the weld-quality, especially in the difficult-to-weld material under examination. Factors such as shoulder gap, tool and substrate fixation compliance and machine types emerge as variables that need to be given attention in the selection of process parameters. The causal relationships have been represented in a conceptual model using an IDEF0 system approach. This study has made several original contributions to the body of knowledge. First is the identification of previously hidden variables that effect weld formation for the fixed gap BFSW process. The second contribution is a new way of understanding the material transportation mechanics within the weld. This includes the flow around the pin in the plane of the weld, the vertical transportation of material up the pin, the formation of turbulent-like knit lines at the advancing side, and the formation of tunnel defects. Also included here is a new understanding of how material deficit arises at tool entry and exit, and from flash/chips, and how this contributes to the tunnel weld defect. In addition, new understandings of the role of feed rate have been identified. Related to the material transportation, the work has also identified the importance of an interference fit between the substrate and tool. A third contribution is the identification of the dynamic interaction between tool and substrate. This identifies the important role rigidity plays. Associated with this is the identification of frequency characteristics of the motors under load. The fourth contribution is identification of the specific process settings for the difficult-to-weld material of AL6082-T6. The fifth contribution is the development of a novel method of fabricating bobbin friction stir welding tools as embodied in a patent application.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state welding technology invented at The Welding Institute of UK in 1991. It is versatile and has been widely adopted to join various materials. There has been strong research activity on revealing the details of the material flow pattern in the nugget zone induced by the conventional shoulder tool. However, there is insufficient understanding on the aspects of the scroll shoulder tool design and the shoulder flow zone formation utilizing this type of tool. The major objective of this study was to conduct experiments, analyse results and then reveal the shoulder flow zone forming mechanism for the scroll shoulder tool. The method used was to identify the flow pattern in the shoulder flow zone using a ‘marker insert’ technique, and then to suggest the forming mechanism of the shoulder flow zone based on the obtained flow pattern; although the ‘marker insert’ technique has never been used to study the shoulder flow zone flow pattern induced by the scroll shoulder tool. Experiments were conducted to examine the thick sections 6061 aluminium ‘marker insert’ welds, which were welded using a scroll shoulder tool at a range of welding parameters. These were followed by quantifying the mass of the accumulated work piece material within the scroll groove (pick up material-PUM), evaluating the effect of welding parameters on the shoulder flow zone formation, and documenting the shoulder flow zone flow pattern. The major finding was that there is a simple banded structure which forms in a layer to layer manner in the bottom portion of the shoulder flow zone, but it disappears in the top portion of the shoulder flow zone. Accordingly, the forming mechanism of the shoulder flow zone for the scroll shoulder tool was suggested as follows. Firstly, the tool pin is plunged into the work piece; the work piece material is extruded by the pin and pushed up into the scroll groove forming the PUM. Secondly, after the tool shoulder is plunged into the work piece to a certain depth, the scroll groove is fully filled up with the PUM. Finally, during the forward movement of the tool, the central portion of PUM is driven downward by the root portion of the pin and then detaches from the pin (tip portion) in a layer to layer manner. It has also found that the thickness of the shoulder flow zone varies with a thicker on the advancing side than on the retreating side, and there is a positive linear relationship between the mass of PUM and the weld quality. This study has revealed for the first time the forming mechanism of the shoulder flow zone, and has improved the understanding of the shoulder flow zone formation using a scroll shoulder tool. It is recommended that a ‘shoulder-breaking’ technique is developed to break the rotating shoulder suddenly and hence embed it into the work piece during FSW, in which a real-time shoulder-work piece couple could be produced for a better three-dimensional examination of the shoulder flow zone.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-235).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 380-400).

