In this thesis, we propose a model which applies the genetic programming (GP) to train the profitable and stable trading strategy in the training period, and then the strategy is applied to trade stocks in the testing period. The variables for GP in our models include 6 basic information and 25 technical indicators. We perform our models on Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX) from 2000/9/14 to 2010/5/21, approximately ten years. We conduct five experiments. In these experiments, we find that the trading strategies generated by GP with two arithmetic trees have more stable returns. In addition, if we obtain the trading strategies in three historical periods which are the most similar to the current training period, we earn higher return in the testing periods. In each experiment, 24 cases are considered, with training periods of 90, 180, 270, 365, 455, 545, 635 and 730 days, and testing periods of 90, 180 and 365 days, respectively. The testing period is rolling updated until the end of the experiment period. The best cumulative return 165.30\% occurs when 730-day training period pairs with 365-day testing period, which is much higher than the return of the buy-and-hold strategy 1.19\%.

The aim of this master&rsquo / s thesis is to estimate the return performance of insiders (persons or firms liable for announcing their transactions to the public in accordance with the Capital Markets Board decrees) from their transactions and assess whether outsiders can earn abnormal returns by following reported insider transactions. In the study, Rolling Portfolio Approach has been implemented. As a result of the analysis made, when the purchases and sales of insiders are considered together, it has been observed that they, generally, cannot earn abnormal positive returns from their transactions or that they earn positive abnormal returns in the short periods that follow their transactions. When the returns of the portfolios consisting of stocks of which the insiders are the net purchasers or net sellers are taken into consideration, it has been perceived that the portfolios made up of stocks of which the insiders are net buyers cannot earn daily positive abnormal returns or that they earn daily positive abnormal returns in the short periods following their transactions. In the meantime, net sale portfolios earn statistically significant abnormal negative returns over longer holding periods. On the other hand, it has been perceived that investors replicating insider transactions, in general, cannot earn abnormal returns by employing an investment strategy founded on following the purchases and sales of insiders together. Moreover, it has been observed that an investment strategy based on buying the stocks of which the insiders are the net purchasers does not bring abnormal positive returns or that it can bring abnormal positive returns in the brief periods after the transactions. In contrast, it has been observed that, generally, in the sample period analyzed in the study, by avoiding buying or selling stocks of which the insiders are the net sellers, outsiders can evade daily negative abnormal returns. Findings of this thesis have important implications for the efficiency of the Istanbul Stock Exchange. Results indicate that the Istanbul Stock Exchange is not Semi Strong or Strong Form Efficient.

<p><p>The focus of this study is to evaluate the impact of corporate ownership structure on the overall performance of stock exchanges. This study distinguishes in particular mutual versus demutualized ownership. London Stock Exchange and Hong Kong Stock Exchange are chosen as study cases, because London Stock Exchange is one of the world leading stock exchanges and Hong Kong Stock Exchange is definitely one of the most important emerging market stock exchanges. That is why the results obtained by comparing these two stock exchanges could serve as good indicator in understanding the effects of demutualization process on the whole stock exchange sector and retain the subtle differences in micro-behavior of the stock exchanges undergone the same transformation.</p><p>In this paper the simple descriptive statistics is used as the method of analysis, in association to a profound review of the literature in this area. The data illuminate the fact that demutualized stock exchanges hold a stronger operating performance and a better performance in term of shareholder’s return than mutual exchanges. The result is generally in line with the basic theories in the area of corporate governance and empirical studies in this specific area like Aggarwal (2006), Mendiola and O’Hara (2003) and Hart and Moore (1996).</p></p>