As ligas a base de Níquel são frequentemente utilizadas na indústria do petróleo devido à elevada resistência mecânica e excelente resistência à corrosão. Neste cenário, a utilização da soldagem como etapa na fabricação de dutos rígidos de grande comprimento é inevitável. Assim, chapas da liga Inconel 625® foram unidas através do processo Friction Stir Welding (FSW). A soldagem foi executada com uma ferramenta de nitreto cúbico de boro policristalino e o inerente desta ferramenta foi analisado. Em um primeiro momento, na seleção de parâmetros de processo, diversas condições de processo foram analisadas para escolha da melhor solda. Após esta etapa, novas juntas soldadas foram produzidas com o parâmetro de processo adequado (velocidade de rotação da ferramenta de 200 rpm e velocidade de avanço de 1 mm/s). A caracterização da superfície de topo da solda foi realizada através da microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microdureza e ensaios de dobramento. Defeitos superficiais foram inspecionados com líquidos penetrantes. Além disso, os estados de tensões residuais foram obtidos com a difração de raios-X. Ainda, a resistência à corrosão localizada foi estudada com o ensaio de imersão em cloreto férrico e a determinação da temperatura crítica de pite (conhecida como CPT) Por fim, a susceptibilidade à corrosão intergranular foi avaliada com o ensaio Streicher Test. O processo de soldagem promoveu o refino de grão e o aumento de dureza na solda. As micrografias do metal de base (MB) mostraram carbonetos do tipo MC, M6C, M23C6. Por outro lado, a melhor junta soldada apresentou uma microestrutura livre de defeitos, homogênea, onde não foram percebidos carbonetos do tipo M6C, M23C6 nos contornos de grão, foi aprovada nos ensaios de dobramento, líquidos penetrantes e imersão em FeCl3. Entretanto, ocorreu o um desgaste da ferramenta, mas reduzido e aceitável para esta solda. Tensões residuais longitudinais trativas da ordem de 50 MPa foram observadas na zona de mistura. Considerando o valor médio, o MB alcançou uma CPT de 77 °C, enquanto no centro da solda a CPT foi de 86°C. A taxa de corrosão média alcançada após o ensaio de corrosão intergranular foi de 0,4406 mm/ano, valor que sugere uma boa qualidade da solda. / Nickel based alloys are often used in the oil and gas industry due to their great mechanical strenght as well as excelent corrosion resistance. In this scenario, welding as manufacturing step for long lenght rigid tubes is inevitable. Therefore, Inconel 625® sheets were joined by Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The welding was performed with a Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (pcBN) tool and the unavoidable tool wear was verified. At first, in the process parameter development step, different process conditions were analyzed for choosing the best welded joint. Afterwards, new welded joints were produced with the suitable process parameter (tool rotational speed of 200 rpm and welding speed of 1 mm/s). Top surface characterization of friction-stir-welded Inconel 625 was carried out by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness and bending tests. Surface defects were verified by dye penetrant inspection (DPI). In addition, residual stress states were obtained by X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, localized corrosion resistance was studied by the immersion test in FeCl3 and the critical pitting temperature (CPT) determination. Finally, the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion was evaluated by Streicher Test. FSW process promoted grain refining as well as increased microhardness in the joint Base material micrographs showed different carbides as MC, M6C, M23C6. On the other hand, the best joint presented a sounds weld without defetcs, homogeneous microstructure, grain boundaries free of M6C, M23C6 carbides, approved in bending tests, DPI and the immersion test. However, a tool wear was also noted, but reduced and acceptable for this weld. Tensile longitudinal residual stresses of 50 MPa were observed in the stir zone. As an avarage, the base material CPT was 77 °C, while the CPT was 86 °C at the weld center. The mean corrosion rate after intergranular corrosion test was 0.4406 mm/year, a value which suggests a good weld quality.