<p>Problem: An efficient market fully reflects all available information about a company in its share price. Furthermore any new information presented about a company will lead to an instant adaptation in the share price. Henceforth an investor can not reach abnormal returns on an efficient market. The Stockholm stock exchange is afairly large stock exchange with a turnover of SEK 14000 millions per day. Prior studies conducted regarding the efficiency of the Stockholm stock exchange have stated that the stock exchange was efficient on a semistrong level. However these studies were conducted with a time frame of several weeks and therefore the authors distinguished a need for a study aiming at short term efficiency. Furthermore this thesis aims to investigate the effects of the presentation of positive annual and interim reports. A positive report is defined as a report that leads to an increase in share price the day it is presented and consequently includes all events on the day of the presentation, e.g. the press conference. The thesis was written from an investors’ perspective, who is about to buy shares.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to describe and analyze the Stockholm stock exchange market’s efficiency. This was done during the days surrounding the presentation of annual and interim reports rendering an increase in share price. Furthermore the possibilities of making abnormal returns by buying shares during this period were investigated.</p><p>Method: To investigate the efficiency of the Stockholm stock exchange an event study was carried out. Data regarding the performance of the shares of the fifteen most traded com-panies on the Stockholm stock exchange were collected from the OMX groups’ homepage. The chosen companies together represented more than fifty percent of the turnover of the OMXS 30 index. The index was used as a benchmark for measuring the efficiency. The share price movement was analyzed with a quantitative approach through a statistical T-test with the assistance of the SPSS 13.0.</p><p>Result: The authors claim that the Stockholm stock exchange is not efficient on a semistrong level the day after the presentation of a positive report, as the shares displayed a negative abnormal deviation from the OMXS 30 index. The deviation was statistically verified. However the authors state that no abnormal returns can be reached by buying shares during this period since the deviation was negative. The period as a whole and the other tested days came out as efficient on a semi-strong level.</p>

<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the differences between family and non-family businesses that are listed on the stock exchange, more specifically which factors that is being used in the valuation process and why family businesses as a rule seem to be undervalued. We also look at if family ownership is a factor in this process.</p><p>By conducting interviews with analysts and journalists working with valuation we hope to be able to not only find out what factors differ but also why family busi-nesses are undervalued.</p><p>Our conclusion is that while the two forms of ownership has several negative factors that differ between them that are more common among family businesses, such as conservative dividend policy, this is not connected to the family business as a form but is rather an individual factor differing from company to company. Family ownership as such was however not in any way a factor in the valuation since the valuations instead looks at the individual company and does not generalize.</p>

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

Bakgrund: När forskare inom den kognitiva psykologin, Amos Tversky och DanielKahneman, på 60-talet sammanliknade deras modeller ombeslutsfattande under risk och osäkerhet med ekonomiska modeller omrationellt beteende föddes en ny gren inom den moderna finansteorin.Anomalier på finansmarknaden har därefter försökts förklaras medteorier inom behavioural finance. En av dessa anomalier är den omöverreaktion och gjordes känd av De Bondt och Thaler 1985. Den sägeratt investerare överreagerar på ny information, vilket leder till attaktiepriser överstiger sina fundamentala värden. En kraftig uppgång avaktiekursen följs således av en nedgång och vice versa. Syfte: Syftet är att utreda om det råder överreaktion på Stockholmsbörsenssamtliga samlade aktier på kort sikt under tidsperioden 2003-2014, samtundersöka de bakomliggande orsakerna till resultatet. Metod: För varje vecka under åren 2003-2014 har de 5 aktierna med högst (lägst)avkastning på Stockholmsbörsen placerats i en vinnar- (förlorar)portfölj.Portföljerna har sedan följts upp under 10 veckor. En signifikant skillnad(ACARvinnare - ACARförlorare &gt; 0) ger stöd åt överreaktionshypotesen. Slutsats: Resultaten visar att vinnar- och förlorarportföljerna uppvisar en överreaktionseffekt den första uppföljningsveckan, men att denna effektförsvinner när portföljerna värdeviktas, vilket tyder på ensmåbolagseffekt och inte en överreaktionseffekt. / Background: In the 1960’s, when psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahnemancompared their cognitive models of decision-making under risk anduncertainty with economic models of rational behavior a new field withinmodern financial economics was born. Theories within behaviouralfinance have since tried to explain financial anomalies that pointedtowards inefficient markets. One such anomaly is the overreactionhypothesis and was first proposed by De Bondt &amp; Thaler in 1985. Itstates that investors overreact to new information and that security priceswill therefore “overshoot” their fundamental values. An extreme rise ordrop in price is followed by a reversal in the opposite direction. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether an overreaction effectcan be observed on the entirety of the Stockholm stock exchange andwhat causes it. Completion: For each week in the years 2003-2014 the 5 stocks with the highest(lowest) return on the Stockholm stock exchange have been placed inwinner (loser) portfolios to be evaluated the succeeding 10 weeks. A significant difference between abnormal returns (ACARlosers - ACARwinners&gt;0) is seen as support for the overreaction hypothesis. Conclusion: The results show that the winner and loser portfolios show proof of anoverreaction effect the first week in the evaluation period. This effect,however, disappears completely when the portfolios are value-weighted,indicating signs of a small-firms effect rather than an overreaction effect.