Neste trabalho é estudada a influência de Friction Stir Welding (FSW) em um processo subsequente de anodização porosa, avaliando-se o impacto da microestrutura produzida por FSW na espessura, na estrutura e na resistência à corrosão de óxidos anódicos. Um perfil da liga AA7050 foi soldado por FSW a um chapa da liga AA2024, simulando a junta sobreposta entre reforçadores e revestimento na fuselagem de um avião. Como uma primeira aproximação, a superfície da liga AA7050 em contato com a ferramenta de soldagem foi selecionada para a anodização, por ser o lado que sofre maior modificação microestrutural. A solda foi caracterizada por técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica, distinguindo-se três zonas: zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC), zona termomecanicamente afetada (ZTMA) e nugget (onde ocorre recristalização dinâmica). Medições de dureza Vickers revelaram uma menor dureza na fronteira entre ZTMA e ZAC, provavelmente devido à dissolução de precipitados. Amostras da solda foram anodizadas galvanostaticamente em eletrólito sulfúrico, sendo algumas seladas em água deionizada fervente. A camada de óxido produzida sobre a ZTMA é ainda mais espessa do que sobre o material base e apresenta uma interface plana com o substrato, enquanto no nugget a camada de óxido é mais fina e tem interface rugosa. Infere-se que a presença de precipitados endurecedores (como MgZn2) afeta a espessura dos filmes de óxido. Defeitos relacionados à dissolução de precipitados ricos em Cu são encontrados nos filmes de óxido em todas as zonas. A técnica de varredura com eletrodo vibratório (SVET) foi utilizada para testar a resistência à corrosão dos filmes de óxido em eletrólito contendo NaCl, com polarização simultânea acima do potencial de pite. Ocorre corrosão por pite preferencialmente no nugget e em sua fronteitra com a ZTMA. Por fim, transientes de corrente são calculados para cada pite a partir dos mapas de SVET. Conclui-se que as soldas FSW anodizadas apresentam região localizada de menor resistência à corrosão pelo crescimento heterogêneo da camada anódica, mas alta resistência à corrosão é atingida após selagem. / In this work, the influence of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) on a posterior porous anodizing process is studied, with emphasis on how the friction stir weld’s microstructure affects thickness, structure and corrosion resistance of anodic oxide films. An AA7050 profile was friction stir welded to an AA2024 sheet in order to simulate the assembly of airplane stringers and skin. As a first approach, the AA7050 surface facing the welding tool was selected for anodizing, for it is the side that is most modified. The weld was characterized by optical and electron microscopy techniques, and 3 different zones were distinguished: heat affected zone, thermomecanically affected zone (TMAZ), and the nugget (where dynamic recrystallization occurs). Vickers hardness measurements revealed a lower hardness at the frontier between thermomecanically and heat affected zones, possibly due to dissolution of precipitates. Welded samples were galvanostatically anodized in sulfuric electrolyte and some of them were sealed in boiling deionized water. Micrographs showed that on the TMAZ the anodic oxide is thicker than on the base material and the metal/oxide interface is flat. On the nugget zone, however, the anodic oxide is thinner and more defective, and the metal/oxide interface is rougher. It is inferred that the presence of hardening precipitates (such as MgZn2) affects the thickness of oxide films. Defects related to the dissolution of Cu-rich precipitates were found in the oxide layers on all zones and inferences about how they affect anodization kinetics are drawn. The Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) was used to test the corrosion resistance of anodic oxide layers in NaCl electrolyte. The samples were scanned simultaneously to anodic polarization at a potential higher than the AA7050 alloy’s pitting potential. Results showed that pitting happened preferentially on the nugget zone and its frontier with the TMAZ. Finally, pit current transients were calculated from SVET maps. It can be concluded that anodized friction stir welds present a region of diminished corrosion resistance caused by heterogeneous anodic oxide growth, but high corrosion resistance can be achieved after sealing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1795.pdf: 5550885 bytes, checksum: 1be0da6e81e9e84eb153d9eafe8f1116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy can be impaired due to intermetallic precipitation during thermal treatment to improve mechanical properties. This work investigates the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy 2024-T351 and the joint welded by FSW. Microstructural analysis and microhardness tests were made. Intergranular corrosion tests according to ASTM G110-97, exfoliation corrosion tests according to ASTM G 34-01 and stress corrosion cracking in 3.5% NaCl according to ASTM G 129-00, were carried out. Anodic behavior was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements in 3.5% NaCl solution. It was not detected intermetallic precipitates by electron and optical microscopy. It was also detected that the joint was more severe attacked than the base metal by intergranular corrosion and exfoliation tests. The welded joint was susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in tests carried out with low nominal strain rate of 10-7 s-1. Base metal and the joint in tests carried out in air and in 3.5% NaCl at strain rate of 10-6 s-1 showed ductile behavior, while the joint with strain rate of 10-7 s-1 showed fragile behavior. The polarization test in chloride medium of aluminum alloys didn t show passive breakdown what make difficult to determinate the pitting potential. Polarization curves indicated that the welded joint had lower current density and higher potential than the base metal. In lower potentials pitting was formed majoritary at grain boundaries / A resistência à corrosão de ligas de alumínio pode ser degradada devido à precipitação de intermetálicos quando submetidas a tratamentos térmicos para elevar a resistência mecânica. Este trabalho investiga a resistência à corrosão da liga de alumínio 2024-T351 e também da junta soldada por FSW. Foram feitos análise microestrutural e microdureza. Foram realizados ensaios de corrosão intergranular segundo a norma ASTM G110-97, corrosão por esfoliação de acordo com a norma ASTM G34-01 e também ensaio de corrosão sob tensão em solução de NaCl 3,5% com taxa de deformação de 10- 6 e 10-7 s-1, segundo a norma ASTM G129-00. O comportamento anódico foi avaliado por testes potenciodinâmicos em solução de NaCl 3,5%. Os precipitados intermetálicos não foram observados por microscopias ótica e eletrônica. Nos ensaios de corrosão intergranular e esfoliação foi observado que a junta soldada sofreu corrosão mais acentuada do que o metal base. A junta soldada foi suscetível a corrosão sob tensão, somente em ensaios realizados com taxa de deformação baixa, de 10-7 s-1. O metal base e a junta ensaiada ao ar e em NaCl 3,5% com taxa de deformação de 10-6 s-1 apresentaram comportamento dútil, enquanto a junta com taxa de deformação 10-7 s-1, apresentou comportamento frágil. Nos ensaios de polarização em meio de cloretos a liga 2024-T351 não foi observado patamar de passivação o que dificultou a determinação do potencial de pite. As curvas de polarização mostraram que a junta soldada possui densidade de corrente menor e maiores potenciais do que o metal base. Em baixos potenciais os pites foram formados preferencialmente nos contornos dos grãos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2831.pdf: 5342536 bytes, checksum: 4ea55078bbccb857c397ec3f245910c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-12 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Solid-state joining techniques such as Friction Stir Welding (FSW) are a natural choice to produce weld low heat input, limited slight distortion and low microstructural and mechanical degradation. Great effort has currently been devoted to the joining of Al-Cu-Mg and the Al-Mg-Si alloys because of their high strength, improved formability, and application in airframe structures. FSW is a continuous, hot shear, autogenous process involving a non-consumable and rotating tool plunged between two abutting workpieces. Classical or single sided friction stir welds utilize a steel backing bar, to support the workpieces but also to prevent material loss from the join. The backing bar plays an important role in heat transfer from the joint or stir zone, which can influence the weld microstructure as well as the consolidation of material in the root of the join. The influence of backing bar material on stir zone formation has been poorly investigated in the literature. This study aims at investigating issues concerning heat transfer and plastic deformation within the stir zone of friction stir welded aircraft aluminum alloys. This study has provided clear evidence that heat transfer conditions differ in accordance to alloy type (composition), process parameters during FSW and backing bar material. The influence of heat flow on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the friction stir welded joints is primarily in response to the alloys resistance to plastic deformation. Thus this is the main cause why slip or stick occurs during contact of the tool with material in viscoplastic flow. For the FSW of the 2024-T351 alloy a slip condition dominates, while in the case of friction stir welds produced in the 6013-T6 alloy stick occurs in the interface of tool. / O processo de soldagem