Η παρούσα μελέτη αναφέρεται στην εκτίμηση του επιπέδου της περιβαλλοντικής πληροφόρησης που παρέχεται από τις ελληνικές εταιρείες που είναι εισηγμένες στο Χ.Α.Α. και η εξέταση των παραγόντων που ορίζουν αυτό το επίπεδο. Στο θεωρητικό μέρος γίνεται αναφορά σε παρελθούσες μελέτες ερευνητών που έχουν ασχοληθεί με το θάμα αυτό, με σπουδαιότερη αυτή των Cormier και Magnan (2003). Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται η σχέση Management και Περιβάλλοντος, η Βιώσιμη Ανάπτυξη και η σχέση Χρηματοοικονομικής Διοίκησης και Περιβάλλοντος. Ακολουθεί η Οικονομική του Περιβάλλοντος, με την Περιβαλλοντική Λογιστική και Κοστολόγηση να έχουν σημαντικό ρόλο καθώς μέσω αυτών προσδιορίζεται το περιβαλλοντικό κόστος των εταιρειών, και το Νομοθετικό και Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο τόσο στην Ελλάδα όσο και στην Ε.Ε.. Στο εμπειρικό μέρος γίνεται έρευνα σε 43 εταιρείες και παράγεται το αποτέλεσμα ότι η περιβαλλοντική αναφορά σχετίζεται θετικά με το κόστος πληροφόρησης, το κόστος ιδιοκτησίας, την έκθεση στα Μ.Μ.Ε. και τις μεταβλητές ελέγχου. Τέλος, η έρευνα αυτή είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική καθώς καταλήγει στο συμπέρασμα ότι εταιρείες που δημοσιεύουν τους περιβαλλοντικούς τους απολογισμούς αποκαλύπτουν περισσότερη πληροφόρηση και επομένως υπάρχει θετική σχέση μεταξύ της οικονομικής θέσης των εταιρειών και των περιβαλλοντικών απολογισμών τους. / This project is referred to the estimation of the impact level of invironmental information in Management, which is provided by Greek listed companies in Athens Stock Exchange, and to the examination of the factors that define the impact level. The theoretical part is referred to past authors' researches which were handled with the above mentioned subject. The graetest research is the one of Cormier and Magnan (2003). Furthermore, we present the relationship between the Management and the Environmental factors and Sustainable Development and also the relationship between Financial Management and Environmental factors. It follows the Environmental Economics and Accounting and Cost Accounting which play a significant role as through them is defined the environmental cost of Greek listed companies, and the Legislative and Institutional Frame in Greece and E.U.. The empirical part is referred to the outcome of a research, which is made in 43 firms. The environmental reporting is related positively with information cost, proprietary cost, media visibility and control variables. Finally, this research is very important as concludes that firms that publish their environmental reports reveal a lot of information and therefore is a positive relation between financial position of firms and their environmental reports.