FSW promove a formação de juntas de alta qualidade. As soldas produzidas no estado sólido geram menor aporte térmico e, como consequência, reduzem alterações microestruturais e degradações das propriedades mecânicas associadas aos ciclos térmicos durante a soldagem. Entre os principais parâmetros de processo, as velocidades de rotação e avanço da ferramenta e a força axial são fundamentais para o controle da transferência de calor para o material. Assim, para o melhor entendimento das variáveis que governam o processo, foi realizado estudo acerca das condições térmicas de geração, fluxo e extração de calor e de deformação plástica em chapas das ligas do sistema Al-Mg-Si 6013-T6 e Al- Cu-Mg 2024-T351 soldadas por FSW. Foram utilizados três diferentes materiais que compõem o backing bar, de condutividade térmica distinta: aço, cobre e cerâmica. A principal função do backing é influenciar a transferência de calor e restringir a perda de material na raiz da junta, contribuindo para alterações microestruturais e a consolidação da solda. Foram discutidas a relação e a influência do backing na formação das zonas termomecanicamente deformadas pelo processo FSW, uma vez que o tema é pouco referido na literatura. Foi evidenciado que a extração e a direção do fluxo de calor variam em função da condutividade térmica do material do backing. O comportamento mecânico da junta soldada também foi influenciado pela transferência de calor durante o processo. Para a soldagem da liga 2024-T351, a formação da lente de soldagem, sem a presença de defeitos, esta associada a baixas velocidades de rotação da ferramenta. O escoamento viscoplástico durante o processamento termomecânico difere em função da resistência a deformação plástica do material: para ligas com elevada resistência ligas da série 2xxx é formada uma interface de escorregamento entre o material e a ferramenta. Enquanto que para ligas que se deformam facilmente ligas da série 6xxx a interação material/ferramenta se dá por adesão.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3808.pdf: 4533470 bytes, checksum: e6a8ff3aa0ac549522b76998ae9fbbba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Aluminum alloys have low density and high corrosion resistance, and because of that this alloys are being increasingly used in aircraft industry. However, a downside of this alloys is its weldability in fusion process, which can generate defects such as H2`s porosity and formation of high temperatures cracks limiting its applicability. Seeking an alternative process, it was developed a solid state welding process called Friction Stir Welding - FSW. The main advantage of this process is that welding occurs at a temperature below the melting temperature of the material, eliminating defects from solidification. Since its invention, the FSW gets world attention, because structural alloys with difficult weldability showed excellent results metallurgical and mechanical after welding. Therefore, in this study the aluminum alloy AA2139 was welded by FSW, a structural alloy with a high potential for aerospace applications due to good combination of strength and fatigue and fracture toughness. Thus, it was evaluated the mechanical and metallurgical behavior of aluminum alloy AA2139 under different conditions of heat treatment, T3 and T8. The microstructural features were investigated using optical and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) as well as the mechanical behavior was determined by bending testing, microhardness profiles, conventional tensile testing (including system analysis of deformation - ARAMIS) and tensile testing using micro-samples and also the temperature measurements were performed during welding. The results showed that welds in alloy AA2139-T3 and AA2139-T8 may show different results, even using the same tool and the same welding parameters. Moreover, the temperature reached during welding affects the precipitation in the welded region which determines the performance of the weld. / As ligas de alumínio apresentam baixa densidade e alta resistência à corrosão, por isso estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas nas indústrias aeronáuticas. No entanto, as ligas de alumínio podem gerar defeitos como porosidade por H2 e formação de trincas a altas temperaturas em processos de soldagem que envolve fusão, limitando a sua aplicabilidade. Visando um processo alternativo, foi desenvolvido um processo de soldagem no estado sólido denominado Friction Stir Welding - FSW. A principal vantagem deste processo é que a soldagem ocorre a uma temperatura abaixo da temperatura de fusão do material, o que elimina defeitos provenientes da solidificação. Desde a sua invenção, o FSW obtém atenção mundial, já que ligas estruturais de difícil soldabilidade apresentaram excelentes resultados metalúrgicos e mecânicos após a soldagem. Por este motivo, neste estudo foi soldado por FSW a liga de alumínio AA2139, uma liga estrutural com alto potencial para aplicações aeroespaciais devido à boa combinação entre resistência mecânica e a fadiga e tenacidade a fratura. Para tanto, foram avaliados o comportamento mecânico e metalúrgico desta liga de alumínio AA2139 em condições diferentes de tratamento térmico, T3 e T8. Os aspectos microestruturais foram investigados usando-se de microscopia ótica e eletrônica (MEV e MET), assim como o comportamento mecânico foi determinado através de ensaios de dobramento, perfis de microdureza, ensaio de tração convencional (incluindo sistema de análise de deformação - ARAMIS) e ensaio de tração usando-se micro-amostras e por fim medições de temperatura foram realizadas durante as soldagens. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que soldas na liga AA2139-T3 e AA2139-T8 apresentam resultados distintos, mesmo utilizando a mesma ferramenta e os mesmos parâmetros de soldagem. Além disso, a temperatura atingida durante a soldagem influencia a precipitação na região soldada a qual determina o desempenho da solda.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:12:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3983.pdf: 5009328 bytes, checksum: 7a82aca5db5680e5fb627a9b54588309 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In 1991, it was developed a solid state welding process called Friction Stir Welding - FSW, intended to increase the number of applications for the aluminum and its alloys. As every welding process the presence of defects should be avoided to not compromise the quality of the welded joint. Some typical defects originating from FSW process are found in some joints depending of the welding parameters. Thus, this study has the purpose to evaluate the quality of welded joints in 3 mm thick 6013-T6 friction stir welded joints in function of the obtained defects, using different welding parameters. The characterization was based on metallography by OM and SEM of the welded joints in order to analyze the obtained defects. The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile, microhardness and fatigue tests.Welds joints were intentionally produced to contain inner defects in the weld nugget like tunnel shaped along the joint and lack of root penetration of the welding tool. All welded conditions, the microhardness profiles show a big drop in hardness when crossing from the HAZ zone into the center of each weld, while the tensile and fatigue tests showed a strong defects influence in the mechanical properties. The lack of penetration weld defect had the worst results of mechanical properties compared to tunneling defects, and the sound weld joint exhibited the best results of mechanical properties for all conditions investigated. / Visando ampliar o número de aplicações para o alumínio e suas ligas, foi desenvolvido em 1991, um processo de soldagem no estado sólido denominado Friction Stir Welding. Como em todo processo de soldagem a presença de defeitos deve ser evitada, pois compromete a qualidade da junta soldada. Alguns defeitos típicos oriundos do processo FSW são encontrados em algumas juntas dependendo dos parâmetros de soldagem escolhidos. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar a influência de defeitos nas propriedades mecânicas de juntas soldadas pelo processo Friction Stir Welding da liga de alumínio 6013-T6, correlacionando as variações microestruturais obtidas com os diferentes parâmetros de soldagem adotados. Para tanto foram utilizados diferentes parâmetros de soldagem para a obtenção de juntas soldadas que apresentem defeitos distintos. A caracterização metalográfica se baseou em macrografias e micrografias via M.O. e MEV das juntas soldadas, de forma a analisar os defeitos obtidos. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas por ensaios de tração, microdureza e fadiga. Foram obtidas soldas com defeitos internos a lente de soldagem em forma de vazios ao longo do cordão e soldas com falta de penetração na região da raiz. Em todas as condições foi observada uma redução brusca nos valores de microdureza na região da junta soldada, enquanto os ensaios de tração e fadiga revelaram forte influência da presença de defeitos na junta. A solda que apresentava como defeito a falta de penetração na raiz apresentou resultados de propriedades mecânicas muito inferiores às condições que apresentaram vazios internos a lente de soldagem. A solda que não continha defeitos apresentou os melhores resultados de propriedades mecânicas em relação a todas as condições investigadas.