Using a panel data analysis of a sample of 80 listed non-financial Jordanian firms during the period from 2000 to 2011, we investigated the corporate cash-holding decision. The firm’s decision to hold cash has come to the fore in last two or three years as a result of the recent global financial crisis, and the impact that this has had on the firms’ ability to raise funds from external sources. There is evidence in the US, for example, that firms have increased their holdings of cash as a result of increasing constraints from external sources. This current study therefore examines this issue from the point of view of a developing economy. We started by investigating the empirical determinants of corporate cash holdings; the results showed that firm size and growth opportunities have no significant effect on corporate cash-holding decisions, while firm’s cash flow, leverage, and liquid assets substitute have a significant negative effect on cash-holding decisions, and profitability and cash dividends have a positive effect on cash-holding decisions. Then we investigated empirically how cash-holding affects the value of corporate firms. Based on Fama and French’s (1998) valuation model and Faulkender and Wang’s (2006) model, the results showed that the marginal value of each Jordanian Dinar (JD) is valued at a discounted value of 0.41 JD; with higher leverage the marginal value of cash is declining, with a higher level of cash the marginal value of cash is increasing and, finally, cash dividends have no significant effect on shareholders’ value. We also investigated empirically how a group of explanatory variables affect a firm’s debt ratio by focusing on the liquidity variable. Results showed that the total debt ratio is positively affected by firm size and is negatively affected by growth opportunities, profitability, assets tangibility and total liquidity, cash, and non-cash liquidity. The long-term debt ratio is positively affected by firm size, non-debt tax shield, asset tangibility, total liquidity, cash, and non-cash liquidity, while the long-term debt ratio is negatively affected by growth opportunities and profitability. For the short-term debt models, the debt ratio is negatively affected by firm size, asset tangibility, and liquidity in its different forms. An investigation into the speed of adjustment showed that Jordanian firms quickly adjusted the total and long-term debt ratio, while they do not have an optimal or target short-term debt ratio.

Perspektyvos atžvilgiu, investavimas yra nesudėtingas ir efektyvus būdas, nepriklausomai nuo pajamų ir gyvenimo būdo, siekti ilgalaikių ar trumpalaikių finansinių tikslų ir įgyvendinti svajones bei norus. Nesvarbu, kas esate ir kiek uždirbate – pasinaudoję investavimo siūlomomis galimybėmis turimus pinigus be jokių pastangų galite „užauginti“ ir leisti savo reikmėms. Sėkmingai išmokus investuoti su virtualiais pinigais, galima bus pradėti investuoti į tikrus investavimo instrumentus – akcijas, fondus, obligacijas ir t.t. ir taip siekti savo gyvenimo tikslų. Pagrindinis šios sistemos sukūrimo tikslas suteikti žmonėms galimybę išbandyti investavimo sugebėjimus ir patikrinti savo investavimo strategijas virtualiai. Ši sistema padės suvokti investavimo principus, bei įgyti bazines žinias apie investavimą, neinvestuojant grynųjų pinigų. Šiame darbe aprašomas projektinis sprendimas, panaudotas kuriant sistemą, architektūra ir svarbiausi realizacijos aspektai. Išskirti panašių sistemų privalumai ir trūkumai. Pasiūlytas būdas, kaip galima išplėsti bei papildyti esamų sistemų funkcionalumą. Sukurtas optimizacinis akcijų biržos lošimo modelis, leidžiantis apjungti virtualų biržos modeliavimą su sistemos naudotojų investavimo strategijomis. Eksperimento metu buvo įrodyta, jog virtuliai modeliuojant akcijų biržą gauti rezultatai ne daug kuo skyrėsi nuo rezultatų, gautų tiriant investavimo strategijas su istorinėmis akcijų kainomis. / Perspective, investing is simple and effective way, regardless of income and lifestyle, to achieve long-term or short-term financial goals, dreams and wishes. No matter who you are and how much you earned - through the investment opportunities offered the money without any effort to "grow" and to authorize its use. Successful investing benefits of virtual money, you can begin to invest in certain investment instruments - stocks, funds, bonds, etc. and thus achieve their life goals. The main aim of the system to give people the opportunity to test investment skills and test your investment strategies in the virtual mode. This system will help to understand the investment principles, and to acquire basic knowledge about investing. This paper describes the design solution, used in the system, architecture and key aspects of implementation. Identified and described main advantages and disadvantages of the system. A proposed method to complement and extend the functionality of existing systems. Developed optimized stock gambling model, allowing the exchange of virtual simulations combined with investment strategies of users. In this experiment, it was proved that obtained results of the stock exchange simulation are not much different from the results, obtained in testing the investment strategies of historical stock prices.